• The bacterial chemotaxis system in Escherichia coli is one of the most understood signal transduction pathways in prokaryotic organisms. (ucsb.edu)
  • His group contributed extensively to the rational design of artificial enzymes that can modulate the cellular redox signalling pathways. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Ongoing research projects include studies of paramyxovirus and herpesvirus entry mechanisms, IgE-receptor structure and function and TGF-beta ligand signaling pathways. (stanford.edu)
  • Many proteins in these pathways are deregulated in cancer, and we are developing targeted chemical probes to modulate their activity in cells and organisms. (stanford.edu)
  • The essential biochemistry, genetics, cell biology, and metabolic pathways underlying the survival and success of all living organisms. (queensu.ca)
  • MAGESTIC will create opportunities to unravel the genetic basis of quantitative traits, map functional residues on proteins and RNAs across entire pathways, dissect DNA regulatory elements, and build improved organisms for biotechnology. (labroots.com)
  • Redox signaling is a dynamic and concerted orchestra of interconnected cellular pathways. (elifesciences.org)
  • Notably, insulin and IGF-1, a hormone similar in structure to insulin, share downstream signaling pathways leading to several shared outcomes, including activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway (insulin/PI3K/Akt). (foundmyfitness.com)
  • Multicellular organisms use four main means of chemical signaling pathways for communication- autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and contact-dependent. (jove.com)
  • Downstream, TLR signaling engages two distinct pathways in which either TRIF (TICAM2) or MyD88 are the key component. (antibodies-online.com)
  • These improved molecules of a different chemical class increase SOS1 cat -mediated nucleotide exchange on RAS and display cellular action consistent with our prior results. (rcsb.org)
  • Prior to the current study, the scientists already knew that Rumi modifies Notch by adding glucose molecules to the protein. (bnl.gov)
  • In biofilms, symbionts play major roles in the relationship among organisms by the production of bioactive molecules involved in quorum sensing signaling. (intechopen.com)
  • He explains "Bacteria can 'talk' to each by exchanging chemical signal molecules. (swarthmore.edu)
  • In my lab, we study one of these signal molecules, and the proteins that detect and process them, at the molecular level. (swarthmore.edu)
  • Artificial enzymes are synthetic proteins or small molecules that mimic the function of the natural enzymes. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Mugesh's group at the Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry has made remarkable contributions to the development of novel methods for an efficient delivery of proteins and synthetic small molecules into human cells and regulation of cellular functions by artificial enzymes, which have direct impact on human health. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Mugesh's group developed a novel strategy for the transport of proteins and small molecules across the cell plasma membrane using halogen bonding as a powerful tool, which provides a simple and efficient method for the transport of proteins across the lipid bilayer. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Simply burning these materials as a low-value energy source is wasting opportunities for wealth creation: while the energy value of bark is in the range of 10-20 € per ton, its value as growth substrate is more than tenfold, and as a source of bioactive molecules for high value-added products in medicine, cosmetics, industrial chemicals, or plant protection products, the potential value is several orders of magnitude greater. (europa.eu)
  • The theory is based on the discovery of protein molecules, known as talin, containing "switch-like" domains that change shape in response to pressures in mechanical force by the cell. (kent.ac.uk)
  • In the brain, electrochemical signalling between trillions of neurones occurs between synapses, each of which contains a scaffold of the talin molecules. (kent.ac.uk)
  • By unraveling the dance of molecules within living organisms, biochemistry continues to expand our understanding of the living world and catalyze innovations that enhance the well-being of humanity and the planet. (japanchemicaldaily.com)
  • organisms might be biological individuals but all biological individuals are not necessarily organisms, iii) individuation is theory dependent, iv) the only biological theory sufficiently articulated to make biological individuation possible is the theory of evolution by natural selection, v) the organism is only one level in the hierarchy of biological individuals which may include genes, molecules, cells, organisms, groups and species (Hull 1992). (kerannume.com)
  • MW) chemicals interact with host cells and molecules and In our daily life, we are confronted with a plethora of natural influence biologic processes such as signal transduction. (cdc.gov)
  • Our facilities provide the opportunity to study molecules, cells, organs and entire organisms. (lu.se)
  • Is it possible to understand the molecular structure and function of proteins and nucleic acids in enough detail to make accurate predictions about structure and function? (stanford.edu)
  • Electrodeposition of silver amalgam particles (AgAPs) on various substrates represents a prospective approach to the development of a novel detection system applicable in the study of various electrochemically active substances, including nucleic acids and proteins. (researchgate.net)
  • Electrodeposition of silver amalgam particles (AgAPs) on various substrates offers perspective tool in development of novel electrochemical detection system applicable even in direct bioelectrochemistry of nucleic acids or proteins. (researchgate.net)
  • At the heart of biochemistry are the fundamental building blocks of life: proteins, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), lipids, and carbohydrates. (japanchemicaldaily.com)
  • One of these target proteins, called Notch, is the major receptor that controls the development of multicellular organisms. (bnl.gov)
  • By coordinating their behaviors, bacteria gain a competitive advantage and start to act almost like multicellular organisms. (swarthmore.edu)
  • The explosion of protein diversity through domain rearrangements and inter-domain coupling supported the evolution of multicellular organisms. (escholarship.org)
  • Autocrine signaling is one of the many signaling mechanisms that function inside multicellular organisms to carry out intercellular communication. (jove.com)
  • An excessive amount of ROS induces oxidative stress, resulting in damage to biomolecules such as DNA, proteins, and lipids. (iisc.ac.in)
  • The delivery of macromolecules into the cells by facilitating a halogen bonding between the cargo and membrane proteins is a safe and efficient method as it does not involve the use of any reagents that can affect the secondary structure of the proteins or the integrity of the lipids on the cell membrane. (iisc.ac.in)
  • One such protein, the voltage sensing phosphatase (VSP), developed a sophisticated mechanism of inter-domain coupling, which enabled cells to integrate changes in membrane potential into chemical changes in a class of secondary signaling lipids called phosphatidylinositol-phosphates (PIPs). (escholarship.org)
  • Phosphoinositol phosphate signaling lipids (PIPs) are important second messengers that regulate ion channels, transporters, cell motility and endo/exocytosis. (escholarship.org)
  • When the antioxidant system is overloaded, ROS will damage proteins, DNA, and lipids [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The Acetyl-CoA pathway for mercury methylation is done by sulfate reducing bacteria and is catalyzed by a corrinoid dependent protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • our data support a model in which LRRK2 and PPM1H mutant mice show altered responses to critical Hedgehog signals in the nigrostriatal pathway. (elifesciences.org)
  • The signaling complex which is composed of a transmembrane receptor, histidine protein kinase CheA and adaptor protein CheW plays an important role in chemotaxis signaling pathway. (ucsb.edu)
  • Much additional work by our group and others' is now elucidating the nitric oxide and c-di-GMP-mediated signalling pathway, and its exploitation for biofilm control in medical and industrial contexts. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • Using protein-sensitive fluorescent markers, the research team revealed that when a cell dies, the EGFR-ERK pathway - a cell activation signaling pathway known for its involvement in the regulation of cell survival - is temporarily activated in the neighboring cells. (pasteur.fr)
  • FOXO proteins are regulated by the insulin/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, a complex biological signaling system conserved across multiple organisms, from worms to mammals. (foundmyfitness.com)
  • As part of the innate immune system the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway contributes to the first line of defense against microbial pathogens. (antibodies-online.com)
  • Role of adaptor TRIF in the MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway. (antibodies-online.com)
  • This signals the transcription of the genes hgcA and hgcB are transcribed to synthesize the HgcA and HgcB proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • UPTON, NY-Scientists have captured atomic level snapshots showing how one key enzyme modifies a protein involved in turning genes on or off inside cells. (bnl.gov)
  • Understanding this process-which is particularly important when cells are first taking on specialized identities such as nerve cells, muscle, skin, and so on-helps explain how complex organisms can arise from a finite number of genes. (bnl.gov)
  • In response to the signals, bacteria change which genes are turned on and, thus, their behavior. (swarthmore.edu)
  • The most abundant selenoproteins in mammals are the glutathione peroxidases (5-6 genes) that reduce hydrogen peroxide and lipid hydroperoxides at the expense of glutathione and serve to limit the strength and duration of reactive oxygen signals. (usda.gov)
  • Thioredoxin reductases (3 genes) use NADPH to reduce oxidized thioredoxin and its homologs, which regulate a plethora of redox signaling events. (usda.gov)
  • Members of the 'O' class of FOX proteins provide the instructions for genes responsible for regulating cellular replication and senescence, resistance to oxidative stress, metabolism, and DNA repair. (foundmyfitness.com)
  • 3) used scanning and transmission electron microscopy to ated organisms also differ from their planktonic (freely examine biofilms on trickling filters in a wastewater treatment suspended) counterparts with respect to the genes that are tran- plant and showed them to be composed of a variety of organ- scribed. (cdc.gov)
  • Below is a non-exhaustive list of in-house infrastructures that are categorized into three overarching themes: bio-imaging, proteins, genes & cells and other resources. (lu.se)
  • In addition to infrastructures for bioimaging, protein and genes & cells, we also provide other resources e.g., databases, networks and specialized labs. (lu.se)
  • Conventional MOs are typically used to constitutively disrupt targeted genes in an organism-wide manner. (cdc.gov)
  • Biofilms are a mixture of complex communities of organisms mostly composed of diverse bacteria that vary depending on the surrounding environmental conditions induced by physical and chemical factors. (intechopen.com)
  • Bacterial chemotaxis is where bacteria can direct their movements according to the chemical changes in their environment. (ucsb.edu)
  • Of course, bacteria are single-celled organisms and don't have brains, he said. (sciencedaily.com)
  • As a scientist, I have 30 years of experience conducting research on various molecular problems using a range of organisms, from bacteria to plants. (queensu.ca)
  • Base excision repair is of paramount importance in maintaining integrity of bacteria as well human genomes against chemical and oxidative damage. (longdom.org)
  • The innate immune system was historically considered nonspecific in response to different invading pathogens, targeting a wide array of pathogenic organisms, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. (antibodies-online.com)
  • e.g. lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria are recognized by TLR4 while TLR5 recognizes the bacterial protein flagellin. (antibodies-online.com)
  • Overview of Anaerobic Bacteria Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Vaccines contain either noninfectious components of bacteria or viruses or whole forms of these organisms that have been weakened. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cytokines are a group of proteins and peptides that are used in organisms as signaling compounds. (wikidoc.org)
  • Water MRI signal intensity is used as an indirect measurement which depends on mobile proteins and peptides are distributed. (azooptics.com)
  • According to the theory, active tumor cell proliferation results from substantially higher quantities of cytoplasmic protein and peptides in higher grades or stages of BCa. (azooptics.com)
  • A cohesive structure of a multi‐layer of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) such as polysaccharides and proteins is the base of biofilm structural organization. (intechopen.com)
  • In this type of signaling mechanism, the same cell that secretes an extracellular signaling molecule also expresses the receptors to bind and respond to that signaling molecule. (jove.com)
  • 2000). There are three specifically regulated MAP kinases: extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK 1/2/5), p38 proteins (p38α/β/γ/δ)) and c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNK1/2/3). (smith.edu)
  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS), the products of molecular oxygen in the respiratory system, play crucial roles in redox biology and cell signaling. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Mugesh's group has pioneered the concept of artificial enzymes as redox modulators and mediators of cellular redox signaling. (iisc.ac.in)
  • These results indicate that the AMPK signaling activation, combined with oxidative damage markers, could act as sentinel biomarkers, reflecting the threshold of redox balance that is linked to effective glucose control in diabetes. (elifesciences.org)
  • Subsequent cascades of intracellular signalling then alter cell functions. (wikidoc.org)
  • Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) are a conserved family of enzymes that form distinct signaling cascades. (smith.edu)
  • If the latter decision is made, a kinase hands off a potent chemical signal -- a phosphate -- to a second kinase, called CheY (KEY why), which then detaches, finds its way to the flagella and activates a process that causes the flagella to reverse their spin. (sciencedaily.com)
  • For example, it revealed for the first time that one region of a kinase called CheA (KEY aye), changes its orientation in relation to the other proteins, in a motion the researchers call "dipping. (sciencedaily.com)
  • His main interests are on the mechanisms of transmembrane signal instigation with a particular focus on G protein-coupled receptors and cytokine receptors. (stanford.edu)
  • My main research focus is on protein transport mechanisms and rhomboid proteins. (queensu.ca)
  • To perform the advanced signaling necessary for multicellularity, sometimes unrelated protein domains combined to form novel domain architectures that over time evolved tight mechanisms of allosteric coupling. (escholarship.org)
  • Organisms in all three superkingdoms of life have developed elaborate mechanisms to protect against such oxidative damage and to exploit reactive oxygen species as sensors and signals in myriad processes. (usda.gov)
  • Considering its pleiotropic role, it seems evident that the cells, to get a specific message in the proper time and manner, need precise and efficient mechanisms to encode and decode Ca 2+ signals. (schoolbag.info)
  • The mechanisms by which cells decode Ca 2+ signals are now explored in numerous laboratories. (schoolbag.info)
  • Many protein components of this signaling cascade have been cloned and characterized: Strikingly, many exist as different isoforms, the number of which is further increased through mechanisms of alternative splicing of the primary transcripts. (schoolbag.info)
  • Biochemistry unravels the mechanisms of cellular signaling and communication. (japanchemicaldaily.com)
  • Scientists from the Institut Pasteur and the CNRS set out to identify the mechanisms involved in epithelial integrity and the conditions that can affect epithelial connectivity by using Drosophila (or vinegar flies), an organism studied in the laboratory with a similar epithelial architecture to humans. (pasteur.fr)
  • 5) in 1978 put forth a the- on exposed surfaces led to studies that revealed surface-associ- ory of biofilms that explained the mechanisms whereby micro- ated microorganisms (biofilms) exhibited a distinct phenotype organisms adhere to living and nonliving materials and the with respect to gene transcription and growth rate. (cdc.gov)
  • To cite this article: Martin SF, Esser PR, Weber FC, Jakob T, Freudenberg MA, Schmidt M, Goebeler M. Mechanisms of chemical-induced innate immunity in allergic contact dermatitis. (cdc.gov)
  • Cytokines are produced by a wide variety of cell types (both haemopoietic and non-haemopoietic) and can have effects on both nearby cells or throughout the organism. (wikidoc.org)
  • One of these target proteins … plays an important role in how cells sense their neighbors … and how much they should grow-like a master controller. (bnl.gov)
  • A major challenge in the application of proteins in biomedical research is their inability to cross the lipid bilayer of mammalian cells. (iisc.ac.in)
  • As these amino acids are unnatural (not genetically coded), the protein synthesis machinery in the cells does not accept them. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Therefore, Mugesh's group used a strategy in which the genetic code of the organism has been expanded to accept and incorporate the halogenated amino acids into the proteins during the translation on ribosomes in the cells. (iisc.ac.in)
  • These results have huge biomedical applications as this strategy would allow the delivery of therapeutic proteins and genetic materials into the cells. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Mugesh, G. A Single Atom Change Facilitates the Membrane Transport of Green Fluorescent Proteins in Mammalian Cells. (iisc.ac.in)
  • Electron microscopy of the inner and outer surfaces of bacterial cells gives some clues, and crystallography -- a process that involves stacking purified proteins into crystals so that their three-dimensional characteristics can be measured -- provides others. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The main lines of our work are 1) reconstitution of the process with more than 50 pure proteins and mechanistic analysis, 2) structure determination of the 50 protein complex at atomic resolution, and 3) studies of chromatin remodelling, required for transcription of the DNA template in living cells. (stanford.edu)
  • New research is revealing that the side reactions of oxygen are used to convey important biological information as signals within and between cells. (usda.gov)
  • It is intriguing to observe that cells can encode and discriminate Ca 2+ signals not only according to their magnitude but also according to their localization (microdomains) and shape;i.e., cells can discriminate between sustained and oscillatory signals. (schoolbag.info)
  • This mechanical coding would run continuously in every neuron and extend into all cells, ultimately amounting to a machine code coordinating the entire organism. (kent.ac.uk)
  • Research efforts carried out at the Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University by the group of Professor P. Wang has the potential to image mobile proteins in BCa cells. (azooptics.com)
  • Current, accepted theory suggests that aggressive tumor cells will produce higher levels of proteins and peptide metabolites. (azooptics.com)
  • Enzymology, a core area of biochemistry, focuses on the study of enzymes, the biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions within cells. (japanchemicaldaily.com)
  • They are composed of layers of contiguous cells that serve as a physical and chemical barrier. (pasteur.fr)
  • It can also make proteins to help it live longer and may also send signals in the form of chemicals to other cells around it. (awakeninghealth.ca)
  • For example, during infection, microbial products trigger white blood cells called T lymphocytes to release a class of small proteins known as cytokines. (jove.com)
  • These cells secrete a variety of signals, such as the cytokine Interleukin-1 (IL-1), and also possess membrane receptors for IL-1. (jove.com)
  • Autocrine signaling is also a major signaling mechanism in cancer cells. (jove.com)
  • Cancerous cells secrete a variety of self-sustaining growth signals that act as autocrine mediators and control cell division rates. (jove.com)
  • Cells depend on their DNA for coding information to make various classes of proteins that include enzymes, certain hormones, transport proteins, and structural proteins that support life. (cdc.gov)
  • A biofilm is an assemblage of microbial cells that is irre- organisms could attach. (cdc.gov)
  • Correspondence with low molecular weight chemicals that results in the priming of chemical-specific, Prof. Dr. Stefan F. Martin, Allergy Research skin-homing CD8+ Tc1/Tc17 and CD4+ Th1/Th17 cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Radiosensitizers are chemical agents that have the potential to increase the lethal effect of radicals induced during irradiation [1-6].The extent of radiation damage to cells is dependent on the amount of oxygen available to the cell [1,2,7,8]. (who.int)
  • Our facilities provide the opportunity to study protein structure, molecular probes and drug design, system biology and molecular interactions in cells and tissues. (lu.se)
  • Most of the biological activity of selenium is due to selenoproteins containing selenocysteine, the 21st genetically encoded protein amino acid. (usda.gov)
  • Several selenoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum are involved in regulation of protein disulfide formation and unfolded protein response signaling, although their precise biological activities have not been determined. (usda.gov)
  • Studies in this area led to the identification of multiple bioluminescent proteins and enzyme systems, some of which have found direct applications in biological research (2). (neb.com)
  • It bridges the biological and chemical sciences, investigating how the unique properties of chemical compounds give rise to the complexity and diversity of life. (japanchemicaldaily.com)
  • I want to show here that the organism is not simply one level in the hierarchy of biological individuals but the most clearly individuated of all biological individuals. (kerannume.com)
  • I conclude that among biological individuals the organism expresses the highest degree of individuality. (kerannume.com)
  • Biological individuals are organisms and organisms are easy to see in the world. (kerannume.com)
  • Communication is essential for all biological interactions, especially for social organisms. (eurekalert.org)
  • Our work describes the structure and function of an important enzyme called Rumi, which adds a glucose molecule to several signaling proteins to modify their activities," said the study's lead author, Huilin Li, a biologist at the U.S. Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory and Stony Brook University. (bnl.gov)
  • This means that, upon secretion, IL1 can bind to receptors on the macrophages and activate an intracellular signaling cascade. (jove.com)
  • The resulting intracellular signals trigger the secretion of additional cytokines, including more IL-1, from the macrophages. (jove.com)
  • The research, published in Nature Chemical Biology , also identifies links between defects in this particular enzyme and certain cancers, potentially pointing to new targets for anticancer drugs. (bnl.gov)
  • The Framework has since been applied to a wide range of organisms, from slime moulds to humans, and to problems from aquaculture and conservation biology, to dietary causes of human obesity and ageing. (science.org.au)
  • Thus, we present the SPAgE-AgAP as a potent tool applicable in simple, fast, and sensitive electrochemical detection of reducible or catalytically active species, with prospective applications in hot research areas including chemical and synthetic biology. (researchgate.net)
  • Scientists have long been interested in the biology of bioluminescent (i.e. light-emitting) organisms. (neb.com)
  • The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology outlines the flow of genetic information within a cell, from DNA to RNA to protein. (japanchemicaldaily.com)
  • Over the last three decades, an increasing interest in how climate change will affect life on earth has motivated many comparative physiologists to focus their research on the effects of Anthropogenic drivers (mainly represented by climate change and pollution) on the physiological performance of their study organisms in order to identify critical thresholds and tipping points for their sustainable existence or mere survival. (easychair.org)
  • In small doses, they are useful and play physiological roles and are also involved in signalling processes [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Under normal physiological conditions, autocrine signaling is essential for maintaining homeostasis. (jove.com)
  • Following dimerization, TLR signals are transduced via a cytoplasmic C-terminal Toll IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain to a set of adapter proteins. (antibodies-online.com)
  • CBs can entrap a wide range of chemical compounds, such as PAHs, hydrocarbons, trace elements and nicotine, produced both by tobacco combustion and treatment during cultivation and manufacture. (easychair.org)
  • Non-reversible oxidative modifications (oxidative damage) may contribute to molecular, cellular, and organismal aging and serve as signals for repair, removal, or programmed cell death. (usda.gov)
  • Our challenge is to separate the wheat from the chaff to understand how nature corrects mistakes at the scale of molecular systems, organisms and species. (cecam.org)
  • Understanding enzymes is crucial to deciphering metabolism - the network of chemical reactions that convert nutrients into energy and molecular building blocks. (japanchemicaldaily.com)
  • With the help of various forms of mass spectrometry, synchrotron radiation, protein production & labelling, and bioinformatics, our facilities provide the opportunity to study protein structure and dynamics, molecular probes and drug design. (lu.se)
  • When mercury is present in the environment microbial organisms can uptake the elemental form of mercury. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some microbial photoreceptors initiate specific chemical reactions which signal a change in the environment, while others generate energy by pumping specific ions across a cellular membrane. (bvsalud.org)
  • Biochemistry is the study of the chemical substances and vital processes occurring within living organisms. (japanchemicaldaily.com)
  • In this work, it is show that two unrelated domains, a VSD from voltage dependent ion channels and a lipid PD homologous to protein tyrosine phosphatases evolved a tight mechanism of allosteric regulation that transduces fluctuations in membrane potential into changes in the enzyme selectivity of a novel lipid phosphatase. (escholarship.org)
  • As a proof of principle, we performed saturation editing of the essential gene SEC14 and identified amino acids critical for chemical inhibition of lipid signaling. (labroots.com)
  • This signaling complex regulates CheA phosphorylation activity. (ucsb.edu)
  • Here we want to investigate the interaction between the CheA and receptor protein by using mutagenesis and phosphorylation assay. (ucsb.edu)
  • In addition, FOXO is subject to various chemical modifications, including phosphorylation, acetylation or deacetylation, and ubiquitination, all of which influence FOXO's location and behavior. (foundmyfitness.com)
  • Since the discovery that selenium has its own genetic codeword, 25 human selenium-containing proteins have been discovered. (usda.gov)
  • All animals depend on oxygen, yet oxygen can be very reactive and cause damage to proteins and genetic material. (usda.gov)
  • Advantageously, differential pulse voltammetry at SPAgE-AgAP allowed highly sensitive detection of artificial nucleosides dTPT3 and d5SICS (developed to expand genetic alphabet in semi-synthetic organisms) using their catalytic hydrogen evolution signals, with limits of detection of 0.4 pmol l⁻¹. (researchgate.net)
  • This fundamental process underpins cellular function, allowing the genetic code to direct protein synthesis and shape the phenotype of an organism. (japanchemicaldaily.com)
  • They are named alphabetically, from FOX A to FOX S . FOX proteins act as transcription factors by binding to specific regions on DNA, thereby controlling the transmission of genetic information and influencing the chemical 'blueprint' for proteins. (foundmyfitness.com)
  • The researchers showed that the termites have distinctive genetic features in the genomic regions which encode chemoreceptors - proteins involved in chemical communication. (eurekalert.org)
  • Professor Christopher Barner-Kowollik's work fuses the in-depth understanding of chemical processes that are induced by light with their use to prepare soft matter materials, with applications from 3D printing inks to photodynamic materials. (science.org.au)
  • The control of their Ca 2+ homeostasis is not only essential in the control of organelle-specific processes, but it is also fundamental in the overall dynamic modulation of the Ca 2+ signaling in the cytosol. (schoolbag.info)
  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) result from the oxidative processes in every living organism, as part of the aerobic metabolism. (hindawi.com)
  • Luciferases have become indispensable for the study of fundamental cellular processes including the regulation of transcription and translation, mRNA and protein stability, and nucleic acid/protein interactions. (neb.com)
  • Exogenous substances and processes, on the other hand, come from outside the body of an organism. (azooptics.com)
  • FOXO proteins' ability to shuttle between sites within the cell places them at the nexus of essential cellular processes. (foundmyfitness.com)
  • Furthermore, TLR signaling induces dendritic cell maturation and contributes consequently to the adaptive immune response. (antibodies-online.com)
  • The cytokine family consists mainly of smaller water-soluble proteins and glycoproteins (proteins with an added sugar chain) with a mass of between 8 and 30 kDa. (wikidoc.org)
  • Cytokine as well as intererfon signaling ist disturbed. (antibodies-online.com)
  • The enzymatic activity of the proteins involved in this process is well characterized. (longdom.org)
  • The receptors on the surface of a bacterial cell detect light, chemicals, edible things and poisonous things, and transmit that information to a deeper layer of proteins, called kinases, which interpret this data and translate it into a simple choice: "Keep going" or "Change direction! (sciencedaily.com)
  • A big question in the field is: How does the signal pass from the receptors to the kinases? (sciencedaily.com)
  • Though IL-1 secreted by macrophages can also bind to receptors on other cell types, binding to the signaling cell is important to regulate signal production. (jove.com)
  • In contrast to the receptors, however, the signals seem to belong to the same class of substances as in ants. (eurekalert.org)
  • Coupling newly developed nanomaterial s with other recognition elements such as nanobodies, peptide aptamers, and protein receptors would open up new avenues for electrochemical immunoassays and further extend their applications. (cdc.gov)
  • Whereas humans mainly communicate by speech, insects mainly use chemicals," says Judith Korb. (eurekalert.org)
  • Recent evidence suggests selenoprotein W and the six other small thioredoxin-like mammalian selenoproteins may serve to transduce hydrogen peroxide signals into regulatory disulfide bonds in specific target proteins. (usda.gov)
  • Study co-author, experimentalist Peijun Zhang of the University of Pittsburgh, aided this effort by developing a technique to purify the key proteins in the array and combine them in just the right proportions so that they assemble themselves in thin layers -- allowing clearer 3-D EM snapshots of their structural conformations and interactions with each other. (sciencedaily.com)
  • MDFF simulates the chemical interactions of every atom in a system and makes use of what is known about the structure from EM, crystallography and other experimental data. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The new study revealed key chemical interactions between the proteins that make up the chemosensory array, and offered new insights into the behavior of these proteins. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Nature has evolved thousands of enzymes to catalyze key chemical reactions that take place inside organisms to sustain life. (iisc.ac.in)
  • This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the role of selenoproteins in transmitting and regulating reactive oxygen signals. (usda.gov)
  • The sulfur amino acids, cysteine and methionine, are the main targets of reactive oxygen species in proteins. (usda.gov)
  • Many of them are foreign to our some cases, xenobiotics are chemically reactive, and in other organism, so-called xenobiotics. (cdc.gov)
  • Although serologic grouping by the Lancefield method is the criterion standard for differentiation of pathogenic streptococcal species, group A organisms can be identified more cost effectively by numerous latex agglutination, coagglutination, or enzyme immunoassay procedures. (medscape.com)
  • Importantly, it has also emerged that Ca 2+ may even regulate the generation and the transmission of its signal by controlling the expression of its own transporters. (schoolbag.info)
  • Specialized cell structures called ribosomes are the cellular organelles that actually synthesize the proteins (RNA transcription). (cdc.gov)
  • Most importantly, the practical sample analysis in complex matrices or in an online analysis of implanted organisms is also a challenging task in the development of electrochemical immunoassays. (cdc.gov)
  • These chemical signals are similar to hormones and neurotransmitters and are used to allow one cell to communicate with another. (wikidoc.org)
  • It's a protein chain that spans the cell membrane with complicated 3D folding-including 36 repeating "beads on a necklace" folds that can each be modified in different ways to affect the protein's overall function. (bnl.gov)
  • To guarantee the specificity of the signal transmission, the cell organizes dynamically the Ca 2+ fluctuations in the cytosol by varying the distribution, the type, and the availability of the different Ca 2+ transporters, and it increases the spatial and temporal complexity of Ca 2+ homeostasis by compartmentalizing the signals into the organelles. (schoolbag.info)
  • Here, the cytoskeleton serves as the levers and gears that coordinate the computation in the cell in response to chemical and electrical signalling. (kent.ac.uk)
  • It does not matter whether the cell is a single cell organism or one that is part of a more complex organism like a human. (awakeninghealth.ca)
  • Autocrine signaling is a form of communication where a cell interacts with itself. (jove.com)
  • In this type of signaling, the cell secretes a chemical messenger called an autocrine agent. (jove.com)
  • As a result, one cell acts as the signaling as well as the target cell. (jove.com)
  • It is quite possible to imagine an advanced biotechnology that uses an engineered white cell, fibroblast, or macrophage chassis, energized by native oxygen and glucose ( Section 6.3.4 ) and modified mitochondrial powerplants, driven by pseudopodia, cilia or flagella ( Section 9.4 ), communicating and navigating via biochemical signals (Sections 7.2.1 and 8.4.3 ), and even incorporating onboard digital biocomputers ( Section 10.2.3 ) to make microscopic biorobots. (nanomedicine.com)
  • For example, only 30 copies of DNA-repair protein MutY are usually found in an E. coli cell. (longdom.org)
  • To determine that the C2C12 cell line underwent myogenesis, two proteins PCNA and cyclin D1 whose expression are linked to the cell cycle were utilized. (smith.edu)
  • In combination with transgenic organisms, such enzyme-actuated antisense tools will enable gene silencing in specific cell types, including tissues that are not amenable to optical targeting. (cdc.gov)
  • 11 , 12 Light-dependent gene silencing can be achieved through whole-organism irradiation or the targeted illumination of specific cell populations. (cdc.gov)
  • It will show that Ca 2+ itself is central in the regulation of the Ca 2+ signal. (schoolbag.info)
  • I have expertise from gene characterization to protein engineering. (queensu.ca)
  • [3] FOXO proteins translate these cues into changes in gene expression that modulate and coordinate an organism's longevity and overall health. (foundmyfitness.com)
  • [ 4 ] The emm gene encodes the M protein. (medscape.com)
  • Phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotides are widely used to interrogate gene function in whole organisms, and light-activatable derivatives can reveal spatial and temporal differences in gene activity. (cdc.gov)
  • In the studies towards the major, students acquire advanced knowledge in a specific area of biotechnology, chemical technology or material science and technology. (aalto.fi)
  • The School of Chemical Engineering trains Masters of Science (Technology) who have the skills and knowledge to work as pacesetters of the fields of biotechnology, chemical technology and material science and technology in various managerial, planning and research duties serving industry or related stakeholders, the scientific community or public sector. (aalto.fi)
  • We are a team of structural and chemical biologists aiming to answer these questions at the level of ångstroms, nanometers, and micrometers. (stanford.edu)
  • Natural systems also fail and pathologies result from chemical errors (e.g. sequence variants, environmental changes), structural errors, and impaired functions. (cecam.org)
  • Once assumed to be structural, this research suggests that the meshwork of talin proteins actually represent an array of binary switches with the potential to store information and encode memory. (kent.ac.uk)
  • To a closer inspection, in fact, the Authors put forward an operational methodology for the construction of chemical reacting systems that would show the difficult-to-define property of being alive just by fulfilling a specific structural and dynamic organization. (frontiersin.org)
  • And, how is nutrient sensing integrated with other chemical signals, such as hormones, to determine cellular decisions, especially the decision: to grow or not to grow? (stanford.edu)
  • If a chemical biologist wants to design drugs that affect this process, he or she would need to know the mechanism of the complex enzyme reactions," said Li. (bnl.gov)
  • Since 2012, he researches plasma activation of chemical reactions to aid storage of sustainable energy in chemical potential energy for its integration in other sectors such as transport and chemical industry, work that he currently continues part-time at DIFFER. (mpg.de)
  • Because of its chemical similarity to sulfur and stronger nucleophilicity and acidity, selenium is an extremely efficient catalyst of reactions between sulfur and oxygen. (usda.gov)
  • The optogenetic control of bacterial expression predominantly employs but three fundamental strategies: light-sensitive two-component systems, oligomerization reactions, and second-messenger signaling. (optobase.org)
  • At the ribosome, the processed mRNA is translated to produce proteins from amino acid units. (cdc.gov)
  • It will also show that it can act as a first and second messenger and that it can modulate the activity and the availability of the other players in the signaling operation. (schoolbag.info)
  • We discovered that exogenous nitric oxide can act as a signal for the dispersal of bacterial biofilms. (southampton.ac.uk)
  • A ubiquitous organism, S pyogenes is the most common bacterial cause of acute pharyngitis , accounting for 15-30% of cases in children and 5-10% of cases in adults. (medscape.com)
  • Selenium salts are toxic in large amounts, but trace amounts are necessary for cellular function in many organisms, including all animals. (cdc.gov)
  • Chemoattractants or chemorepellents bind to the transmembrane receptor transmitted a signal to CheW and CheA. (ucsb.edu)
  • Residue I384 of Tsr receptor is important for binding to the proteins. (ucsb.edu)
  • Toll-Like Receptor 3 Signaling via TRIF Contributes to a Protective Innate Immune Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection. (antibodies-online.com)
  • Compared to the cockroaches, which are closely-related, the protein families involved are significantly reduced, but at the same time significantly diverged in their function, indicating their importance," Erich Bornberg-Bauer points out. (eurekalert.org)
  • Sometimes these effects are strongly dependent on the presence of other chemicals and cytokines. (wikidoc.org)
  • Metronidazole is heterocyclic nitro derivative in which the nitro group of metronidazole is reduced by an electron transport protein such as NADPH in an anaerobic micro-organism [6,7,12,13]. (who.int)
  • In and synthetic chemicals. (cdc.gov)
  • Mugesh's group demonstrated that just one atom change, from hydrogen to halogen, can facilitate the direct delivery of proteins. (iisc.ac.in)
  • It is not known if the HgcA and HgcB proteins create a multienzyme complex or work sequentially. (wikipedia.org)
  • Li's team studied samples of a fruit-fly derived version of Rumi in complex with a Notch "surrogate"-a human protein with a Notch-like fold-that were provided by Haltiwanger. (bnl.gov)
  • In the last two decades, improvements in the development of probes and instrumentation for Ca 2+ imaging have led to the discovery that the coordinated action of different players is responsible for a complex spatio-temporal organization of the Ca 2+ signal. (schoolbag.info)
  • In the 3D Lab, we deal with different technologies for quantifying, analysing and visualising 3D complex phenotypes of both extant and extinct (fossils) organisms. (lu.se)
  • logical systems ranging in complexity from dilute protein number of 1H NMRD studies of water in concentrated protein solutions to intact tissue ( 4, 5 ). (lu.se)
  • Biofilms can be found in a variety of habitats, on free‐living, on the surface of other organisms or inert surfaces, both in aquatic as well as terrestrial environments. (intechopen.com)
  • Chemical elements on Earth cycle through atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic environments in a process called biogeochemical cycling. (wikipedia.org)
  • In conclusion it was possible to define a preliminary scenario of the different effects that CB litter can cause to different key organisms in aquatic environments, underlining the importace of monitoring of this "emerging pollutant" in both internal and coastal areas. (easychair.org)