Although tumor cells were first thought to drive the cellular events underpinning tumor angiogenesis and growth, considerable evidence has now emerged for the central role of tumor infiltrating myeloid cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils in this phenomenon [ 8 - 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
A chemokine that is a chemoattractant for MONOCYTES and may also cause cellular activation of specific functions related to host defense. (lookformedical.com)
The resulting early cellular response, consisting of glandular infiltration with neutrophils and monocytes, appears to exacerbate pancreatic injury and is at least in part responsible for early onset organ failure seen in some cases of AP (85, 86). (pancreapedia.org)
Chemotaxis3
In addition to being known for mediating chemotaxis, chemokines are all approximately 8-10 kilodaltons in mass and have four cysteine residues in conserved locations that are key to forming their 3-dimensional shape. (wikipedia.org)
The key mechanism that regulates recruitment of leukocytes and progenitor stem cells to distal anatomical tissues affected with disease is chemotaxis, which depends on the signaling molecules, chemokines, and acts primarily as part of the host defense and repair mechanism. (biomedcentral.com)
The presence or absence of a glutamate-leucine-arginine sequence further divides chemokines into 'ELR' and 'non-ELR' chemokines, with ELR-chemokines exhibiting highest activity in chemotaxis assays (65, 130). (pancreapedia.org)
CXCL111
This receptor also binds to chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1/MGSA), a protein with melanoma growth stimulating activity, and has been shown to be a major component required for serum-dependent melanoma cell growth. (cancerindex.org)
CXCL1 could bind to CXCR2 on MDSCs and promote their migration to the tumor microenvironment. (biomedcentral.com)
Assessment of blister fluid-derived chemokines showed a persistent presence of several chemotactic molecules, including CXCL1 + 2 and CXCL5. (biomedcentral.com)
Neutrophil counts and CXCL1 levels were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, myleoperoxidase (MPO) levels were measured in lung tissue homogenates and an immunohistological staining for neutrophils was performed on lung tissue. (nih.gov)
N-Ac-PGP and CXCL1 induced a neutrophil influx in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue, which was also reflected by increased MPO levels in lung tissue. (nih.gov)
The N-Ac-PGP- and CXCL1-induced neutrophil influx and the increased pulmonary tissue MPO levels were inhibited by the CXCR2 antagonists SB225002 and SB332235. (nih.gov)
Moreover, N-Ac-PGP administration enhanced the CXCL1 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, which could not be attenuated by both CXCR2 antagonists. (nih.gov)
The N-Ac-PGP-induced release of CXCL1 is independent of CXCR2. (nih.gov)
Related to the maximal effect of CXCL1, N-Ac-PGP is more potent at inducing neutrophil migration in the pulmonary tissue than into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, or N-ac-PGP may be more potent at inducing MPO levels in the lung tissue. (nih.gov)
In the context of AP, the most extensively investigated chemokines are CC-ligand 2 (CCL2, also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 or MCP-1), CXC-ligand 1 (CXCL1, also known as cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant or CINC in rat and keratinocyte cytokine or KC in mouse), and CXC-ligand 2 (CXCL2, also known as macrophage inflammatory protein 2-alpha or MIP2a). (pancreapedia.org)
CCL2 acts predominantly via the CC-receptor CCR2, although it also binds to CCR4 (138), whereas CXCL1 and CXCL2 both act via CXCR2 (125). (pancreapedia.org)
Inflammation7
Inflammatory: these are formed under pathological conditions (on pro-inflammatory stimuli, such as IL-1, TNF-alpha, LPS, or viruses) and actively participate in the inflammatory response attracting immune cells to the site of inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
This study thus investigated the function of CXCR2 in posttraumatic inflammation and secondary degeneration by examining Cxcr2-deficient (Cxcr2−/−) mice over 14 days following closed head injury (CHI). (edu.au)
Neutrophils are innate immune cells in chronic inflammatory diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and can be attracted to the site of inflammation via the collagen breakdown product N-acetyl Proline-Glycine-Proline (N-Ac-PGP). (nih.gov)
Citrullination at Arg-27 prevents proteolysis, and dampens tissue inflammation, it also enhances leukocytosis, possibly through impaired chemokine clearance from the blood circulation. (affbiotech.cn)
Migration10
Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. (wikipedia.org)
The major role of chemokines is to act as a chemoattractant to guide the migration of cells. (wikipedia.org)
Chemokines are functionally divided into two groups: Homeostatic: are constitutively produced in certain tissues and are responsible for basal leukocyte migration. (wikipedia.org)
The main function of chemokines is to manage the migration of leukocytes (homing) in the respective anatomical locations in inflammatory and homeostatic processes. (wikipedia.org)
Knockout studies in mice suggested that this receptor controls the positioning of oligodendrocyte precursors in developing spinal cord by arresting their migration. (cancerindex.org)
Chemokines that regulate neutrophil migration by signaling through the CXCR2 receptor are markedly elevated by brain injury and are associated with the propagation of secondary damage. (edu.au)
Examples for such strategies include inhibition of CXCR1 and CXCR2 to decrease migration of neutrophils to tumoral areas or the inhibition of granulocyte colony stimulating factor to decrease the amount of neutrophils which has shown efficacy in preclinical models. (biomedcentral.com)
To elucidate whether CXCR2 is involved in N-Ac-PGP-induced neutrophil migration and activation, studies using specific antagonists were performed in vivo. (nih.gov)
In conclusion, neutrophil migration induced by N-Ac-PGP is mediated via direct CXCR2 interaction. (nih.gov)
Cell surface glycoproteins that bind to chemokines and thus mediate the migration of pro-inflammatory molecules. (lookformedical.com)
Immune cells1
Expression of high levels of immune cells including neutrophils has been associated with detrimental outcome in several solid tumors and new strategies to decrease their presence and activity are currently under clinical development. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytokines8
Chemokines (from Ancient Greek χῠμείᾱ (khumeíā) 'alchemy', and κῑ́νησῐς (kī́nēsis) 'movement'), or chemotactic cytokines, are a family of small cytokines or signaling proteins secreted by cells that induce directional movement of leukocytes, as well as other cell types, including endothelial and epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
The results underscore the complex cytokine network imbalance exhibited after SCI and show significant changes in the concentrations of 14 cytokines/chemokines with different inflammatory and immunological activities. (frontiersin.org)
Pancreatic acinar cell injury triggers the synthesis and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (32, 36, 39, 41, 82). (pancreapedia.org)
This review aims to describe the roles of key cytokines and chemokines in commonly used experimental models of pancreatitis and how the cytokine profile is affected by the choice of a specific model. (pancreapedia.org)
Another mechanism whereby injured pancreatic acinar cells trigger the inflammatory response is through synthesis and release of cytokines (36) and chemokines (11), and upregulation of adhesion molecules such as the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (136), which together promote neutrophil and monocyte infiltration (27, 71) and exacerbate tissue injury (10, 27, 37). (pancreapedia.org)
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are positively charged polypeptides with highly conserved cysteine (C) residues within the N-terminal sequence, classifying them as 'C', 'CC', 'CXC' or 'CX3C' types (102, 143). (pancreapedia.org)
Furthermore, the proliferation of Th17 cells and Th17‑associated cytokines, including interleukin (IL)17, IL23 and RAR‑related orphan receptor γt, was analyzed by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (spandidos-publications.com)
Chemotactic1
The majority of blister-originated chemotactic signals were associated with preferential recruitment of CD45 + CXCR2 + and CD11b + CXCR2 + leukocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
Produced and secreted1
These are known as homeostatic chemokines and are produced and secreted without any need to stimulate their source cells. (wikipedia.org)
Infiltration1
We demonstrate a significant attenuation of neutrophil infiltration in Cxcr2−/− mice at 12 hours and 7 days after CHI, despite increased levels of CXC neutrophil-attracting chemokines in the lesioned cortex. (edu.au)
Endothelial cells2
Their homeostatic function in homing is best exemplified by the chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 (expressed within lymph nodes and on lymphatic endothelial cells) and their receptor CCR7 (expressed on cells destined for homing in cells to these organs). (wikipedia.org)
The angiogenic effects of IL8 in intestinal microvascular endothelial cells are found to be mediated by this receptor. (cancerindex.org)
Motif1
Like the CHEMOKINES themselves, the receptors can be divided into at least three structural branches: CR, CCR, and CXCR, according to variations in a shared cysteine motif. (lookformedical.com)
Among other homeostatic chemokine receptors include: CCR9, CCR10, and CXCR5, which are important as part of the cell addresses for tissue-specific homing of leukocytes. (wikipedia.org)
A CC-type chemokine with specificity for CCR10 RECEPTORS. (lookformedical.com)
Interleukin1
This protein is a receptor for interleukin 8 (IL8). (cancerindex.org)
Mice4
This coincides with reduced tissue damage, neuronal loss, and cell death in Cxcr2−/− mice compared to wild-type controls, with heterozygotes showing intermediate responses. (edu.au)
Comprehensive proteomic screening of chemokines in the blister fluids of DEB-affected mice was conducted to define the inflammatory and immune activities, thus providing potential to examine local biological mechanisms and define the protein signature within lesional skin as a potential marker of disease activity. (biomedcentral.com)
Systemic transplantation of an enriched CXCR2 population of mouse adipose-derived stem cells (mADSC) into DEB-affected mice demonstrated effective recruitment of cells to the blistering skin under the influence of blister-derived ligands and deposition of therapeutic type VII collagen. (biomedcentral.com)
Of note, the majority of neutrophils remain in the bone marrow, for instance in mice only 1-2% circulate in the peripheral blood [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Protein6
Chemokines have been classified into four main subfamilies: CXC, CC, CX3C and C. All of these proteins exert their biological effects by interacting with G protein-linked transmembrane receptors called chemokine receptors, that are selectively found on the surfaces of their target cells. (wikipedia.org)
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor family. (cancerindex.org)
Mechanistically, we demonstrated that TRIM28 could physically interact with receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) and promote K63-linked ubiquitination of RIPK1, which is crucial for sustaining activation of the NF-κB pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
The receptors are members of the seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor family. (lookformedical.com)
The encoded protein is a secreted growth factor that signals through the G-protein coupled receptor, CXC receptor 2. (creativebiomart.net)
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the CXC chemokine family. (affbiotech.cn)
Innate1
The innate immune system is mainly composed of myeloid lineage cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and mast cells [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Maturation2
Neutrophilic granulocytes (neutrophils) account for 50-70% of all leukocytes and depend on a sequential process of maturation in the bone marrow that provokes the conversion of myeloblasts to segmented neutrophils [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The generation and maturation of neutrophils have important implications: from the design of therapeutic strategies to the utilization of their expression as a prognostic biomarker. (biomedcentral.com)
Deleterious2
This study highlights the deleterious contribution of neutrophils to posttraumatic neurodegeneration and demonstrates the importance of CXC chemokine signaling in this process. (edu.au)
Strategies to avoid the deleterious effects of neutrophils in cancer and to reduce their activity are discussed. (biomedcentral.com)
LYMPHOCYTES2
Some chemokines control cells of the immune system during processes of immune surveillance, such as directing lymphocytes to the lymph nodes so they can screen for invasion of pathogens by interacting with antigen-presenting cells residing in these tissues. (wikipedia.org)
T cells with the appropriate receptors activate other lymphocytes or directly kill infected cells, preventing the spread of the virus. (aging-us.com)
Inflammatory response1
This chemokine is one of the major mediators of the inflammatory response. (affbiotech.cn)
Cells7
Cells that are attracted by chemokines follow a signal of increasing chemokine concentration towards the source of the chemokine. (wikipedia.org)
Other chemokines are inflammatory and are released from a wide variety of cells in response to bacterial infection, viruses and agents that cause physical damage such as silica or the urate crystals that occur in gout. (wikipedia.org)
Certain inflammatory chemokines activate cells to initiate an immune response or promote wound healing. (wikipedia.org)
The present study identified TRIM28 as a promoter of chemokine-driven recruitment of MDSCs through RIPK1-mediated NF-κB activation, leading to the suppression of infiltrating activated CD8 + T cells and the development of anti-PD-1 resistance. (biomedcentral.com)
Upon culture in endothelial growth media, these cells expressed endothelial lineage markers, such as CD31, Tie2, and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), and incorporated into blood vessels in ischemic tissues. (hindawi.com)
Determined by its ability to chemoattract BaF3 mouse pro-B cells transfected with human CXCR2. (creativebiomart.net)
The prevalence of Th17 cells and their receptors in patients with LSCC was studied using immunohistochemical analysis via tissue microarray technology. (spandidos-publications.com)
Tumor2
Here, we review some of the relevant literature of the role of neutrophils in different stages of the oncogenic process including tumor initiation, growth, proliferation or metastatic spreading and also focus on how neutrophil counts or the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio may be used as a prognostic and predictive biomarker. (biomedcentral.com)
Tumor initiation can be promoted by the release by neutrophils of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS) or proteases, among others [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cytokine1
Cytokine proteins are classified as chemokines according to behavior and structural characteristics. (wikipedia.org)
Thymus2
Basal: homeostatic chemokines are basal produced in the thymus and lymphoid tissues. (wikipedia.org)
A CC-type chemokine that is found at high levels in the THYMUS and has specificity for CCR4 RECEPTORS. (lookformedical.com)
Counts1
We will focus on how neutrophil counts could be used as a prognostic and predictive biomarker and how therapeutic agents against them are reaching the clinical development stage. (biomedcentral.com)
Gene3
This gene, IL8RA, a gene encoding another high affinity IL8 receptor, as well as IL8RBP, a pseudogene of IL8RB, form a gene cluster in a region mapped to chromosome 2q33-q36. (cancerindex.org)
This gene and other ten members of the CXC chemokine gene family form a chemokine gene cluster in a region mapped to chromosome 4q. (affbiotech.cn)
Activation3
In addition to playing a major role in the activation of host immune responses, chemokines are important for biological processes, including morphogenesis and wound healing, as well as in the pathogenesis of diseases like cancers. (wikipedia.org)
It is also involved in neutrophil activation. (affbiotech.cn)
IL-8(6-77) has a 5-10-fold higher activity on neutrophil activation, IL-8(5-77) has increased activity on neutrophil activation and IL-8(7-77) has a higher affinity to receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 as compared to IL-8(1-77), respectively. (affbiotech.cn)
Cell2
G-MDSC are also referred to as polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSC, which differ from conventional neutrophils via expression of lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1), which inhibits T cell proliferation [ 7, 8 ]. (iospress.com)
This chemokine is secreted by several cell types. (affbiotech.cn)
Activity1
Guadecitabine in association with ICBs increased serum levels of IFN-γ and IFN-γ-induced chemokines with anti-angiogenic activity. (biomedcentral.com)
Family1
Belongs to the intercrine alpha (chemokine CxC) family. (affbiotech.cn)