• A biosensor assay for studying ligand-membrane receptor interactions: Binding of antibodies and HIV-1 Env to chemokine receptors. (integralmolecular.com)
  • Toll-like receptors (TLRs) enable innate immune cells, such as macrophages, to recognize a wide variety of microbial ligands, thereby promoting inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
  • They represent the first line of defense against pathogens in the lower airspace and recognize microbial ligands via pattern recognition receptors ( 4 , 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In this study, we focussed on the gene expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs), chemokine receptors (CCRs) and death receptor ligands in SARS-CoV infected DCs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A dysregulated immune system (including changes in the number and/or function of immune cells, cytokine levels, and the expression of inhibitory receptors or their ligands) plays a key role in the development of HCC. (wjgnet.com)
  • Chemokines receptors are seven transmembrane spanning G protein-coupled receptors that allow cells to migrate towards increasing chemokine gradients. (biolegend.com)
  • Specific chemokine receptors are often required to gain entry (or exit) from certain organs and tissues like the thymus and bone marrow. (biolegend.com)
  • Determining the function of CMV-encoded chemokine receptors in the context of viral pathogenesis and acceleration of vascular disease. (ohsu.edu)
  • The chemokine signal is transduced by chemokine receptors (G-protein coupled receptors) expressed on the immune cells. (genome.jp)
  • The G protein-coupled receptor, RDC1, belongs to a subgroup of chemokine receptors and has been designated CXCR7. (rndsystems.com)
  • These class A G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in mammalian signaling pathways and control cell migration toward endogenous CC chemokine ligands, named for the adjacent cysteine motif on their N terminus. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Chemokine receptors and their associated ligands are involved in a wide range of diseases and thus have become important drug targets. (iasp-pain.org)
  • The integration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from microorganisms with their surface receptors in the immune cells, induces the production of several cytokines and chemokines that presents either a pro- and/or anti-inflammatory role by stimulating the secretion of a great variety of antibody subtypes and the activation of mechanisms of controlling the disease, such as the regulatory T cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 21 (CCL21) is a small cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family. (creativebiomart.net)
  • We selected most pathways Ccl21a participated on our site, such as Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Chemokine signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, which may be useful for your reference. (creativebiomart.net)
  • TLR2 induction did not enhance TLR2 signaling, as indicated by reduced cytokine production after treatment with TLR2 ligands in Dex- and/or LPS-primed AMs. (frontiersin.org)
  • We postulated that this lack of antiviral cytokine response against a background of intense chemokine upregulation could represent a mechanism of immune evasion by SARS-CoV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The binding of ligands to TLRs may trigger downstream signaling pathways that are involved in both the cytokine release during the primary induction of inflammation and secondary activation of anti-inflammatory mechanisms [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this review, we have discussed the status and roles of various immune effector cells ( e.g ., dendritic cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and T cells), their cytokine profile, and the chemokine-receptor axis in promoting or impeding HCC. (wjgnet.com)
  • Chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4) is a small chemotactic cytokine belonging to the CC chemokine family that is also known as macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1 beta). (immunochemistry.com)
  • We previously reported that colon epithelial cell silencing of Smad4 increased epithelial expression of inflammatory genes, including the chemokine c-c motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), and increased susceptibility to colitis-associated cancer. (nih.gov)
  • Interestingly, the SARS-CoV infected DCs showed low expression of antiviral cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-γ and IL-12p40), moderate upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) but significant upregulation of inflammatory chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1α/CCL3, regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)/CCL-5, interferon-inducible protein of 10 kD (IP-10)/CXCL10 and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1/CCL2. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These chemokines also have a more diverse range of functions compared to inflammatory chemokines. (biolegend.com)
  • In the event of infection, injury, or tissue damage, inflammatory chemokines are often released to address the problem. (biolegend.com)
  • Many inflammatory chemokines attract a wide variety of cells in both the innate and adaptive arms of immunity. (biolegend.com)
  • Upon sensing the inflammatory chemokine, cells will extravasate from the blood vessel and follow the gradient to its source. (biolegend.com)
  • In contrast to decreased cell recruitment, key inflammatory chemokines were elevated in the lungs of ETOH-RSV mice. (cdc.gov)
  • Human Chemokine Ligand 27 (CCL27) ELISA Kit is for quantitative detection of human CCL27 in cell culture supernates, serum and plasma (heparin, EDTA). (innov-research.com)
  • Here, we examine the role of the chemokine/receptor pair CCL20/c-c motif chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) in mediating colitis-associated colon carcinogenesis induced by SMAD4 loss. (nih.gov)
  • Motixafortide is an inhibitor of C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and blocks binding of its cognate ligand, stromal-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α)/C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12). (medscape.com)
  • Background Chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), also called monocyte chemoattractant proteins-1 (MCP-1), is one of the CC chemokine family members that is from the disease position and final results of osteoarthritis (OA). (careersfromscience.org)
  • Monocyte chemoattractant proteins 1 (MCP-1)/chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), a ligand of CCR2, can be chemotactic for monocyte/macrophages and turned on T cells [10], [11]. (careersfromscience.org)
  • It is known that C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is a chemokine which facilitates monocyte movement and positioning. (kcl.ac.uk)
  • Regarding host factors, macrophages from DL patients tokines and chemokines in supernatants of mononuclear allow for greater parasite multiplication than cutane- cells stimulated with leishmania antigen. (cdc.gov)
  • Human CCL4 Recombinant Protein is purified chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4, MIP-1 beta) produced in yeast. (immunochemistry.com)
  • response to macrophage-derived proinflammatory cytokines such WIN 48098 as for example interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis aspect- WIN 48098 (TNF-), OA synovial fibroblasts (OASFs) generate chemokines that promote irritation, neovascularization, and cartilage degradation via activation of matrix-degrading enzymes such as for example matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) [1], [2]. (careersfromscience.org)
  • Chemokines are a class of cytokines that induce chemotaxis (migration) of target cells. (biolegend.com)
  • Once at the site of injury, immune cells can react by releasing additional cytokines and chemokines, bringing more cells into the fold. (biolegend.com)
  • The ligand CXCL12 (SDF-1) is a homeostatic chemokine with a central role in hematopoietic cells homing to and release from bone marrow. (lu.se)
  • Chemokines are low molecular pounds secretory proteins that may regulate the chemotaxis and metabolic activity of particular leukocyte subsets. (careersfromscience.org)
  • It elicits its chemotactic effects by binding to the chemokine receptor CCR10. (wikipedia.org)
  • This antimicrobial gene encodes a chemokine of the CXC subfamily and ligand for the receptor CXCR3. (cancerindex.org)
  • The upregulation of chemokines and CCRs may facilitate DC migration from the infection site to the lymph nodes, whereas the increase of TRAIL may induce lymphocyte apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The prevailing paradigm of chemokine function is that spatial diffusion-based gradients of chemokines induce polarization and directed migration of the responding cells towards the chemokine source 5 . (nature.com)
  • For chemokines binding with high affinity to sugar residues, immobilization can even lead to the formation of stable solid phase gradients, which induce a variant of haptotaxis 9 . (nature.com)
  • CC chemokines induce the migration of monocytes and other cell types such as NK cells and dendritic cells. (immunochemistry.com)
  • The syndrome is cause by mutations in CXCR4, a chemokine receptor expressed by hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. (lu.se)
  • This chemokine is also known as 6Ckine (because it has six conserved cysteine residues instead of the four cysteines typical to chemokines), exodus-2, and secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine (SLC). (creativebiomart.net)
  • Chemokines contain several (usually four) cysteines in conserved positions. (biolegend.com)
  • These cysteines provide tertiary structure for the chemokine through disulfide bonds. (biolegend.com)
  • The spacing between the first two cysteines determines the type of chemokine. (biolegend.com)
  • In contrast, based on ligand binding analysis and receptor level (as assessed using anti‑CXCR7, clone 11G8), surface expression of CXCR7 was reported to be restricted to tumor cells, activated endothelial cells, fetal liver cells, and few other cell types (3). (rndsystems.com)
  • CTACK, a skin-associated chemokine that preferentially attracts skin-homing memory T cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Despite evidence suggesting that in vivo chemokines are often immobilized to sugar residues, limited information is available how cells respond to immobilized chemokines. (nature.com)
  • Beyond chemokines our approach is broadly applicable to alternative systems of chemo- and haptotaxis such as cells migrating along gradients of adhesion receptor ligands vs. any soluble cue. (nature.com)
  • While mesenchymal and epithelial cells are dominated by adhesive interactions the amoeboid crawling of leukocytes is largely controlled by guidance cues of the chemokine family 3 , 4 . (nature.com)
  • Although it is conceivable that cells can equally respond to gradients of soluble and/or immobilized chemokines, almost all cell biological information available about-gradient sensing is based on in vitro studies employing soluble gradients. (nature.com)
  • Once in the lymph node, the cells experience a second chemokine, (C-C motif) ligand19 (CCL19), which interacts with the same receptor (C-C chemokine receptor 7, CCR7) but interacts only weakly with sugars. (nature.com)
  • Attracted cells move toward areas of higher concentrations of the chemokine. (biolegend.com)
  • Due to their function of targeting cells to specific organs, homeostatic chemokines can also be involved in cancer and metastasis. (biolegend.com)
  • T cells were placed in a transmigration system where chemokines had been treated with and without activated MMP-9. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, chemokines regulate plethora of biological processes of hematopoietic cells to lead cellular activation, differentiation and survival. (genome.jp)
  • Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) has gained attention as therapeutic target in various malignancies. (cancerindex.org)
  • Structural basis for ligand modulation of the CCR2 conformational landscape. (iasp-pain.org)
  • CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is a part of the chemokine receptor family, an important class of therapeutic targets. (iasp-pain.org)
  • Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human Chemokine C-X3-C-Motif Ligand 1 (CX3CL1) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids. (novosides.eu)
  • Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Chemokine C-X3-C-Motif Ligand 1 (CX3CL1) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids. (novosides.eu)
  • Chemokines are small chemoattractant peptides that provide directional cues for the cell trafficking and thus are vital for protective host response. (genome.jp)
  • The microtiter plate provided in this kit has been pre-coated with an antibody specific to Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7 ( CXCL7). (uscnk.com)
  • Standards or samples are then added to the appropriate microtiter plate wells with a biotin-conjugated antibody specific to Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7 ( CXCL7). (uscnk.com)
  • After TMB substrate solution is added, only those wells that contain Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 7 ( CXCL7), biotin-conjugated antibody and enzyme-conjugated Avidin will exhibit a change in color. (uscnk.com)
  • For the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 2 neutralization study,mice were intravenously administered anti-mouse CXCL2 antibody (100 lg/mouse). (kribb.re.kr)
  • Rabbit polyclonal antibody recognizes the middle region of CCL16(chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 16) protein. (fishersci.com)
  • Flow cytometric analysis indicated that TLR2-containing EVs were able to bind the TLR2 ligand Pam 3 CSK 4 . (frontiersin.org)
  • Use this table to quickly identify the chemokines that bind to each receptor. (biolegend.com)
  • CCL21 elicits its effects by binding to a cell surface chemokine receptor known as CCR7. (creativebiomart.net)
  • The receptor N-terminus is external and contributes to ligand binding while the carboxy terminus (COOH) allows for interaction with signaling molecules and downstream signaling. (biolegend.com)
  • Lymphocyte recruitment was significantly reduced in the BAL 4 days after RSV infection in ETOH-RSV mice, whereas chemokine levels were the highest in this group at all experimental time points examined in comparison to RSV (p (cdc.gov)
  • It is governed by cell-extrinsic molecular factors, which can either emerge in the soluble phase or as immobilized, often adhesive ligands. (nature.com)
  • The potential causal genes were enriched in biological processes related to type I interferons, interferon gamma inducible protein 10 production, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production. (cdc.gov)
  • C-C motif chemokine ligand 27 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CCL27 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • High levels of chemokine ing that impairment in the T-cell response is the cause ligand 9 were associated with more severe DL. (cdc.gov)
  • Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell populations were measured by flow cytometry, and chemokines were detected by Western blot or ELISA. (cdc.gov)