• BZK induced a significant increase in the severity of the clinical score, infiltration of inflammatory cells, local expression of inflammatory cytokines in subcutaneous tissue, and total serum immunoglobulin (Ig) E. PVP-I increased the clinical score, number of mast cells, and production of inflammatory cytokines, and total serum IgE. (medsci.org)
  • Chemokines are a class of cytokines that induce chemotaxis (migration) of target cells. (biolegend.com)
  • Once at the site of injury, immune cells can react by releasing additional cytokines and chemokines, bringing more cells into the fold. (biolegend.com)
  • Furthermore, IL-21 promotes differential expression of many cytokines including interleukins and chemokines. (intechopen.com)
  • The overrepresentation of Th22 cells in TPE may be due to pleural cytokines and to PMC-produced chemokines. (atsjournals.org)
  • Our results suggest that the accumulation of Th22 cells in tuberculous pleural effusion may be due to the increased local proinflammatory cytokines and to pleural mesothelial cell-produced chemokines. (atsjournals.org)
  • Immune cell chemotaxis to the sites of pathogen invasion is critical for fighting infection, but in life-threatening conditions such as sepsis and Covid-19, excess activation of the innate immune system is thought to cause a damaging invasion of immune cells into tissues and a consequent excessive release of cytokines, chemokines and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). (kcl.ac.uk)
  • In murine infection models, artemisinin potently suppressed neutrophil invasion into both peritoneum and lung in vivo and inhibited the release of cytokines/chemokines and NETs. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • Chemokines are a class of cytokines with small molecular weights, whose main role is to recruit white blood cell subpopulations under steady-state and pathological conditions. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • response to macrophage-derived proinflammatory cytokines such WIN 48098 as for example interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis aspect- WIN 48098 (TNF-), OA synovial fibroblasts (OASFs) generate chemokines that promote irritation, neovascularization, and cartilage degradation via activation of matrix-degrading enzymes such as for example matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) [1], [2]. (careersfromscience.org)
  • Nevertheless, the molecular systems where cytokines induce VCAM-1 appearance in individual OASFs stay unclear. (careersfromscience.org)
  • Chemokines are small signaling proteins, or cytokines, that are released by the cell to induce chemotaxis, or cell movement, in nearby cells. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • Lazucirnon (KST4290, ALK4290) is a small molecule, orally active inhibitor against CCR3, the natural receptor for chemokine eotaxin, decreases inflammatory cytokines in preclinical models. (probechem.com)
  • CCL13 can be induced by the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 and TNF-α. (assaysolution.com)
  • The effects of corticosteroids are predominantly mediated by the inhibition of NF-κB deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-binding activity, which controls genes encoding inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules in respiratory epithelial cells 10 - 13 . (ersjournals.com)
  • FP induces apoptosis of eosinophils 18 and also reduces the production of several cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and RANTES (regulated on activation, T-cell expressed and secreted) by alveolar macrophages 19 and lymphocytes 20 , 21 . (ersjournals.com)
  • This results in a complex microenvironment within the periodontium, consisting of immune surveillance response, cellular damage and repair, and the production of cytokines, chemokines and other inflammatory mediators 10 . (bvsalud.org)
  • In general, the host response to bacterial stimuli leads to a cascade of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines (TNF-α), chemokines (IL-8) as well as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are metabolites from arachidonic acid. (bvsalud.org)
  • Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1, also called chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, CCL2) is a chemokine that recruits monocytes, memory T cells, and dendritic cells to the sites of inflammation produced by either tissue injury or infection. (quanterix.com)
  • MIP-3β (macrophage inflammatory protein-3-beta ), also known as (Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19) and EBI1 ligand chemokine (ELC) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. (quanterix.com)
  • Atypical chemokine receptor 4 (ACKR4) controls chemokine levels and localization via high-affinity chemokine binding that is uncoupled from classic ligand-driven signal transduction cascades, resulting instead in chemokine sequestration, degradation, or transcytosis. (lsbio.com)
  • Chemokine-binding does not activate G-protein-mediated signal transduction but instead induces beta-arrestin recruitment, leading to ligand internalization. (lsbio.com)
  • We previously described that peripheral administration to neonatal mice of the TLR2 ligand PAM3CSK4 (P3C), a prototypic Gram-positive bacterial lipopeptide, induces the migration of innate immune cells to the CSF. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Acts as a ligand for C-C chemokine receptor CCR3 which triggers Ca(2+) mobilization in eosinophils. (cusabio.com)
  • Also acts as a ligand for CX3C chemokine receptor CX3CR1, inducing cell chemotaxis. (cusabio.com)
  • This pathway highlights the different classes of chemokines, their receptors, and how chemokine signaling activates JAK/Stat, Ras, ERK, and Akt pathways.Chemokines are classified into four groups based on the pattern of their cysteine residues, namely CXC (α chemokines), CC (β chemokines), CX3C and C. Their receptors are class A GPCRs, however not all receptors are selective for a single ligand. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • Monocyte differentiation and chemotaxis to chemokine ligand 25 (CCL25)/TECK were used to study CCR9 function. (ox.ac.uk)
  • First, CCR5 is a chemokine receptor (its ligand is RANTES) involved in chemotaxis, among other things. (sciforums.com)
  • Antibodies tend to do two bad things in this context : when they bind, they can mimick the ligand and induce signaling in the cell, which can lead to various problems if you over stimulate them. (sciforums.com)
  • Background Chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), also called monocyte chemoattractant proteins-1 (MCP-1), is one of the CC chemokine family members that is from the disease position and final results of osteoarthritis (OA). (careersfromscience.org)
  • Monocyte chemoattractant proteins 1 (MCP-1)/chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), a ligand of CCR2, can be chemotactic for monocyte/macrophages and turned on T cells [10], [11]. (careersfromscience.org)
  • Once it is activated by its natural ligand and chemokine, Stromal Cell Derived Factor 1 (SDF-1/CXCL12), the CXCR4 ligand stimulates the stem cells to undergo chemotaxis [4]. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • The 12G5 antibody shows partial inhibition of chemotaxis and calcium influx induced by SDF-1 (the natural ligand of CD184), blocks CD4-independent HIV-2 infection, and blocks CD4-dependent infection by some T-tropic HIV-1 isolates. (thermofisher.com)
  • Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 13 (CCL13) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. (assaysolution.com)
  • Chemokines receptors are seven transmembrane spanning G protein-coupled receptors that allow cells to migrate towards increasing chemokine gradients. (biolegend.com)
  • Specific chemokine receptors are often required to gain entry (or exit) from certain organs and tissues like the thymus and bone marrow. (biolegend.com)
  • Chemokines interact with their receptors in a stepwise manner with ultimate docking of their N-terminus into the main binding pocket. (ku.dk)
  • ACKR4 plays an important role in controlling the migration of immune and cancer cells that express chemokine receptors CCR7 and CCR9, by reducing the availability of CCL19, CCL21, and CCL25 through internalization. (lsbio.com)
  • After activating G protein through chemokine receptors, phospholipase C (PLC) is activated immediately. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • A chemokine may therefore bind a number of receptors and exhibit agonist behavior with some and antagonist behavior with others. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • The chemokine signal is transduced by chemokine receptors (G-protein coupled receptors) expressed on the immune cells. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR10 RECEPTORS. (lookformedical.com)
  • A CC-type chemokine that is found at high levels in the THYMUS and has specificity for CCR4 RECEPTORS. (lookformedical.com)
  • Like the CHEMOKINES themselves, the receptors can be divided into at least three structural branches: CR, CCR, and CXCR, according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. (lookformedical.com)
  • A CC chemokine with specificity for CCR1 RECEPTORS and CCR5 RECEPTORS. (lookformedical.com)
  • CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL27. (lookformedical.com)
  • CCR receptors with specificity for a broad variety of CC CHEMOKINES. (lookformedical.com)
  • Chemokine CCL8 has specificity for CCR3 RECEPTORS and CCR5 RECEPTORS. (lookformedical.com)
  • Chemokine receptors that are specific for CC CHEMOKINES. (lookformedical.com)
  • CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL2 and several other CCL2-related chemokines. (lookformedical.com)
  • A CC-type chemokine that is specific for CCR3 RECEPTORS. (lookformedical.com)
  • CCR receptors with specificity for CHEMOKINE CCL19 and CHEMOKINE CCL21. (lookformedical.com)
  • CCL13 induces chemotaxis in monocytes, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, and basophils by binding cell surface G-protein linked chemokine receptors such as CCR2, CCR3 and CCR5. (assaysolution.com)
  • Results: IP-10 dramatically attracted trophectoderm derived from hES cells and other lineages by interaction with CXCR3 chemokine receptors, as shown by both chemotaxis and transwell migration. (huji.ac.il)
  • CXCL12 induces tyrosine phosphorylation of cortactin, which plays a role in CXC chemokine receptor 4-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation and chemotaxis. (meharryresearch.org)
  • BPRCX714 (BPRCX 714) is a highly selective and potent CXCR4 antagonist with binding IC50 of 34.2 nM, effectively inhibits CXCL12-induced movement of CCRF-CEM cells with EC50 of 13.7 nM. (probechem.com)
  • BPRCX807 (BPRCX-807) is a highly selective and potent CXCR4 antagonist with binding IC50 of 40.4 nM and EC50 of 48.1 nM for cell-mobility activity in the chemotaxis assays, inhibits CXCL12-mediated cell signaling pathway. (probechem.com)
  • CXCR4 is the receptor for the C-X-C chemokine CXCL12/SDF-1 that transduces a signal by increasing intracellular calcium ion levels and enhancing MAPK1/MAPK3 activation. (thermofisher.com)
  • In today's research, we explored the feasible intracellular signaling pathways involved with CCL2-induced VCAM-1 manifestation in human being OASFs. (careersfromscience.org)
  • ITAC is a cytokine stimulated by IFNβ and IFNγ to induce chemotaxis in activated T cells. (quanterix.com)
  • Of all of the chemokine/chemokine receptor combinations examined, the IP-10/CXCR3 interaction was the only cytokine that was significantly elevated. (huji.ac.il)
  • In addition, neutralization of Ccr3 markedly reduced TDI-induced changes in IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TNFAlpha and IL-1Beta expression. (cdc.gov)
  • We tracked migration of dendritic cells towards immobilized gradients of the chemokine CCL21 and varying superimposed soluble gradients of CCL19. (nature.com)
  • The prevailing paradigm of chemokine function is that spatial diffusion-based gradients of chemokines induce polarization and directed migration of the responding cells towards the chemokine source 5 . (nature.com)
  • N-acetylcysteine acted by blocking neutrophil migration across both the endothelium of choroidal stromal vessels and the epithelium forming the blood-CSF barrier, without interfering with neutrophil blood count, neutrophil tropism for choroid plexus, and choroidal chemokine-driven chemotaxis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although migration of cells was detected from the early days of the development of microscopy ( Leeuwenhoek ) , erudite description of chemotaxis was first made by T.W. Engelmann (1881) and W.F. Pfeffer (1884) in bacteria and H.S. Jennings (1906) in ciliates . (wikidoc.org)
  • Cell surface glycoproteins that bind to chemokines and thus mediate the migration of pro-inflammatory molecules. (lookformedical.com)
  • We found that Tiam1 is required for chemokine- and S1P-induced Rac activation and subsequent cell migration. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Materials and methods: Blastocyst trophectoderm cells and other trophoblast lineage cells were subjected to attraction assays by IP-10 and other chemokines using transwell migration and chemotaxis assays. (huji.ac.il)
  • The most important aspects in quality control of chemotaxis assays were described by H. Harris in the 1950s. (wikidoc.org)
  • Interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (ITAC), also known as CXCL11 (C-X-C motif chemokine 11), is a protein found in several organs including the pancreas, liver, thymus, spleen, and lung. (quanterix.com)
  • The chemoattractant activity of chemokines produced by PMCs for Th22 cells was observed. (atsjournals.org)
  • Chemokines are small chemoattractant peptides that provide directional cues for the cell trafficking and thus are vital for protective host response. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • Further study demonstrated that this kind of effect was CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) specific, since andrograpanin could not enhance other chemokines, such as RANTES, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), etc. induced cell chemotaxis. (utmb.edu)
  • Mechanisms of andrograpanin exerting its effect were not directly in the receptor and C protein coupling level because it had no effect on the binding of SDF-1 to CXCR4, SDF-1 induced C protein activation and adenyly cyclase inhibition. (utmb.edu)
  • However, receptor internalization might be involved, since we found it significantly reduced SDF-1α-induced CXCR4 internalization. (utmb.edu)
  • However, some CD4+ T cells express another chemokine receptor, CXCR4 (which can also serve as a coreceptor for HIV-1). (sciforums.com)
  • CXCR4 is the chemokine receptor which aids in chemotaxis of stem cells, such as those in the bone marrow or the brain. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • CXCR4 is a chemokine receptor, and is found on a variety cells, including cancerous and stem cells [1]. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • As a CXC-type chemokine receptor, or a receptor that responds to CXC chemokines, CXCR4 aids in cell chemotaxis when it is stimulated by chemokines [2]. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • As mentioned earlier, CXCR4 agonists may be crucial in stem cell chemotaxis. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • CX3C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1), also known as the fractalkine receptor or G-protein coupled receptor 13 (GPR13), is a transmembrane protein of the G protein-coupled receptor 1 (GPCR1) family and the only known member of the CX3C chemokine receptor subfamily. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once in the lymph node, the cells experience a second chemokine, (C-C motif) ligand19 (CCL19), which interacts with the same receptor (C-C chemokine receptor 7, CCR7) but interacts only weakly with sugars. (nature.com)
  • We also identify a molecular switch in the top of TM7 important for keeping CCR7 in an inactive conformation (Tyr312), as introduction of the chemokine receptor-conserved Glu (or Ala) induces high constitutive activity. (ku.dk)
  • It is expressed at high levels in the lymph nodes, thymus and appendix, and elicits its effects on its target cells by binding to the chemokine receptor chemokine receptor CCR7. (quanterix.com)
  • Chemokines are low molecular pounds secretory proteins that may regulate the chemotaxis and metabolic activity of particular leukocyte subsets. (careersfromscience.org)
  • Here we identify the antimalarial compound artemisinin as a potent and selective inhibitor of neutrophil and macrophage chemotaxis induced by a range of chemotactic agents. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • The CX3CR1 receptor is part of the G-protein chemokine receptor family with the metabotropic function. (wikipedia.org)
  • CD184 is a member of the G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor family with seven membrane-spanning domains, and functions as a coreceptor for X4 HIV-1 entry into CD4+ cells. (thermofisher.com)
  • As the name suggests, this receptor binds the inflammatory chemokine CX3CL1 (also called neurotactin in mice or fractalkine in humans). (wikipedia.org)
  • Upon sensing the inflammatory chemokine, cells will extravasate from the blood vessel and follow the gradient to its source. (biolegend.com)
  • Using mature human dendritic cells (DCs), we show that CCL19 is more potent than CCL21 in inducing 3D chemotaxis. (ku.dk)
  • Intriguingly, CCL21 induces prolonged and more efficient ERK1/2 activation compared with CCL19 and a C-terminal truncated (tailless) CCL21 in DCs. (ku.dk)
  • In these cells, IL-21 does not promote proliferation but enhances apoptosis and chemotaxis. (intechopen.com)
  • Apoptosis and necrosis was induced to peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) exposed to oxLDL, based on the duration of exposure. (masticlife.com)
  • Here, we established an unbiased blood-innate immunity multiomic and genetic loss-of-function pipeline to define the transcriptome and global phosphoproteome of blood-induced innate immune polarization and its role in microglia neurotoxicity. (nature.com)
  • We report a blood-induced microglia gene network and show that blood proteins elicit distinct receptor-mediated transcriptional changes and signaling programs in innate immune cells. (nature.com)
  • To discover the molecular programs controlling microglial and macrophage polarization by blood proteins, we developed an unbiased blood-innate immunity multiomic and genetic loss-of-function pipeline consisting of deep sequencing of blood-induced transcriptomes, functional single-cell and oxidative stress transcriptomics, global phosphoproteomics and integration with innate immune signatures from AD and MS models (Extended Data Fig. 1 ). (nature.com)
  • In the current study, we showed one of its components, andrograpanin, could enhance chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) induced chemotaxis in Jurkat and THP-1 cells. (utmb.edu)
  • Attracted cells move toward areas of higher concentrations of the chemokine. (biolegend.com)
  • Due to their function of targeting cells to specific organs, homeostatic chemokines can also be involved in cancer and metastasis. (biolegend.com)
  • Many inflammatory chemokines attract a wide variety of cells in both the innate and adaptive arms of immunity. (biolegend.com)
  • As a proof of principle we study the response of dendritic cells to their major guidance cues, chemokines. (nature.com)
  • Despite evidence suggesting that in vivo chemokines are often immobilized to sugar residues, limited information is available how cells respond to immobilized chemokines. (nature.com)
  • Beyond chemokines our approach is broadly applicable to alternative systems of chemo- and haptotaxis such as cells migrating along gradients of adhesion receptor ligands vs. any soluble cue. (nature.com)
  • While mesenchymal and epithelial cells are dominated by adhesive interactions the amoeboid crawling of leukocytes is largely controlled by guidance cues of the chemokine family 3 , 4 . (nature.com)
  • Although it is conceivable that cells can equally respond to gradients of soluble and/or immobilized chemokines, almost all cell biological information available about-gradient sensing is based on in vitro studies employing soluble gradients. (nature.com)
  • The best understood example for the significance of immobilized vs. soluble chemokine gradients is the trafficking of dendritic cells (DCs). (nature.com)
  • Both forms of CCL4 block HIV-1 infection of T cells by inducing the downregulation of CCR5 (10). (rndsystems.com)
  • Furthermore, studies in mouse models have revealed that B. pertussis infection, but not immunization with current acellular pertussis vaccines induces resident memory T cells, which may also contribute to protection against colonization by B. pertussis . (frontiersin.org)
  • As these resident memory T cells are long lived, vaccines that are able to induce them should provide long-lasting immunity. (frontiersin.org)
  • IFN-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10, CXCL10) is a 10 kDa chemokine secreted from cells stimulated with type I and II interferons (IFNs) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). (quanterix.com)
  • Chemotaxis , a kind of taxis , is the phenomenon in which bodily cells, bacteria , and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. (wikidoc.org)
  • Chemokines also use this mechanism to induce targeted chemotaxis in response cells. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • In addition, chemokines regulate plethora of biological processes of hematopoietic cells to lead cellular activation, differentiation and survival. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • Chemokine signaling pathways are widely used to regulate the excessive biological processes of hematopoietic cells, leading to cell activation, differentiation and survival, and providing directional clues for cell transportation, which are essential for protective host responses. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • In cells from healthy donors pretreated with IFN-γ, SEA at 1.0 μg/ml induced release of 1009 pg/ml IL-8 (733.0-1216 pg/ml, median (range)) while in cells from asthmatic donors the same treatment induced significantly higher IL-8 secretion - 1550 pg/ml (1168.0-2000.0 pg/ml p = 0.04). (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a result, Tiam1-deficient T cells show reduced chemotaxis in vitro, and impaired homing, egress, and contact hypersensitivity in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)
  • For example, in the immune response, damaged tissue releases chemokines that induce chemotaxis of white blood cells to the area of injury. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • MR120 (CCR6 antagonist 1b) is a potent, selective CCR6 antagonist, disrupts the CCL20-induced chemotaxis of CCR6+CD4+ T cells. (probechem.com)
  • Chemokine receptor expression by blastocyst trophectoderm following PGD biopsy, trophectoderm derived from hES, placental villi, and other trophoblast lineage cells were characterized by the same methods. (huji.ac.il)
  • It was demonstrated that a relevant concentration of FP (10 −8 M) inhibited constitutive and P. aeruginosa LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production of non-CF and CF bronchial epithelial cells. (ersjournals.com)
  • Increasing evidence suggests that respiratory epithelial cells with dysfunctional CFTR have exaggerated activation of NF-κB/inhibitor of NF-κB complex associated with upregulated expression of chemokines 4 , 5 . (ersjournals.com)
  • Non-toxic concentrations of SEA and SEB (0.01 μg/ml and 1.0 μg/ml) induced IL-8 secretion after 24 h of culture. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chemokine expression and secretion were investigated using immunohistochemistry, ELISA, FACS analysis, and RT-PCR on material from flushing of the uterine cavity in endometrial biopsies. (huji.ac.il)
  • As of today, only one vaccine designed to induce potent mucosal immunity is in clinical development. (frontiersin.org)
  • Comparative functional multiomics showed that blood proteins induce distinct receptor-mediated transcriptional programs in microglia and macrophages, such as redox, type I interferon and lymphocyte recruitment. (nature.com)
  • In addition, it has been recognized that mechanisms that allow chemotaxis in animals can be subverted during cancer metastasis . (wikidoc.org)
  • Several reasons may account for this resurgence, including faster waning of immunity through acellular compared to whole-cell vaccines and potential strain adaptation to escape vaccine-induced immunity ( 9 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Methods for modulating the level of a chemokine in a cell by administering to a cell an effective amount of a depside or an anthocyanin are provided. (justia.com)
  • ACKR4 negatively regulates CXCR3-induced chemotaxis and regulates T-cell development in the thymus. (lsbio.com)
  • Chemotaxis is one of the most basic cell physiological responses. (wikidoc.org)
  • The chemokine receptor is expressed on the cell surface and is a 7-pass transmembrane protein coupled to the G protein. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • The chemokine is to transmit cell signals after binding to the receptor. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • The activation of the two can trigger many signal cascades (such as the MAP kinase pathway), such as chemotaxis, degranulation, release of superoxide anions, and changes in the affinity of cell adhesion molecules. (creative-proteomics.com)
  • DS patients also present a T cell immunodeficiency causing functional defects of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, reduced chemotaxis, diminished phagocytic ability, defective oxidative response and abnormal bactericidal activity 3 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Whole-genome expression analysis demonstrated that genes involved in inflammatory cell recruitment/movement and, specifically, chemotaxis, chemokine activation and chemokine receptor binding were differentially expressed in the nasal mucosa of mice with TDI rhinitis. (cdc.gov)
  • Activity of this chemokine has been implicated in allergic reactions such as asthma. (assaysolution.com)
  • Blood induced widespread microglial transcriptional changes, including changes involving oxidative stress and neurodegenerative genes. (nature.com)
  • This chemokine is encoded by multiple genes. (lookformedical.com)
  • Mice were exposed to 50 ppb TDI vapor via inhalation for 12 consecutive weekdays and real-time PCR was used to analyze the expression of chemokine, chemokine receptor and immune genes in the nasal mucosa 24 hours following the final exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • NC/Nga mice were subcutaneously injected with mite allergen (Dp) to induce AD-like skin lesions (ADSLs), and an application of 0.2% (w/v) benzalkonium chloride (BZK), 10% (w/v) povidone-iodine (PVP-I), 80% (v/v) ethanol (Et-OH), or 0.5% (v/v) chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) was applied to the ear envelope. (medsci.org)
  • The shedded form carries out typical function of conventional chemokines, the chemotaxis, while the membrane-bound protein behaves as adhesion molecule for facilitation of diapedesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • For chemokines binding with high affinity to sugar residues, immobilization can even lead to the formation of stable solid phase gradients, which induce a variant of haptotaxis 9 . (nature.com)
  • After having captured antigen in non-lymphoid tissues, DCs migrate along immobilized gradients of the high affinity sugar-binding chemokine (C-C motif) ligand21 (CCL21) towards lymphatic vessels, from where they are flushed into the sinus of lymph nodes. (nature.com)
  • CCL25 induced a stronger monocyte differentiation in RA compared to healthy donors. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We observed that HβDs increase the vessel number and induce a significant increase in relative vascular area compared to negative control. (oncotarget.com)
  • The majority of data on chemokine gradient sensing is based on in vitro studies employing soluble gradients. (nature.com)
  • Andrikopoulos et al (2003) studied various resins for their potential protective in vitro activity against copper-induced LDL oxidation . (masticlife.com)
  • In contrast to vaccination, natural infection in humans and experimental infections in animals induce strong secretory IgA responses in the naso-pharynx and in the lungs. (frontiersin.org)
  • In contrast, tailless-CCL21 displays increased potency in DC chemotaxis compared with native CCL21. (ku.dk)
  • In the event of infection, injury, or tissue damage, inflammatory chemokines are often released to address the problem. (biolegend.com)
  • However, the scarce information available for in vivo chemokine gradients suggests that the situation is often more complex and that chemokines are unlikely to distribute by free diffusion only. (nature.com)