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Stratospheric aerosolParticlesSource of aerosolsStratosphereAnthropogenicObservationsDetermine the aerosolClimateCloud2019Radiative transferNitratePrecursorAntarcticMeasurementsBiogenicSprayDistributionsCompositionTroposphericEmissionsSimulationsContributesAtmosphereAcidEffectsPropertiesSizePhysicsNatural
Stratospheric aerosol2
  • There are multiple potential approaches, with stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) being the most-studied method, followed by marine cloud brightening (MCB). (wikipedia.org)
  • The stratospheric aerosol layer that Mt. Pinatubo created was able to block substantial amounts of solar radiation from reaching Earth's surface, resulting in a heating of the stratosphere by 3.5°C, and a cooling of the troposphere of the northern hemisphere by 0.2 to 0.7°C . These may seem like small numbers, but in the atmospheric system, small changes have big consequences. (bira.be)
Particles4
  • 1993), Chlorine chemistry on polar stratospheric cloud particles in the Arctic winter , Science, 261 , 1140-1143. (nasa.gov)
  • The spatial distribution of the aerosol particles was derived from a 3-D atmospheric transport simulation. (jussieu.fr)
  • Atmospheric aerosols are microscopic particles, solid or liquid, suspended in a gas, (our atmosphere in this instance). (copernicus.eu)
  • An aerosol is a collection of particles suspended in a gas . (academickids.com)
Source of aerosols1
  • The main anthropogenic source of aerosols is emissions from combustion of fossil fuels, which emit a wide range of atmospheric pollutants including particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and SO2. (copernicus.eu)
Stratosphere3
  • Such processes include Ultra Violet (UV) radiative changes due to the presence of volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and sulphate aerosols in the stratosphere, and due to stratospheric ozone depletion. (copernicus.org)
  • In fact, volcanic eruptions, because of their violent power, are a very effective way of providing the necessary ingredients for the formation of aerosols in the stratosphere, a very stable and difficult layer to penetrate. (bira.be)
  • 1995), Performance of a focused cavity aerosol spectrometer for measurements in the stratosphere of particle size in the 0.06-2.0 mm diameter range , J. Tech., 12 , 115-129. (nasa.gov)
Anthropogenic3
  • Scientists such as the Met Office's Ben Booth have suggested for some time that anthropogenic aerosols, such as those resulting from industrial and shipping emissions, had been a key driver of climate variability in the North Atlantic. (copernicus.eu)
  • Averaged over the globe, anthropogenic aerosols-those made by human activities-currently account for about 10 percent of the total amount of aerosols in our atmosphere. (academickids.com)
  • Aerosols, natural and anthropogenic, can affect the climate by changing the way radiation is transmitted through the atmosphere. (academickids.com)
Observations5
  • 1993), In Situ Observations of Aerosol and Chlorine Monoxide After the 1991 Eruption of Mount Pinatubo: Effect of Reactions on Sulfate Aerosol , Science, 261 , 1140-1143. (nasa.gov)
  • Prognostic schemes exhibit a larger variability than the diagnostic ones, due to a coupling between aerosol activation and drizzle scavenging in the calculation of N. When SCMs are initialized at a fine vertical resolution with locally observed vertical profiles of liquid water, predicted optical properties are comparable to observations. (jussieu.fr)
  • Direct observations of the effects of aerosols are quite limited so any attempt to estimate their global effect necessarily involves the use of computer models. (academickids.com)
  • Loyola, D. , Three-Dimensional Distribution of Biomass Burning Aerosols from Australian Wildfires Observed by TROPOMI Satellite Observations, Remote Sens. (u-pec.fr)
  • Aerosol properties computed from aircraft-based observations during the ACE-Asia campaign: 1. (nasa.gov)
Determine the aerosol1
  • Cascade impaction was used to determine the aerosol performance of the spray dried powders and showed promising lung deposition profiles (mass median aerodynamic diameter 5 µm) with significant variation depending on the organic solvent used and the ratio of organic to aqueous phase in the feedstock. (bvsalud.org)
Climate10
  • Climate models have since been improved to integrate atmospheric aerosols interactions. (copernicus.eu)
  • However, linking SO2 reductions directly to the recent extreme marine heatwaves omits part of the complexity of using models to calculate sulphate aerosol interactions in the atmosphere or estimating the effective application of the IMO 2020 regulation, and, more generally, the complexity of climate and atmospheric chemistry. (copernicus.eu)
  • The GISS climate model is used in this study, including atmospheric gas- and aerosol phase chemistry to investigate current and future (2030, following the SRES A1B emission scenario) atmospheric compositions. (nasa.gov)
  • A set of sensitivity experiments was carried out to quantify the individual impact of emissionand physical climate change on nitrate aerosol formation. (nasa.gov)
  • The role of nitrate aerosols as climate change driver is analyzed and set in perspective to other aerosol and ozone forcings under pre-industrial, present day and future conditions. (nasa.gov)
  • Contrasting studies stress that primary sea-salt aerosol can contribute significantly to the aerosol population, challenging the concept of climate biogenic regulation by new particle formation (NPF) from dimethyl sulphide marine emissions. (nerc.ac.uk)
  • Modern climate models attempting to deal with the attribution of recent climate change need to include sulphate forcing, which appears to account (at least partly) for the slight drop in global temperature in the middle of the 20th century. (academickids.com)
  • Stratospheric aerosols originate for the most part from volcanic eruptions and have a large influence on the Earth's atmosphere and climate. (bira.be)
  • There were changes in the atmospheric dynamics and a huge impact on the chemistry and the chemical composition of the atmosphere (among which a decrease in the ozone layer of about 25%) and eventually, on the whole Earth climate system. (bira.be)
  • 1 Introduction Sulfate and sulfur dioxide play an important role in en- vironmental chemistry and climate through their effect on aerosols. (documents.pub)
Cloud7
  • It is estimated that the cooling impact from SAI would cease 1-3 years after the last aerosol injection, while the impact from marine cloud brightening would disappear in just 10 days. (wikipedia.org)
  • Six different SCMs were used to simulate ACE-2 case studies of clean and polluted cloudy boundary layers, with the objective being to identify limitations of the aerosol/cloud/radiation interaction schemes within the range of uncertainty in in situ, reanalysis and satellite retrieved data. (jussieu.fr)
  • While aerosols have a direct cooling effect by filtering solar radiation, their effective contribution to global cooling , or warming when they are reduced, also referred to as negative or positive radiative forcing of aerosols, is still a matter of research, and not the easiest, due to the uncertainties of indirect effects such as sulphate aerosol impacts in cloud droplet formation. (copernicus.eu)
  • Generally, sulphate aerosols are considered to act as cloud condensation nuclei, favouring cloud formation, therefore reducing the amount of solar radiation that reaches the surface. (copernicus.eu)
  • The indirect effect (via the aerosol acting as cloud condensation nuclei, CCN , and thereby modifying the cloud properties) is more uncertain but is believed to be a cooling. (academickids.com)
  • 2020), Accepted article online 3 JUN 2020 Characterization of Aerosol Hygroscopicity Over the Northeast Pacific Ocean: Impacts on Prediction of CCN and Stratocumulus Cloud Droplet Number Concentrations , Earth and Space Science, 7 , e2020EA001098, doi:10.1029/2020EA001098. (nasa.gov)
  • 2004), Evidence for the Predominance of Mid-Tropospheric Aerosols as Subtropical Anvil Cloud Nuclei , Science, 304 , 718. (nasa.gov)
20191
  • 2019), ATom: L2 In Situ Measurements of Aerosol Microphysical Properties (AMP) , Ornl Daac , doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1671. (nasa.gov)
Radiative transfer2
  • First, SCMs are configured with the same fine vertical resolution as the ACE-2 in situ data base to evaluate the numerical schemes for prediction of aerosol activation, radiative transfer and precipitation formation. (jussieu.fr)
  • To infer the changes in UV radiative fluxes, the chemistry model is coupled to a radiative transfer model. (copernicus.org)
Nitrate6
  • Nitrate aerosols are expected to become more important in the future atmosphere due to the expected increase in nitrate precursor emissions and the decline of ammoniumsulphate aerosols in wide regions of this planet. (nasa.gov)
  • We found that future nitrate aerosol loads depend most strongly on changes that may occur in the ammonia sources. (nasa.gov)
  • Furthermore, microphysical processes that lead to aerosol mixing play a very important role in sulphate and nitrate aerosol formation. (nasa.gov)
  • In the near future, year 2030, ammonium nitrate radiative forcing is about −0.14 W/m2 and contributes roughly 10% of the net aerosol and ozone forcing. (nasa.gov)
  • The steady increase of nitrate aerosols since industrialization increases its role as a non greenhouse gas forcing agent. (nasa.gov)
  • However, this impact is still small compared to greenhouse gas forcings, therefore the main role nitrate will play in the future atmosphere is as an air pollutant, with annual mean near surface air concentrations, in the fine particle mode, rising above 3 µg/m3 in China and therefore reaching pollution levels, like sulphate aerosols. (nasa.gov)
Precursor1
  • Sulphur dioxide emissions are the precursor of sulphate aerosol, which is a key player in Earth's energy balance. (copernicus.eu)
Antarctic2
  • Using the real-time aerosol measurements, we investigate how the composition of Antarctic submicron aerosol changes as a function of meteorological parameters such as wind speed. (copernicus.org)
  • A conceptual illustration is proposed indicating the various atmospheric processes related to the Antarctic aerosols, with particular emphasis on the origin of new particle formation and growth. (nerc.ac.uk)
Measurements1
  • 1993), In Situ Measurements Constraining the Role of Sulphate Aerosols in Mid-Latitude Ozone Depletion , Nature, 363 , 509-514. (nasa.gov)
Biogenic1
  • There are many natural sources of atmospheric aerosols, such as desert dust, sea spray and salt from the oceans, biogenic aerosols from vegetation , wildfire smoke, or volcanoes to name a few. (copernicus.eu)
Spray3
  • A brief comparison with two other stations (Dome C Concordia and King Sejong Station) during the year 2015 (240 days overlap) shows that the dynamics of aerosol number concentrations and distributions are more complex than the simple sulphate-sea spray binary combination, and it is likely that an array of additional chemical components and processes drive the aerosol population. (nerc.ac.uk)
  • For the spraying device, see aerosol spray . (academickids.com)
  • Some aerosols occur naturally, originating from volcanoes , dust storms , forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. (academickids.com)
Distributions2
  • Size distributions and emission factors of submicron aerosol were quantified using online techniques for a variety of common but under-sampled combustion sources in South Asia: wood and dung cooking fires, groundwater pumps, brick kilns, trash burning, and open burning of crop residues. (copernicus.org)
  • a major uncertainty comes from the lack of understanding of aerosol size distributions and their dynamics. (nerc.ac.uk)
Composition2
  • We observe blowing snow and increasing aerosol concentration and changing composition, in particular halogens, as the wind increases beyond 8 m s −1 . (copernicus.org)
  • The EMEP4UK model framework consists of an atmospheric chemistry transport model (ACTM) which simulates hourly to annual average atmospheric composition and deposition of various pollutants and the weather research and forecast model (WRF). (ceda.ac.uk)
Tropospheric2
  • Changes in temperature and water vapour in the following years caused changes in tropospheric chemistry, as well as in natural emissions. (copernicus.org)
  • We present a sensitivity study that investigates the relative effects that these processes had on tropospheric CH 4 concentrations, using a simple one-dimensional chemistry model representative for the global tropospheric column. (copernicus.org)
Emissions2
  • Aerosols: are SO2 emissions reductions contributing to global warming? (copernicus.eu)
  • Research suggests that the reduction in emissions of pollutants in Europe, thanks to regulations, i--s leading to reduced amounts of aerosols in the atmosphere. (copernicus.eu)
Simulations1
  • The differences in the actinic flux between results from the 3-D and the l-1-D simulations are considerable, ranging from -40\% to more than +200\%, depending on the wavelength, solar zenith angle, and the absorbing properties of the aerosol. (jussieu.fr)
Contributes1
  • The question of whether reduced aerosol loading contributes to global warming is not new to atmospheric scientists, but it has recently resurfaced with the extreme heatwaves across the North Atlantic and many areas of Europe. (copernicus.eu)
Atmosphere1
  • Aerosols, by scattering, reflecting or absorbing sunlight, reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the lower layers of our atmosphere. (copernicus.eu)
Acid2
  • 1989. Furnace-generated acid aerosols: Speculation and pulmonary effects. (cdc.gov)
  • The extra water vapour allowed the SO 2 to oxidise into sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) , and to form condensation nuclei for sulphate aerosols (fine droplets in suspension in the air) within weeks. (bira.be)
Effects1
Properties1
  • Ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) observation was carried out from November 2016 to February 2017 in Beijing, China, to measure the O 4 absorptions in UV and visible bands and further to illustrate its relationship with aerosol optical properties (AOPs) under different weather types. (copernicus.org)
Size2
  • The oxidation of SO 2 to sulfate is a key reac- tion in determining the role of sulfate in the environment through its effect on aerosol size distribution and composi- tion. (documents.pub)
  • 2018), ATom: Nucleation Mode Aerosol Size Spectrometer Calibration and Performance Data , Ornl Daac , doi:10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1607. (nasa.gov)
Physics1
Natural1
  • Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and the alteration of natural surface cover, also generate aerosols. (academickids.com)