AmmoniumOrganicNitrateTransport models often underestimateProcessesParticlesCompositionMeasurementsEmissionsObservationsOzoneSpeciationAtmosphereCMAQLaboratoryPrecipitationCloudsInteractionsSimulatePollutionConcentrationsPulmonaryPhotolysisAmmoniaStratosphereGeoscientific Model DevelopmentRadiationAirborne1989MixturesAffect the interactionExposureInhalationGlobalSolarComponentsWidelyOxidationIndoorToxicClimate modelsCloudImpactsTracePhysiologically-basedCoastalQualityCompoundsCommonlyRepresentationFoundInform
Ammonium4
- Here, we present observations from eleven different aircraft campaigns from around the globe and investigate how aerosol pH and ammonium balance change from polluted to remote regions, such as over the oceans. (unh.edu)
- We used a CIMEL CE318 sun- sky radiometer to retrieve haze aerosol optical, physical and chemical properties, including aerosol optical depth (AOD), size distribution, complex refractive indices and aerosol fractions identified as black carbon (BC), brown carbon (BrC), mineral dust (DU), ammonium sulfate-like (AS) components and aerosol water content (AW). (nasa.gov)
- We consider the impacts of bidirectional exchange on the model representation of ammonia and ammonium nitrate aerosol. (aer.com)
- This coupled bi-directional ammonia exchange modeling system is evaluated by comparing estimates of surface ammonia, aerosol ammonium and nitrate, and nitrogen wet deposition to independent surface measurements (AMoN, NTN, IMPROVE). (aer.com)
Organic7
- Scattering aerosols such as sulfate and organic carbon promote photosynthesis while absorbing aerosols such as black carbon have negative impacts. (copernicus.org)
- The NIST Greenhouse Gas Measurements Program supports researchers and collaborators as they work to advance our understanding of carbonaceous aerosols, including the direct and indirect radiative forcing effects of black carbon and organic aerosol particulates. (nist.gov)
- Secondary Organic Aerosols - (S. McGivern, MML) Goal: to identify and characterize chemical processes that affect the interaction of atmospheric organic aerosols with incoming solar radiation. (nist.gov)
- Results The levels of nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), aldehydes, metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), flavours, solvent carriers and tobacco alkaloids in e-cigarette refill solutions, cartridges, aerosols and environmental emissions vary considerably. (bmj.com)
- However, such quantification has proven extremely challenging, particularly for the organic fraction, because of spatial and temporal variability in the sources of aerosols and their precursor gaes, the complexity of particle composition, and uncertainties regarding the nature and timescales of atmospheric chemical processing of existing particles. (psi.ch)
- Combining real-world sources with controlled processing conditions leads to an increased process-level understanding of organic aerosol aging and enhanced interpretation of the results from existing source apportionment techniques. (psi.ch)
- the subsequent atmospheric oxidation of BVOCs and their secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential, with consequences for clouds, global radiation and precipitation. (lu.se)
Nitrate2
- Given the ubiquitous existence of chloride, nitrate, and acidic aerosols, we propose that nitrate photolysis is a significant daytime chlorine source globally. (nature.com)
- We propose that nitrate photolysis at high aerosol acidity is an important pathway for activating inert chloride to produce photoliable Cl 2 during daytime in the polluted troposphere. (nature.com)
Transport models often underestimate1
- Chemical transport models often underestimate aerosol acidity in remot" by Benjamin A. Nault, Pedro Campuzano-Jost et al. (unh.edu)
Processes12
- This session also encourages presentations on the attribution of past climate variability to external drivers or internal climate processes, data syntheses, model-data comparison exercises, proxy system modelling, and novel approaches to producing multi-proxy climate field reconstructions. (copernicus.org)
- Quantifying atmospheric aerosol, clouds and precipitation processes are critical needs for understanding and interpreting Earth's changing energy budget, is a DOE objective, and is of broader benefit to the public. (sbir.gov)
- Combining 7Be and 10Be measurements with an atmospheric transport model can not only improve our understanding of the radionuclide transport and deposition processes but also provide an evaluation of the transport process in the model. (lu.se)
- Reduced uncertainties in the production rates, as demonstrated in this study, improve the utility of 7Be and 10Be as aerosol tracers for evaluating and testing transport and scavenging processes in global models. (lu.se)
- Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts publishes high quality papers in all areas of the environmental chemical sciences, including chemistry of the air, water, soil and sediment. (rsc.org)
- We welcome studies on the environmental fate and effects of anthropogenic and naturally occurring contaminants, both chemical and microbiological, as well as related natural element cycling processes. (rsc.org)
- Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts strongly prefers significant contributions whose results can be generalised to other systems, especially studies that characterise chemical processes (e.g. chemical and (micro)biological transformations and transport) as well as those that address contaminant impacts on ecosystems and human health. (rsc.org)
- Detailed chemical and aerosol processes are tested in process models where explicit formulations can be used. (lu.se)
- Flow reactors and chambers are used to test reaction mechanisms and aerosol processes, while larger oxidation chambers and the access to European infrastructures within strategic research collaboration, e.g. the Plan chamber in Julich and the SAPHIR chamber, allow to mimick atmospheric conditions. (lu.se)
- At present, chemistry-climate models greatly underestimate the atmospheric burden of formic acid, because key processes related to its sources and sinks remain poorly understood2,6-9. (bvsalud.org)
- Examples of such processes include formation of small particles (aerosols) in the atmosphere, cloud formation, radiative transfer, large-scale circulation in the atmosphere and oceans. (lu.se)
- Knowledge about these and other processes is crucial for our understanding of climate variability and change both on global and regional scales, and to develop climate models for projections of future climates. (lu.se)
Particles7
- By combining laboratory and computational studies the researchers established that harmful, reactive materials may be shielded inside aerosol particles and underneath highly viscous (honey-like) shells, potentially extending the atmospheric residence times and thus their reach from the emission source of the otherwise short-lived species. (birmingham.ac.uk)
- A study reports that scattering sunlight-reflecting particles in the atmosphere -- a theoretical form of climate engineering known as 'stratospheric aerosol injection' -- has potential to slow rapid ice melt in Western Antarctica. (sciencedaily.com)
- Heterogeneous Atmospheric Dust: Individual Particles Microanalysis Optical Property Modeling and Lab-Generated Particle Analogs - ( J. Conny , MML) Goal: to determine the natural variation in optical properties of heterogeneous aerosols based on microanalysis of selected individual particles. (nist.gov)
- in contrast, an aerosol is a suspension of fine particles of liquid, solid or both in a gas. (bmj.com)
- Here we decouple source and processing effects through experiments on aerosol formation and aging using model compounds (e.g. glyoxal and alpha-pinene), selected sources (e.g. vehicle and cooking emissions), and ambient particles. (psi.ch)
- Aerosol particles and their role for clouds and climate is an important part of climate research and of huge importance for air quality around the world. (lu.se)
- VHL is equipped with meteorological instrumentation and can measure gases, aerosol particles, and precipitation chemistry. (lu.se)
Composition9
- The comparisons of model and measured profiles, comparisons of surface measurements, and clustering methods are used to explain sources, sinks and distributions of trace gases and aerosols in the mid-Atlantic thus improving the understanding of the lower atmospheric composition in this area. (umd.edu)
- Field measurements were conducted to determine aerosol chemical composition at a newly established remote high-altitude site in North Africa at the Atlas Mohammed V (AMV) atmospheric observatory located in the Middle Atlas Mountains. (copernicus.org)
- The main objectives of the present work are to investigate the variations in the aerosol composition and better assess global and regional changes in atmospheric composition in North Africa. (copernicus.org)
- The results indicate that high-altitude aerosol composition is influenced by both regional and transregional transport of emissions. (copernicus.org)
- The results provide the first detailed seasonal and diurnal variation of the aerosol chemical composition, which is valuable for long-term assessment of climate and regional influence of air pollution in North Africa. (copernicus.org)
- Identifying chemical aerosol signatures using optical suborbital observations: how much can optical properties tell us about aerosol composition? (nasa.gov)
- Continuous, routine aerosol composition measurements from ground-based networks are not uniformly widespread over the globe. (nasa.gov)
- They are defined, characterized and derived using simultaneous in situ gas-phase, chemical and optical instruments on the same aircraft during the Study of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds, and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4 RS, an airborne field campaign carried out over the US during the summer of 2013). (nasa.gov)
- Currently the chemical composition of atmospheric particulate matter is measured either by off-line analyses of time-integrated filter samples, or by in-situ instruments requiring near-constant operator oversight. (sbir.gov)
Measurements7
- We find that all four AMTs, studied when prescribed using mostly airborne in situ gas measurements, can be successfully extracted from a few combinations of airborne in situ aerosol optical properties (e.g., extinction Ångström exponent, absorption Ångström exponent and real refractive index). (nasa.gov)
- Methods and Standards for Measurement of Atmospheric Aerosol Radiative Properties - (C. Zangmeister and M. Zachariah, Materials Measurement Lab) Goal: to develop methods that facilitate the measurement of aerosol optical properties, apply these measurements to relevant atmospheric systems that improve models of radiative forcing, and develop a transferrable aerosol with known optical properties. (nist.gov)
- Carbonaceous Aerosol Measurements - (M. Zachariah and C. Zangmeister, MML) Goal: to develop methods to decrease the uncertainty in the measurement of particle size, size distribution and shape in order to enable higher fidelity field measurements. (nist.gov)
- In particular improve the accuracy of nanoparticle measurement for standards applications, and extend measurements to provide on-the-fly shape and chemical information. (nist.gov)
- The model results are comprehensively evaluated with a large number of measurements including surface air concentrations and deposition fluxes. (lu.se)
- The model can also reasonably simulate the stratosphere-Troposphere exchange process of 7Be and 10Be by producing stratospheric contribution and 10Be/7Be ratio values that agree with measurements. (lu.se)
- Finally, we illustrate the importance of including the time-varying solar modulations in the production calculation, which significantly improve the agreement between model results and measurements, especially at mid-latitudes and high latitudes. (lu.se)
Emissions3
- The simulations, which started in 2035 and ran through 2070, included a moderate emissions scenario with no stratospheric aerosol injection that served as a key point of comparison. (sciencedaily.com)
- Objective To review the available evidence evaluating the chemicals in refill solutions, cartridges, aerosols and environmental emissions of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes). (bmj.com)
- Inventories currently used in most air quality models are based on the assumption of unidirectional ammonia emissions from soil and vegetation canopies. (aer.com)
Observations3
- We compare these observations against nine widely used chemical transport models and find that the simulations show more scatter (generally R2 (unh.edu)
- In this work, we report atmospheric observations of Cl 2 and other chemicals obtained at a polluted coastal site in southern China during autumn 2018. (nature.com)
- The main goal of RA3 is to utilize laboratory and field observations in order to strengthen and develop models. (lu.se)
Ozone5
- Ozone and aerosols affect air quality, visibility and human health. (umd.edu)
- A week ago marked the 24th anniversary of the signing of the Montreal Protocol, a landmark piece of legislation that began phasing out the production of ozone-depleting chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). (nasa.gov)
- In recent years, scientists have been using cutting-edge computer models of the atmosphere to ask a fascinating question: What would have happened to the ozone layer if nations had done nothing to limit the release of CFCs? (nasa.gov)
- Led by NASA Goddard scientist Paul Newman, a team of atmospheric chemists simulated 'what might have been' if chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and similar ozone-depleting chemicals were not banned through the Montreal Protocol. (nasa.gov)
- The next oddity was that the sum of the radiative forcings for "LLGHG+Ozone+Aerosols+LandUse" is positive, about 1.4 W m-2. (wattsupwiththat.com)
Speciation3
- Improvements in air quality and Earth's climate predictions require improvements of the aerosol speciation in chemical transport models, using observational constraints. (nasa.gov)
- Satellites, on the other hand, can provide a maximum coverage of the horizontal and vertical atmosphere but observe aerosol optical properties (and not aerosol speciation) based on remote sensing instrumentation. (nasa.gov)
- 1989. Furnace-generated acid aerosols: Speciation and pulmonary effects. (cdc.gov)
Atmosphere4
- Our complex multi-scale experimental studies intimately linked to tailored computational modelling indicate that these surfactant structures may offer an effective shield for harmful chemicals common in aerosols which could persist in the atmosphere for longer and travel much further. (birmingham.ac.uk)
- Complementary computer models were developed by the team to understand how surfactants may organise themselves in the atmosphere. (birmingham.ac.uk)
- They found that surfactants can organise themselves into different kinds of 3D structures when mixed with other aerosol components found in the atmosphere. (birmingham.ac.uk)
- This one showed the forcings, both at the surface and at the top-of-atmosphere (TOA), from the Japanese MIROC climate model hindcast of the 20th century climate. (wattsupwiththat.com)
CMAQ4
- In general, CMAQ under-estimates O3 above 500 m and over-estimates O3 below 500 m (possible reasons for this include chemistry not being properly represented in the model). (umd.edu)
- CMAQ over-predicts the SO2 column content by about 50%, possibly because the model gives SO2 too long a lifetime. (umd.edu)
- We evaluated the concentrations of six pollutants in Henan Province predicted by three air quality models-the China Meteorological Administration Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment (CUACE) model, the Nested Air Quality Prediction (NAQP) model and the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. (aaqr.org)
- Compared with the CMAQ model, the root-mean-square error of the SO 2 , NO 2 and CO forecasts by BMA were reduced by 29, 33 and 39%, respectively. (aaqr.org)
Laboratory3
- To do this, we use a combination of laboratory studies, field studies and modelling. (lu.se)
- This RA utilizes laboratory set-up, fled observation station and various models as described below. (lu.se)
- Examples of such models are box models based on MCM (Master Chemical Mechanism) or similar chemical schemes linked to some dynamic aerosol particle representations often based on information from laboratory work. (lu.se)
Precipitation1
- Some of the risks related to stratospheric aerosol injection, for example, include changes in regional precipitation patterns and the possibility of "termination shock," a rapid rebound of global temperatures to pre-stratospheric aerosols injection levels should the decades-long treatment be interrupted. (sciencedaily.com)
Clouds1
Interactions1
- The terrestrial carbon cycle and aerosol-cloud-climate interactions are key components in the climate system, but they are complex to describe in climate models. (lu.se)
Simulate3
- In their study, IU researchers and collaborators used high-performance computers and global climate models to simulate different stratospheric aerosol injection scenarios, identifying the cooling strategy with the most potential to slow Antarctic ice loss. (sciencedaily.com)
- Based on observed traffic reductions during the COVID-19 lockdown in Barcelona, we formulate socio-occupational scenarios, with various configurations of teleworking, and simulate them using the chemistry transport model WRF-Chem with multi-layer urban scheme. (nature.com)
- To simulate these aerosol tracers, it is critical to evaluate the influence of radionuclide production uncertainties on simulations. (lu.se)
Pollution3
- We know that aerosols contribute to air pollution and can have a negative impact on human health, and these findings indicate that we are breathing in more harmful chemicals for longer than we have previously thought, especially after cooking and cleaning. (birmingham.ac.uk)
- There has been much interest in air pollution and the forecasting skill of air quality models in China since winter 2013. (aaqr.org)
- All the models systematically underestimated O 3 and heavy PM 2.5 pollution events. (aaqr.org)
Concentrations4
- We focused on occupational cases and outbreaks and inhalation anthrax can be expected when large numbers of on experimental aerosol exposures of nonhuman primates persons are exposed to low concentrations of B. anthracis . (cdc.gov)
- Different air quality models use different parameters (e.g., meteorological fields, emission sources and the initial concentrations of pollutants) and therefore their forecast results tend to have large systematic and random errors. (aaqr.org)
- Quantification of aerosol climate and health effects requires a detailed knowledge of aerosol concentrations, chemical and physical properties, and atmospheric lifetimes. (psi.ch)
- Independent of the production models, surface air concentrations and deposition fluxes from all simulations show similar seasonal variations, suggesting a dominant meteorological influence. (lu.se)
Pulmonary1
- Extended allergen removal alters immune and pulmonary response 1747 responses (LAR) after challenge with TMA aerosol. (cdc.gov)
Photolysis1
- A sensitivity test of the rate of photolysis of NO2 was performed and improving the photochemistry did improve the modeled O3. (umd.edu)
Ammonia1
- Here, we investigate the impact of implementing bi-directional ammonia fluxes in the global GEOS-Chem chemical transport model. (aer.com)
Stratosphere1
- The study explored a form of climate engineering called stratospheric aerosol injection, in which large amounts of tiny sulfur droplets are released into the stratosphere by a fleet of airplanes as a proposed method for keeping global temperatures in check. (sciencedaily.com)
Geoscientific Model Development1
- Geoscientific Model Development , 16 (23), 7037-7057. (lu.se)
Radiation2
- Aerosols enhance plant photosynthesis by increasing diffuse radiation. (copernicus.org)
- The development of radiation detection materials would benefit with greater access to computational models that relate physical traits seen in manufacture with complex energy transitions occurring in the material that control operating performance. (sbir.gov)
Airborne1
- We used the The risk for inhalation anthrax is determined not only by Wells-Riley modification of the Soper and Reed-Frost bacillary virulence factors but also by infectious aerosol models of infection as our mathematical model of airborne production and removal rates and by host factors. (cdc.gov)
19891
- 1989. Toxicology studies of a chemical mixture of 26 groundwater contaminants. (cdc.gov)
Mixtures3
- Recent experiments explored increasingly complex mixtures of surfactants to establish the impact of a broad range of aerosol components encountered in the air. (birmingham.ac.uk)
- Both the particulate and gas phases are mixtures of chemical substances in e-cigarette aerosols. (bmj.com)
- Draft guidance manual for the assessment of joint toxic action of chemical mixtures. (cdc.gov)
Affect the interaction1
- The scientists have built an extensive body of research over the last 5-6 years initially examining how one of these surfactants, oleic acid, a common cooking and marine emission, forms complex structures at the nanoscale, and how these affect the interaction of oleic acid with other chemicals in the air. (birmingham.ac.uk)
Exposure4
- Recently we developed an allergic asthmatic Brown Norway rat model sensitized by dermal exposure to trimellitic anhydride (TMA) using an occlusion patch application. (cdc.gov)
- Objectives The objectives of this study were (1) to develop a model of non-occluded dermal exposure leading to allergic sensitization and (2) to examine the effect of extended removal from exposure on persistence of both specific IgE and TMA aerosol-induced airway responses in this model. (cdc.gov)
- Rats were given a 10-min aerosol challenge to 40 mg/m3 TMA 2 weeks after the last dermal exposure (day 35). (cdc.gov)
- Results Rats produced dose-dependent specific IgE titres after exposure and developed early-phase (EAR) and late-phase airway responses (LAR) after airway challenge to TMA aerosol as well as airway eosinophilic inflammation. (cdc.gov)
Inhalation2
- and to estimate a range of infectious doses bioterrorism-related inhalation anthrax in 2001 raised on the basis of these models and the epidemiology of the uncertainty about the infectious dose and transmission of 2001 anthrax cases. (cdc.gov)
- 2 Following a puff, the aerosol is delivered into the user's mouth and lungs by inhalation, after which the remaining aerosol is exhaled into the environment. (bmj.com)
Global1
- The results were evaluated with a turbulence resolving transport (DALES), a regional scale (WRF-Chem) and a global (EMAC) atmospheric chemistry model. (bvsalud.org)
Solar2
- I have no idea why in their model e.g. one W m-2 of TOA solar forcing has more than three times the effect on the surface as one watt of TOA greenhouse gas forcing. (wattsupwiththat.com)
- If solar forcings are not following model forecasts then the modelsa are wrong. (wattsupwiththat.com)
Components2
- Oleic acid is known to self-organise into a range of 3D nanostructures, some of which are highly viscous and can delay the ageing and thus the breakdown of key chemical components in aerosols. (birmingham.ac.uk)
- The Committee agreed that, despite the considerable progress that had been made in investigating variola virus, significant components of this research, most notably the refinement and use of an animal model developed in 2001 and the development of antiviral drugs, were unlikely to be completed by the end of 2002. (who.int)
Widely2
- These chemicals, also known by the trade name Freon, were common refrigerants and widely used in aerosol spray cans prior to the Montreal Protocol. (nasa.gov)
- reactive chemical that is widely used to make epoxy and Recently, we developed a non-invasive sensitization alkyd resins, plasticizers, high-temperature polymers and method in Brown Norway rats by applying dry TMA surfactants. (cdc.gov)
Oxidation1
- Using a chemistry-climate model, we estimate that the gas-phase oxidation of methanediol produces up to four times more formic acid than all other known chemical sources combined. (bvsalud.org)
Indoor1
- Professor Christian Pfrang from the University of Birmingham who led the work said: "Aerosols are commonly created by everyday activities such as cooking and cleaning, and with modern life seeing people spending on average 90% of their time indoors there is an urgent need to understand how indoor aerosols are processed. (birmingham.ac.uk)
Toxic1
- According to new research, we could be breathing in toxic substances from cooking and cleaning for longer because of surfactants present in aerosols. (birmingham.ac.uk)
Climate models1
- I'm interested in the forcings and responses of the climate models. (wattsupwiththat.com)
Cloud1
- It was recently discussed in a White House report outlining a potential research program on stratospheric aerosol injection and marine cloud brightening, another proposed strategy for cooling the planet. (sciencedaily.com)
Impacts1
- In this study, we found that the aerosol impacts are quite different for varied species. (copernicus.org)
Trace2
- I developed a chemical climatology of trace gases and aerosols that can be used to validate and improve models. (umd.edu)
- I have developed clustering methodologies to group back trajectories associated with aircraft profiles as well as group trace gas and aerosol profiles by size and shape. (umd.edu)
Physiologically-based2
Coastal1
- 30 µ g m −3 ), the influence of the desert is weaker, and the marine air masses (64 %) are more dominant with a mixture of sea salt and polluted aerosol from the coastal regions (Rabat and Casablanca). (copernicus.org)
Quality1
- As a result, current state-of-the-art air quality models do not typically implement such chemistry, and therefore, cannot reproduce the observed high daytime Cl 2 levels in polluted regions 7 , 22 . (nature.com)
Compounds2
- Surfactants, or 'surface-active agents' are a class of chemical compounds that are used in everyday objects such as soaps and cleaning products, as emulsifiers, foaming and wetting agents. (birmingham.ac.uk)
- Phenolic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and drugs have also been reported in e-cigarette refill solutions, cartridges and aerosols. (bmj.com)
Commonly2
- Research led by the University of Birmingham has found that hazardous chemicals commonly encountered in aerosols, such as those produced by cooking and cleaning, can be 'protected' in 3D structures formed by surfactants, causing them to last longer in the air. (birmingham.ac.uk)
- Aerosol generated from an e-cigarette is commonly but inaccurately referred to as 'vapour. (bmj.com)
Representation1
- RA3 is also, together with RA1, taking part in the development of particle representation in the EC-Earth model. (lu.se)
Found1
- In this case, we found that releasing stratospheric aerosols at multiple latitudes within the tropics and sub-tropics, with a greater proportion in the Southern Hemisphere, is the best strategy for preserving land ice in Antarctica because it helps keep warm ocean waters away from the ice shelves. (sciencedaily.com)