• If the reaction converting phenylalanine to tyrosine does not take place, because of the lack of PAH or a defect in this enzyme, then phenylalanine accumulates and tyrosine is deficient. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • The process , known as "gene expression," is the chemical pathway leading to the particular enzyme that each type of gene makes, resulting in physical characteristics. (visionlearning.com)
  • long-term regulation of glucose utilisation, enzyme-level control of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, links to fatty acid metabolism, glycogen turnover, sugar interconversions and the citric acid cycle. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Our courses are run at undergraduate and Masters levels, and provide basic knowledge of the molecules of biological systems, their structure and interactions and enzyme reactions. (lu.se)
  • The aim of the course is that the students should achieve advanced knowledge and understanding of chemical reactions in the cell with focusing on the structure and function of proteins, enzyme catalysis and the total metabolism of the cell. (lu.se)
  • The structure of the cell, the structure and function of nucleic acids, the structure and function of proteins and membranes, enzyme catalysis, the metabolism of the cell and its regulation, bioinformatics and proteomics, and cell biology related methods. (lu.se)
  • A dramatic decrease in the use of aspirin among children, in combination with the identification of medication reactions, toxins, and inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) that present with Reye syndrome-like manifestations, have made the diagnosis of Reye syndrome exceedingly rare. (medscape.com)
  • Early recognition and treatment of Reye and Reye-like syndromes, including presumptive treatment for possible IEM (See Inborn Errors of Metabolism) is essential to prevent death and optimize the likelihood of recovery without neurologic impairment. (medscape.com)
  • Metabolism is of the following two types: catabolism and anabolism. (123helpme.com)
  • Metabolism keeps the cells and thus the body alive and functioning properly and can be divided into two parts: catabolism and anabolism. (123helpme.com)
  • During catabolism, chemical energy such as ATP is released. (123helpme.com)
  • A faster metabolism means that your body burns calories more efficiently, even when you're at rest. (timesofisrael.com)
  • While some individuals naturally have a faster metabolism than others, there are ways to support and boost metabolic function. (indepsec.org)
  • MOTIVATION: The metabolites of exogenous and endogenous compounds play a pivotal role in the domain of metabolism research. (chemaxon.com)
  • Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds. (jove.com)
  • More generally, xenobiotic metabolism (from the Greek xenos "stranger" and biotic "related to living beings") is the set of metabolic pathways that modify the chemical structure of xenobiotics, which are compounds foreign to an organism's normal biochemistry, such as any drug or poison. (wikipedia.org)
  • These reactions often act to detoxify poisonous compounds (although in some cases the intermediates in xenobiotic metabolism can themselves cause toxic effects). (wikipedia.org)
  • These modified compounds are then conjugated to polar compounds in phase II reactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Drug metabolism often converts lipophilic compounds into hydrophilic products that are more readily excreted. (wikipedia.org)
  • The major challenge faced by xenobiotic detoxification systems is that they must be able to remove the almost-limitless number of xenobiotic compounds from the complex mixture of chemicals involved in normal metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • the bonds are tough to break, and a chemical system can only turn carbon into biologically useful compounds by way of some wildly unstable in-between stages. (sciencedaily.com)
  • For example, vitamin B9, a complex molecule in the 'cofactor' class, facilitates the (otherwise unstable) incorporation of one-carbon compounds into metabolism. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Phenylalanine also is classified as an "essential amino acid" since it cannot be synthesized by the human body from other compounds through chemical reactions and thus has to be taken in with the diet. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Catecholamines are any of a group of amines (nitrogen-contain organic compounds) derived from the amino acid tyrosine and containing a catechol group (aromatic chemical compound consisting of a benzene ring with two hydroxyl groups). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Xenobiotic metabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that chemically modify xenobiotics , which are compounds foreign to an organism's normal biochemistry, such as drugs and poisons. (bionity.com)
  • Reactions and properties of aliphatic and aromatic compounds of carbon. (beloit.edu)
  • A simplified representation of metabolism, which we call an abstract metabolic network, is a graph in which metabolic pathways are nodes and there is an edge between two nodes if their corresponding pathways share one or more compounds. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, many in silico methods are focused on metabolism processes catalyzed by several specified Cytochromes P450s, and only apply to substrates with special skeleton. (chemaxon.com)
  • The Biochemistry program allows a student to combine knowledge of both biology and chemistry to explain life processes in terms of chemical reactions with living cells. (mtsu.edu)
  • 2/28/2015 10:01:42 AM - Metabolism refers to the physical and chemical processes that synthesis energy. (naturalnews.com)
  • These chemical reactions are vital for maintaining cellular homeostasis, producing energy, synthesizing essential molecules, and carrying out various biological processes. (answers.com)
  • God has designed some creatures with an amazing ability to stop or slow down their metabolism (life processes) when encountering challenging conditions. (icr.org)
  • the chemical and physical processes in an organism by which protoplasm is produced, sustained, and then decomposed to make energy available. (faqs.org)
  • BioChemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. (uwinnipeg.ca)
  • BioChemistry focuses on understanding the chemical basis which allows biological molecules to give rise to the processes that occur within living cells and between cells, which in turn relates greatly to the study and understanding of tissues and organs, as well as organism structure and function. (uwinnipeg.ca)
  • It involves chemical processes by which a human body converts food and water consumed into energy for immediate use or to be stored for later (Annie 2014). (123helpme.com)
  • Why Metabolism Matters Our metabolic rate is the rate our body processes the food we eat and burns it for energy. (123helpme.com)
  • Metabolism is defined as the chemical processes that take place within an organism, such as production of energy (Nature Education, 2014). (123helpme.com)
  • Chemical equilibria are fundamental in the understanding of biological and environmental processes and in chemical analysis. (beloit.edu)
  • Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. (wikipedia.org)
  • Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms to maintain life. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Respiration is the process of transferring chemical energy to power the chemistry of ALL cells by breaking down sugars like glucose - aerobically with oxygen or anaerobically without oxygen and overall the process is exothermic - energy releasing. (docbrown.info)
  • This is an exothermic reaction and forming H 2 O and CO 2 releases the maximum amount of chemical energy. (docbrown.info)
  • An organism's cells cannot use the energy directly, but a molecule called ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is made and acts as a secondary chemical potential energy store. (docbrown.info)
  • Some change of energy occurs whenever bonds between atoms are formed or broken during chemical reactions. (brainkart.com)
  • Light energy is trapped by phototrophs during photosynthesis, in which it is absorbed by bacteriochlorophyll and other pigments and converted to chemical energy for cellular work. (brainkart.com)
  • When a chemical bond is formed, energy is required. (brainkart.com)
  • Such a chemical reaction which requires energy is called an endergonic reaction (energy is directed inward). (brainkart.com)
  • A chemical reaction that release energy is an exergonic reaction (energy is directed outward). (brainkart.com)
  • During chemical reaction energy is either released or absorbed and the quantum of energy liberated or taken up is useful energy and is referred to Free Energy Change (ΔG) of the reactions. (brainkart.com)
  • It stores the energy released by some chemical reactions, and it provides the energy for reactions that require energy. (brainkart.com)
  • Much of the energy released during oxidation - reduction reactions is trapped within the cell by the formation of ATP. (brainkart.com)
  • Oxidation is the removal of electrons (e−) from an atom or molecule and is often an energy producing reaction. (brainkart.com)
  • Reactions can be spontaneous or might only occur in the presence of an energy source-such as heat or light. (jove.com)
  • The physical and chemical reactions that produce energy for the body. (aidsmap.com)
  • Metabolism appears to be an 'attractor state' within organic chemistry, where it was likely to be selected regardless of earlier stages of chemical evolution" in the chaotic, high-energy conditions of prebiotic Earth, he says. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Increasing the metabolism increases energy and enables. (naturalnews.com)
  • Your metabolism is the process by which your body converts food into energy. (timesofisrael.com)
  • Not only does it boost metabolism, but it also suppresses appetite, blocks fat production, and enhances energy levels. (timesofisrael.com)
  • Study the chemical composition or physical principles of living cells and organisms, their electrical and mechanical energy, and related phenomena. (bls.gov)
  • This metabolism booster works simply by taking one capsule twice a day and will give you a clean source of energy, enhanced focus, and appetite control. (healingdaily.com)
  • For example, they perform a necessary function for metabolism, the process of breaking down food and drink into energy. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Metabolism is a term used to indicate the process by which the body converts food and drink into energy. (earthclinic.com)
  • A slow metabolism can have a detrimental effect on energy, weight and overall health. (earthclinic.com)
  • However, simple lifestyle changes and the addition of several natural substances to a balanced diet is often enough to regulate the metabolism, increase energy and constitute weight loss. (earthclinic.com)
  • The mechanisms by which cells harness energy from their environment via chemical reactions are known as metabolism. (uwinnipeg.ca)
  • P4- Explain the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body. (markedbyteachers.com)
  • In this assignment I will be explaining the physiology of two named body systems in relation to energy metabolism in the body. (markedbyteachers.com)
  • Firstly, I will start off by giving a definition of energy metabolism in the body. (markedbyteachers.com)
  • Metabolism converts the nutrients in the food that we eat in to essential energy which is needed to power all that we do, from something as little as thinking to growing physically or carrying out a physical activity. (markedbyteachers.com)
  • Secondly, the two body systems that I will write about in relation to energy metabolism are: the cardiovascular system and the digestive system. (markedbyteachers.com)
  • Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in the body to convert food into energy. (indepsec.org)
  • A well-functioning metabolism is crucial for maintaining a healthy weight, sustaining energy levels, and promoting overall well-being. (indepsec.org)
  • Drinking cold water can temporarily boost metabolism as the body expends energy to warm it up. (indepsec.org)
  • Mitochondria convert food to energy, and if they are functioning sub-optimally, you're likely to struggle with weight and have a slow metabolism. (healingdaily.com)
  • A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. (proprofs.com)
  • It does this by providing an alternative pathway with a lower energy barrier for the reaction to proceed. (proprofs.com)
  • One way the body produces heat is through chemical reactions (metabolism) resulting mostly from the conversion of food into energy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • For radioactive chemicals: The radiation dose is the amount of energy from radiation that is actually absorbed by the body. (cdc.gov)
  • The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • The aim of the course is to provide students with basic knowledge and understanding of the structure, chemical properties and function of key biomolecules, and general knowledge and understanding of energy metabolism in living cells. (lu.se)
  • Membrane proteins play a key role in the cell's energy metabolism and in its signalling and communication with its environment. (lu.se)
  • During the oxidation of glucose and other intermediary metabolites, a substantial amount of chemical energy is released. (medscape.com)
  • The synthesized ATP then provides the energy necessary for other reactions of intermediary metabolism that simultaneously regenerate NAD from the reduced NADH. (medscape.com)
  • protein-based molecules produced by living cells that bring about or speed up specific biochemical reactions in the organism, such as digestion. (visionlearning.com)
  • control of protein turnover, nitrogen handling, links to nucleic acid metabolism, amino acid oxidation, integration with citric acid cycle. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • The Nature study authors used a state-of-the-art technique called FTIR to directly identify protein chemical signatures. (icr.org)
  • When paired with adequate protein and lots of vegetables and fruits, healthy fats definitely have an importance place in a metabolism-boosting diet. (healingdaily.com)
  • This means that after eating protein, your metabolism rises more than it does with other foods. (healingdaily.com)
  • Metabolic reactions synthesise molecules of all shapes and size for specific uses in an organism. (docbrown.info)
  • Metabolic reactions break down larger molecules down into smaller ones (e.g. in digestions). (docbrown.info)
  • The ATP molecule can then power all the essential chemistry e.g. breaking down or synthesising molecules in an organism's metabolism (*) , facilitating active transport, organ function including the working of the muscles. (docbrown.info)
  • some are quick and easy turnkey reactions with simple molecules, others require highly specific chemical helpers, or catalysts. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Anabolic reaction:Reactions that involve the building up of complex molecules from simpler molecules. (ostatic.com)
  • e.g photosynthesis*Catabolic reaction: Reactions where complex molecules are broken down into simpler molecules. (ostatic.com)
  • The chemistry of the cell also depends on the reactions of smaller molecules and ions. (uwinnipeg.ca)
  • Chemical studies typically involve measurements of large ensembles of molecules with data representing averages. (uwinnipeg.ca)
  • A collection of different chemical molecules. (who.int)
  • Reminder: Metabolism is the scientific term used for all the chemical reactions that go on inside an organism's body. (docbrown.info)
  • Metabolism also refers to the breakdown of drugs or other substances within the body, which may occur during digestion or elimination. (aidsmap.com)
  • In general terms, your metabolism is the chemical reactions that occur in your body. (healingdaily.com)
  • This metabolism booster contain natural ingredients that work for all body types and leave you feeling energized and full throughout the day. (healingdaily.com)
  • They help speed up chemical reactions in the human body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The body needs an active metabolism to grow and function. (luriechildrens.org)
  • Metabolic disorders alter these normal chemical reactions in the body. (luriechildrens.org)
  • Metabolism is defined as any biochemical process required by the body for its maintenance, including growth, reproduction and damage repair. (123helpme.com)
  • These are 100% natural weight loss pills that with their careful and specially selected composition aim at the "vigilance" of your metabolism and the burning of body fat. (kidneyurology.org)
  • As one gets older, it becomes more important to exercise as those muscle mass diminish with age, slowing down the rate of metabolism of your body. (naturalhealthvillage.com)
  • The word "metabolism" refers to the many sets of chemical reactions in the body that keep a living organism alive. (healingdaily.com)
  • For human body growing and keeping it balanced there are several chemical reactions which are determined by metabolism. (bvsalud.org)
  • Serotonin Syndrome Serotonin syndrome is a potentially life-threatening drug reaction that tends to cause high body temperature, muscle spasms, and anxiety or delirium. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The Wnt signaling pathway is a cascade of chemical reactions often dysregulated in cancer. (unige.ch)
  • The study of drug metabolism is called pharmacokinetics. (wikipedia.org)
  • Drug metabolism also affects multidrug resistance in infectious diseases and in chemotherapy for cancer, and the actions of some drugs as substrates or inhibitors of enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism are a common reason for hazardous drug interactions. (wikipedia.org)
  • Drug metabolism is divided into three phases. (wikipedia.org)
  • The reactions in these pathways are of particular interest in medicine as part of drug metabolism and as a factor contributing to multidrug resistance in infectious diseases and cancer chemotherapy . (bionity.com)
  • Reduced NADPH is used in reactions that detoxify reactive oxygen species, that metabolize drugs in a cytochrome P450 system, and that support lipid biosynthesis. (medscape.com)
  • Metabolism is defined the sum of all chemical reactions which occurs and are involved in sustaining life of a cell, and thus an organism. (123helpme.com)
  • Metabolism is described as the aggregate total of chemical reactions occurring in an organism. (123helpme.com)
  • The abstract metabolic network of a given organism results in a small network that requires low computational power to be analysed and makes it a suitable model to perform a large-scale comparison of organisms' metabolism. (bvsalud.org)
  • when your metabolism is controlled by your Thyroid, which is controlled by iodine, then the arrow thing is out the window. (earthclinic.com)
  • 7. Hormonal Balance: Imbalances in hormones, such as thyroid hormones or insulin, can affect metabolism. (indepsec.org)
  • Human and animal research has found selenoproteins are involved in embryo development, thyroid hormone metabolism, antioxidant defense, sperm production , muscle function and the immune system's response to vaccinations. (livescience.com)
  • This article will dive into the best metabolism boosters available. (timesofisrael.com)
  • This comprehensive approach sets PhenQ apart from other metabolism boosters, making it a highly effective and efficient choice for those looking to shed those extra pounds. (timesofisrael.com)
  • While drinking water and working out are both great ways to speed up your metabolism, other supplemental boosters may help to speed up the process. (healingdaily.com)
  • We've reviewed dozens of metabolism boosters to identify the best of the best, considering features such as ingredients, results, and side effects. (healingdaily.com)
  • Powher Fat Burner stands out amongst the many other metabolism boosters simply for the fact that it has proven ingredients. (healingdaily.com)
  • This article presents a collection of the top five (5) metabolism boosters, based on your own reviews and experiences. (kidneyurology.org)
  • Treating the symptoms of a slow metabolism requires a balanced approach that incorporates lifestyle changes as well as natural supplements. (earthclinic.com)
  • What is a Slow Metabolism? (earthclinic.com)
  • If the metabolism is functioning at a lower rate than normal, the condition is described as slow metabolism. (earthclinic.com)
  • A slow metabolism can be attributed to several factors: diabetes, unproportional fat to muscle ratio, lifestyle factors, conditions such as hypothyroidism and genetics. (earthclinic.com)
  • Slow metabolism is generally characterized by several symptoms as well. (earthclinic.com)
  • I was diagnosed with Hypothyroidism which my endocrinologist told me caused a very slow metabolism. (earthclinic.com)
  • On the flip side, processed foods loaded with sugars and artificial ingredients gunk up the lines of communications and lead to a slow metabolism, among other problems. (healingdaily.com)
  • Common triggers of a slow metabolism in modern day society include yo-yo dieting, long-term calorie restriction, a diet high in processed and refined foods, exposure to toxins, a sedentary lifestyle and chronic stress. (healingdaily.com)
  • These high glycemic, nutrient-void foods impair mitochondrial function and slow metabolism. (healingdaily.com)
  • The metabolism of xenobiotics is often divided into three phases:- modification, conjugation, and excretion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Any investigation in human subjects intended to discover or verify the clinical, pharmacological or other pharmacodynamic effects of an investigational product or to identify any adverse reactions to an investigational product or to study absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of an investigational product with the object of ascertaining its safety or efficacy. (who.int)
  • These forward and reverse reactions can occur simultaneously and, if not disturbed, eventually achieve an equilibrium state with no net change in the amounts of reactants and products. (jove.com)
  • Chemical reactions occur on substances through a lot of ways which vary according to the conditions provided for the reactants. (proprofs.com)
  • However, Chemical Kinetics is the rate at which the reactions occur to give products. (proprofs.com)
  • This allows the reaction to occur more quickly and efficiently, without being consumed or permanently altered in the process. (proprofs.com)
  • Which of type of reaction does equilibrium occur? (proprofs.com)
  • The detoxification of the reactive by-products of normal metabolism cannot be achieved by the systems outlined above, because these species are derived from normal cellular constituents and usually share their polar characteristics. (wikipedia.org)
  • We have strong expertise in the fields of lipid and glucose metabolism and use state-of-the art techniques to better understand how altering cellular metabolism impacts metabolic diseases. (edu.au)
  • To provide students with an understanding of the essential features of cellular metabolism, and the mechanisms through which metabolism is controlled. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Explain how different control mechanisms may be integrated to coordinate cellular metabolism, with reference to specific examples. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • A chemical reaction is a process where atoms in one or more substances, known as reactants, rearrange their structure by breaking the chemical bonds between their atoms and forming new bonds to create the products. (jove.com)
  • For all chemical reactions, the number of atoms of each element of reactants is balanced with the products they generate. (jove.com)
  • Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction-the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. (jove.com)
  • A chemical reaction takes starting materials-the reactants-and changes them into different substances-the products. (jove.com)
  • Some reactions will proceed only in the forward direction until all reactants are used up, while others are reversible, with the products being able to convert back into the reactants if conditions change. (jove.com)
  • Reactants:Chemicals that react with each other. (ostatic.com)
  • While certain factors, such as genetics, cannot be changed, adopting a healthy lifestyle with regular exercise and a balanced diet can help optimize metabolism. (indepsec.org)
  • So, let's explore the top seven best metabolism booster supplements and kickstart your weight loss journey. (timesofisrael.com)
  • Likewise, several supplements improve the metabolism. (earthclinic.com)
  • In addition to these changes, several supplements are beneficial for boosting the metabolism including apple cider vinegar, green tea and cayenne. (earthclinic.com)
  • 6. Metabolism-Boosting Supplements: Certain supplements, like green tea extract, caffeine, or cayenne pepper, may help temporarily increase metabolism. (indepsec.org)
  • These reactions act in concert to detoxify xenobiotics and remove them from cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • In other words, carbon fixation is the centerpiece of metabolism -- the basic process by which cells take in chemicals from their environments and build them into products they need to live. (sciencedaily.com)
  • These chemical reactions take place within the cells with help from enzymes and hormones. (naturalnews.com)
  • What of the functions in human cells involve chemical reactions? (answers.com)
  • Enzymes speed up (catalyze) chemical reactions in cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Selenium is one of several nutrients known to have antioxidant properties, meaning selenium plays a part in chemical reactions that stop free radicals from damaging cells and DNA. (livescience.com)
  • As long as you tolerate caffeine well, you can safely sip on green tea throughout the day for a metabolism reset. (healingdaily.com)
  • Zero Belly Diet shows you how to deactivate your fat genes, rev up your metabolism, banish bloat, and balance your digestive health, allowing you to easily build lean, strong stomach muscle and strip away unwanted belly fat without sacrificing calories or spending hours at the gym. (barnesandnoble.com)
  • The whole metabolic network is divided into pathways of chemical reactions, such that every pathway is a metabolic function. (bvsalud.org)
  • The identities of the elements are the same on both sides of the equation, but they are arranged in different substances after the reaction occurs. (jove.com)
  • One component of metabolism occurs through gas exchange. (123helpme.com)
  • Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES- III), described by Frutuoso, Vigantzky and Gambardella 3 are concerned to the effect of growth spurt, which occurs during the adolescence reflecting into the metabolism and iron deficiency. (bvsalud.org)
  • Additionally, macromolecules can act as enzymes-catalysts that greatly speed up chemical reactions in biological systems. (jove.com)
  • Substances which alter the rate of chemical reactions are used and are recognised to be catalysts. (proprofs.com)
  • A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. (jove.com)
  • the process of an agent that affects a chemical or other reaction without being itself changed or affected. (faqs.org)
  • For example, amino amides undergo hepatic metabolism, whereas amino esters are metabolized in the plasma via pseudocholinesterases. (medscape.com)
  • These pathways are also important in environmental science, with the xenobiotic metabolism of microorganisms determining whether a pollutant will be broken down during bioremediation, or persist in the environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • In mapping the chemical pathways to life's emergence, the researchers touch on a more existential question: How likely was it for life to have developed at all? (sciencedaily.com)
  • The two-level representation complies with the KEGG database, which decomposes the metabolism of all the different organisms into "reference" pathways in a standardised way. (bvsalud.org)
  • Braakman and Smith describe specific features of metabolism and sub-divide helper metabolites by their functions. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Metabolism:Term used to describe chemical reactions in a cell. (ostatic.com)
  • Once an organized chemical system can harness and manipulate carbon, it can expand and innovate in countless ways. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Jakob Wenman Lab 7: Yeast Metabolism BIOL 1220 Section: 001 3/11/14 TA: Paul Williams Introduction: Yeasts are able to convert carbon sources, like sugars, into ethanol, without air. (123helpme.com)
  • What is the function of a catalyst in a reaction? (proprofs.com)
  • Biotechnology , Chemical Engineering , Environmental Technology , Engineering Nanoscience and Engineering Mathematics programs. (lu.se)
  • The course aims at providing a solid physical-chemical basis for further studies in chemical separation and analysis, material chemistry and molecular biotechnology. (lu.se)
  • In chemical reactions, the bonds between the atoms are broken and reformed, which means that the shared electrons among the atoms are rearranged. (jove.com)