Checkpoint kinase inhibitor checkpoint kinase 2. Medical search. Frequent questions

Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1, CHEK1) is a Ser/Thr protein kinase that plays a key role in mediating the cellular response to DNA-damage. (rcsb.org)
The demonstrated activity of TZs in this model in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent as well as radiotherapy validates this series of Chk1 inhibitors. (rcsb.org)
Checkpoint kinase 1, commonly referred to as Chk1, is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase that, in humans, is encoded by the CHEK1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
Chk1 coordinates the DNA damage response (DDR) and cell cycle checkpoint response. (wikipedia.org)
Activation of Chk1 results in the initiation of cell cycle checkpoints, cell cycle arrest, DNA repair and cell death to prevent damaged cells from progressing through the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
In 1993, Beach and associates initially identified Chk1 as a serine/threonine kinase which regulates the G2/M phase transition in fission yeast. (wikipedia.org)
Chk1 has a N-terminal kinase domain, a linker region, a regulatory SQ/TQ domain and a C-terminal domain. (wikipedia.org)
Two checkpoint kinase subtypes have been identified, Chk1 and Chk2. (wikipedia.org)
Chk1 is required for the initiation of DNA damage checkpoints and has recently been shown to play a role in the normal (unperturbed) cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to mediating cell cycle checkpoints, Chk1 also contributes to DNA repair processes, gene transcription, egg production, embryo development, cellular responses to HIV infection and somatic cell viability. (wikipedia.org)
In response to DNA damage, Chk1 is an important signal transducer for G2/M checkpoint activation. (wikipedia.org)
Chk1 has a regulatory role in the spindle checkpoint however the relationship is less clear as compared to checkpoints in other cell cycle stages. (wikipedia.org)
Studies on Chk1 deficient chicken lymphoma cells have shown increased levels of genomic instability and failure to arrest during the spindle checkpoint phase in mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
These studies suggest Chk1 depletion can lead to defects in the spindle checkpoint resulting in mitotic abnormalities. (wikipedia.org)
DNA damage induces the activation of Chk1 which facilitates the initiation of the DNA damage response (DDR) and cell cycle checkpoints. (wikipedia.org)
Chk1 activation can also be ATR-independent through interactions with other protein kinases such as PKB/AKT, MAPKAPK and p90/RSK. (wikipedia.org)
SRA737 is a potent, highly selective, orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), a key regulator of cell cycle progression and the DNA Damage Response (DDR). (salesandmarketingnetwork.com)
The presence of replication stress activates the DNA damage response and downstream checkpoint proteins including ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related kinase (ATR), checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), and WEE1-like protein kinase (WEE1), which trigger cell cycle arrest while protecting and restoring stalled replication forks. (bmj.com)
Small molecule inhibitors designed to target the DNA damage sensors, such as inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), ATR, CHK1 and WEE1, impair smooth cell cycle modulation and disrupt efficient DNA repair, or a combination of the above, have demonstrated interesting monotherapy and combinatorial activity, including the potential to reverse drug resistance and have entered developmental pipelines. (bmj.com)
LY2606368 is a potent and selective ATP competitive inhibitor(IC50=1.5 nM in SW1990 cell) of the Chk1 protein kinase. (chemspider.com)
Inhibitor of checkpoint kinase CHK1 was identified as a top screen hit. (nature.com)
The functional roles of Cdc2 and checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) in synergistic interactions between 7-hydroxystaurosporine (UCN-01) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) inhibitors [e.g., 2-(2-chloro-4-iodophenylamino)-N-cyclopropylmethoxy-3,4-difluorobenzamide (PD184352)] were examined in human multiple myeloma cells in relation to MEK1/2/ERK1/2 activation and lethality. (lonza.com)
It is interesting that Chk1 knockdown reduced basal ERK1/2 activation and antagonized the ability of UCN-01 to activate ERK1/2. (lonza.com)
Together, these findings indicate that although UCN-01-mediated Chk1 inhibition and Cdc2 activation are unlikely to be responsible for MEK1/2/ERK1/2 activation, both of these events contribute functionally to enhanced lethality in cells coexposed to MEK inhibitors. (lonza.com)
They also suggest a role for Chk1 in UCN-01-induced ERK1/2 activation, implying the existence of a heretofore unrecognized link between Chk1 and ERK1/2 signaling. (lonza.com)

These survival algorithms have been applied to assess outcomes in patients receiving T-cell checkpoint inhibitory immunotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy, but have not been applied extensively to patients receiving high dose interleukin-2 (HD IL-2) immunotherapy. (bmj.com)
Ninety-one percent of the participants with recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)-who typically have few treatment options available after existing therapies -experienced clinical benefit in a phase 2 trial testing a combination of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor cabozantinib, with the immune check point inhibitor in pembrolizumab. (emory.edu)
Epidermal growth factor receptor, a well-known biomarker for targeted therapy at present, was first brought up with potential clinical responsiveness to tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib in 2004[ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

SRA141 is a potent, selective, orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of Cell division cycle 7 kinase (Cdc7). (salesandmarketingnetwork.com)
Some are focusing on small-molecule inhibitors for identifying and targeting key kinases that hamper T-cell responses to tumor cells. (genengnews.com)
Dovitinib (TKI258) is a small molecule multi-kinase inhibitor currently in clinical phase I/II/III development for the treatment of various types of cancers. (molcells.org)
During the third quarter of 2021, we continued to advance our clinical trials of CA-4948, our first-in-class, small molecule IRAK4 inhibitor in nine distinct patient populations across AML, MDS and B cell cancers, including the recent initiation of our Phase 1 combination study in AML/MDS. (biospace.com)

The concept of synthetic lethality (SL) holds great promise for the treatment of human cancers, best exemplified by the now widespread use of PARP inhibitors in BRCA mutant cancers. (nature.com)
The concept has now been extended to embrace synthetic lethal drug sensitivity, such as that observed with PARP inhibitors in combination with DNA-damaging chemotherapy in a variety of BRCA defective tumors 10 . (nature.com)
A spectacular example of this approach to treatment of breast cancer is application of a poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor, such as olaparib, to patients with germline BRCA1 mutations [4, 5]. (termedia.pl)
Sierra is also preparing for potential clinical studies of SRA737 in combination with a PARP inhibitor . (salesandmarketingnetwork.com)

Given successes in the setting of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the advantages of neoadjuvant therapy, many trials are demonstrating the safety and feasibility of combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)/tyrosine kinases in patients with resectable HCC. (bvsalud.org)
The plethora of molecularly targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors under investigation represent the new horizon of treatment of HCC not only in advanced stages but also potentially at every stage of diagnosis and management. (bvsalud.org)
The present review focuses on the rationale of neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) in HCC, the experience of ICI in the pre- and posttransplant setting. (bvsalud.org)
The 2 major classes of therapeutics used in RCC included immune checkpoint inhibitors and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-targeting tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). (onclive.com)
Another company reported that it is testing a chimeric PD-1 antibody/IL-2 fusion protein that recruits killer immune cells. (genengnews.com)
Dr. del Rincón's recent research interests are focused on using kinase inhibitors to potentially thwart the toxicities associated with immune checkpoint blockade therapies, while maintaining their robust anti-tumor efficacy. (ircm.qc.ca)
However, the development of predominantly T cell-targeted immunotherapy approaches, such as immune checkpoint inhibition, also brought about an accumulation of evidence demonstrating other immune cell drivers of tumor progression, such as innate immune cells and notably, neutrophils. (qxmd.com)
Participants have received one prior platinum-based chemotherapy and one prior immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy either in combination or in sequence. (who.int)
Exclusion criteria: --Participants who have previously received docetaxel, KRAS G12C inhibitor, or any other systemic therapy for their locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC other than one platinum-based chemotherapy and one prior immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. (who.int)

Checkpoint kinases (Chks) are protein kinases that are involved in cell cycle control. (wikipedia.org)
Ku70/80 forms a complex with the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) to form the full DNA-dependent protein kinase, DNA-PK [7]. (termedia.pl)
Checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2), a cell cycle checkpoint regulator gene, codes for a kinase protein activated in response to radiation and other agents that cause breaks in the DNA. (termedia.pl)
Herein, we investigated the effect of dovitinib on human recombinant bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2-induced osteoblast differentiation in a cell culture model. (molcells.org)
Dovitinib also stimulated the translocation of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 into the nucleus and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, including ERK1/2 and p38. (molcells.org)
Mechanism for remodelling of the cell cycle checkpoint protein MAD2 by the ATPase TRIP13. (icr.ac.uk)
Nevertheless our recent results proven that pre-treating major hepatocytes cultured on collagen with TNFα sensitizes these to FasL-induced apoptosis which can be mediated via JNK activation as well as the BH3-just protein Bim and Bet [2]. (biospraysehatalami.com)
Many cancers show aberrant signalling via the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis, activating type 1 IGF receptors (IGF-1Rs) and variant insulin receptors (INSRs) to signal via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-AKT-mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K-AKT-mTOR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinases (MEK-ERK) [ 1 ]. (nature.com)
Another important pathway is the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Phase 1 study of JNJ-64619178, a protein arginine methyltransferase 5 inhibitor, in patients with lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. (cdc.gov)
The protein product of the murine double minute gene 2 (mdm-2) plays a central role in the regulation of p53. (lu.se)

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunotherapy for lung cancer are the two major areas undergoing rapid development. (biomedcentral.com)
Herein, we summarize emerging agents including tyrosine kinase inhibitors, checkpoint inhibitors, and other potential immunotherapy such as chimeric antigen receptor T cell for non-small cell lung cancer attempting to provide insights and perspectives of the future in anticancer treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
Herein, we summarized the novel agents in tyrosine kinase inhibitors especially for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors, checkpoint inhibitors, and other potential immunotherapy aiming to provide a landscape of emerging agents for NSCLC as well as insights and perspectives for the future in anticancer treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
Checkpoint inhibitor therapy is a form of cancer immunotherapy. (checkpointsignaling.com)

Participants with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-sensitizing mutation and/or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement by local testing. (who.int)

It has been reported that lung cancer cells exhibit upregulated expression of all key glycolytic enzymes [hexokinase 2 (HK2), phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase (PK)] ( 13 ), suggesting that the essential enzymes of the aerobic glycolytic pathway have a critical role in the development of lung carcinoma. (spandidos-publications.com)

The DNA damage response is a network of signaling pathways that leads to activation of checkpoints, DNA repair and apoptosis to inhibit damaged cells from progressing through the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
Cycloheximide or Chk2 inhibitor pretreatment abrogated not only activation of Chk2 but also G 2 /M arrest and apoptosis mediated by DIM. (aspetjournals.org)
Blocking ROS generation by N -acetyl cysteine protects the cells from DIM-mediated G 2 /M arrest and apoptosis. (aspetjournals.org)
In a previous study we showed that pre-incubation with TNFα sensitizes primary murine hepatocytes to Fas ligand (FasL) induced apoptosis [2]. (biospraysehatalami.com)
Smac/DIABLO binds to and impedes the function from the anti-apoptotic X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins XIAP which can be an inhibitor of caspase-3 and -9 [12]. (biospraysehatalami.com)
p53 is a transcription factor that participates in cell cycle checkpoint processes and apoptosis. (lu.se)

With advances in locoregional therapy for unresectable HCC during the last 2 decades and the recent expansion of transplant criteria for HCC, as well as ongoing organ shortages, patients are spending more time on the waitlist, which has resulted in an increased usage of locoregional therapies. (bvsalud.org)
According to Bold Therapeutics' website, "BOLD-100 has demonstrated synergy in established preclinical models in combination with a wide variety of anti-cancer therapies, including both traditional chemotherapies and targeted therapies [and] tyrosine kinase inhibitors and checkpoint inhibitors. (drugdiscoverynews.com)

2023;74(2):75-81. (termedia.pl)

Methods Survival of 810 mRCC patients treated from 2006 to 2017 with high dose IL-2 (aldesleukin) and enrolled in the PROCLAIM SM registry data base was assessed utilizing the International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium (IMDC) risk criteria. (bmj.com)

LIM kinase inhibition may have therapeutic prospect of lowering pathologic pole terminal plasticity after retinal damage. (biospraysehatalami.com)
Inhibition of mTOR-kinase destabilizes MYCN and is a potential therapy for MYCN-dependent tumors. (icr.ac.uk)
AMPK is often considered a metabolic checkpoint as it can control cell proliferation when activated under energetic stress, and activation of AMKP results in the inhibition of mTOR activity. (sigmaaldrich.com)

Background: The product of this gene is an essential upstream regulator of checkpoint kinase 1 and triggers a checkpoint arrest of the cell cycle in response to replicative stress or DNA damage. (idhinhibitor.com)

Our investigation of structure-activity relationships led to the identification of potent inhibitors 14c, 14h and 16e. (rcsb.org)
We describe the optimization of modestly active starting points to potent inhibitors of BCL6 by growing into a subpocket, which was occupied by a network of five stably bound water molecules. (icr.ac.uk)

A mathematical model was developed CYT997 (Lexibulin) to explain the contradictious occurrence of both increased caspase-3/-7 activity and elevated cell viability by including a heterogeneous distribution of Bcl-2 proteins and variations in Fas signaling resulting in different subpopulations of hepatocytes. (biospraysehatalami.com)

SRA737 is currently being investigated in two Phase 1/2 clinical trials primarily focused on patients with ovarian cancer: SRA737-01, a monotherapy study, and SRA737-02, a drug combination study evaluating SRA737 potentiated by low dose gemcitabine. (salesandmarketingnetwork.com)
Metformin, a known inhibitor of mitochondrial OXPHOS, has been indicated to reduce NSCLC morbidity and mortality in clinical studies. (spandidos-publications.com)
The study's findings will be presented at the 2022 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) annual meeting during Oral Abstract Session: Head and Neck Cancer on Friday, June 3, beginning at 2:45 CT. (emory.edu)
Following the positive results of the IMbrave150 study ( 1 ), atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (Atz/Bev) combination therapy is widely used as 1st-line treatment in clinical practice for patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) ( 2 ). (iiarjournals.org)
Inhibitors of the glycolytic pathway, such as dichloroacetic acid (DCA) and 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) are now being used in clinical studies as potential anticancer agents. (sigmaaldrich.com)
clinical nutrition as a specialty goes here HN - 2008 BX - Nutrition FX - Diet FX - Food DH - Child Nutrition DI - 052504 MN - SP6.021.062 MS - Nutrition of children aged 2-10 years. (bvsalud.org)

In the presence of errors or damage during DNA replication, cell cycle checkpoint nodes and repair machinery work in concert to retard cell cycle progression until sufficient repair has been achieved. (bmj.com)

Since 2019, RAM, a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody that inhibits ligand activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2), is available as 2nd-line therapy after sorafenib for patients with advanced HCC with alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels of ≥400 ng/mL, based on positive results from the REACH-2 study ( 5 ). (iiarjournals.org)
In 2005, the first-ever trial combining small molecular targeted agent known as bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) monoclonal antibody, with doublet chemotherapy, had shown superiority of overall survival with this treatment modality in advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer patients without brain metastasis [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

These ssDNA structures attract ATR and eventually activates the checkpoint pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, compared to normal p53-proficient cells, p53-defective cells are more reliant on MK2 activity, which drives an alternative cell cycle checkpoint pathway that stabilizes the CKI inhibitors p27 Kip1 and Gadd45α in order to maintain G 1 /S and G 2 /M arrest after certain types of DNA damage 16 , 18 . (nature.com)
Previous studies have demonstrated that glycolysis inhibitors reduce the proliferation of non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells by interfering with the aerobic glycolytic pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)

Our lead drug candidate, momelotinib, is a potent, selective and orally-bioavailable JAK1, JAK2 & ACVR1 inhibitor with a differentiated therapeutic profile in myelofibrosis encompassing a range of meaningful anemia benefits, including eliminating or reducing the need for frequent blood transfusions, as well as achieving substantive spleen and constitutional symptom control. (salesandmarketingnetwork.com)

These results clearly indicate the requirement of Chk2 activation to cause G 2 /M arrest by DIM in ovarian cancer cells. (aspetjournals.org)
Moreover, the identification of fork protection as a key mechanism of resistance to chemo- and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor therapy in ovarian cancer further increases the priority that should be accorded to the development of strategies targeting replicative stress. (bmj.com)

Strategies that increase replicative stress while lowering cell cycle checkpoint thresholds may allow unrepaired DNA damage to be inappropriately carried forward in replicating cells, leading to mitotic catastrophe and cell death. (bmj.com)

It was identified that the nuclear division cycle 80, cyclin B2 and topoisomerase 2‑α may serve important roles in adrenocortical tumor development. (cancerindex.org)

Therefore, Ku-DNA binding inhibitors seem to be a promising anticancer therapeutic strategy in combination with DNA DSB-inducing agents [11]. (termedia.pl)
It exhibits potent antitumor activity by activating tumor-infiltrating CD8 + and CD4 + T cells and has a better therapeutic window relative to recombinant human IL-2. (genengnews.com)

Interestingly, tumors with both negative mdm-2 and p21 expression, irrespective of p53 status, had a high response rate to docetaxel but no response to MF. (lu.se)

However, ectopic expression of Cdc2 sensitized cells to the lethality of UCN-01/MEK inhibitor regimen, whereas Cdc2 knockdown by siRNA significantly diminished the lethal effects of this combination. (lonza.com)

Cancer cells that are defective in p53 function are deficient in their ability to transcriptionally upregulate the CDK inhibitor p21 after genotoxic stress. (nature.com)

G 2 /M arrest was associated with DNA damage as indicated by phosphorylation of H 2 A.X at Ser139 and activation of checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2) in all the three cell lines. (aspetjournals.org)
Time course studies revealed that MEK1/2/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation preceded Cdc2 dephosphorylation (Tyr15) after UCN-01 exposure. (lonza.com)

Very first strand synthesis was carried out making use of a initial strand cDNA synthesis kit with 2 mg of complete RNA. (checkpointsignaling.com)

ephrinA1-Fc failed to suppress the Ras-ERK1/2 cascade by IGF-I and to promote IGF-ICmediated myogenesis. (sdfca.org)
Furthermore, enforced expression of Cdc2 or small inducible RNA (siRNA)-mediated Cdc2 knockdown failed to modify ERK1/2 activation status in either the presence or absence of UCN-01, arguing against a causal relationship between these events. (lonza.com)

Following pretreatment acquisitions, animals were divided into therapy and handle kinase inhibitor library for screening groups, and Natural products was administered to the mice in the treatment method group. (checkpointsignaling.com)

Subgroup evaluations were performed by separating patients by prior or no prior therapy, IL-2 alone, or therapy subsequent to IL-2. (bmj.com)
We will focus on the 356 patients who received IL-2 alone, and evaluate outcome by risk factor categories. (bmj.com)
2-year OS 68.2%, and of 81 patients with poor risk, median OS 14 mo. (bmj.com)
In this phase 2 trial, eligible patients had recurrent and metastatic HNSCC that was deemed inoperable, a life expectancy of at least three months, and an Eastern Cooperative Group (ECOG) Performance Status of 0 or 1. (emory.edu)
After completion of study treatment, patients were followed up to 2 years. (emory.edu)
The current study employed Bayesian networks to a longitudinal proteomic dataset generated from Caco-2 cells transfected with SARS-CoV-2 (isolated from patients returning from Wuhan to Frankfurt). (mdpi.com)
21 (58%) patients had triple-negative disease, 28 (78%) visceral involvement, and 27 (75%) ≥ 2 metastatic locations. (bvsalud.org)
Hypothyroidism may also occur in patients taking amiodarone or other iodine-containing drugs, in patients taking interferon-alfa, and in patients being treated for cancer with checkpoint inhibitors or some tyrosine kinase inhibitors. (msdmanuals.com)
Immunocompromised people make up 1%-2% of patients seen in US travel clinics, and they largely pursue itineraries like those of immunocompetent travelers. (cdc.gov)
In breast cancer patients, it is unclear whether measuring p53, mdm-2, or p21 expression provides information on how patients will respond to chemotherapy. (lu.se)
p53, mdm-2, p21, and mib-1 expression were assessed by immunohistochemical methods in primary tumors derived from 134 patients who took part in a randomized multicenter trial comparing docetaxel to sequential methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (MF) in advanced breast cancer. (lu.se)

p53, mdm-2, p21, and mib-1 expression were not significantly associated with response to chemotherapy, time to progression, or overall survival in the whole patient population or in the docetaxel group. (lu.se)

Growth-inhibitory effects of DIM were mediated by cell cycle arrest in G 2 /M phase in all the three cell lines. (aspetjournals.org)
To further establish the involvement of Chk2 in DIM-mediated G 2 /M arrest, cells were transfected with dominant-negative Chk2 (DN-Chk2). (aspetjournals.org)
Blocking Chk2 activation by DN-Chk2 completely protected cells from DIM-mediated G 2 /M arrest. (aspetjournals.org)

A major line of research in the lab focuses on understanding the molecular functions of the Tousled-like kinases (TLKs), TLK1 and TLK2. (cancer.gov)

According to the latest statistical report from the American Cancer Center from 2021, lung cancer has the second-highest incidence and the highest mortality rate among all malignancies ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

In November 2021 , Curis initiated dosing in the combination stage of the Phase 1/2 study of CA-4948 plus azacitidine and CA-4948 plus venetoclax. (biospace.com)

In response to DNA damage, a synthetic lethal relationship exists between the cell cycle checkpoint kinase MK2 and the tumor suppressor p53. (nature.com)

Other G 2 /M regulatory molecules such as Cdc25C, Cdk1, cyclin B1 were down-regulated by DIM. (aspetjournals.org)
One of the company's IL-2 Indukine molecules, the WTX-124 prodrug, has shown promise in preclinical studies. (genengnews.com)

Liver carcinogenesis is a multistep, long process associated with multiple risk factors, e.g. viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, metabolic disorders, and obesity [ 2 ]. (aging-us.com)

These findings establish a mechanism for co-targeting DNA damage-induced cell cycle checkpoints in combination with repair of cisplatin-DNA lesions in vivo using RNAi nanocarriers, and motivate further exploration of ASL as a generalized strategy to improve cancer treatment. (nature.com)
It has been reported that Ku-DNA binding inhibitors modulate the DNA damage response in response to DNA DSB [11]. (termedia.pl)

Immunofluorescent staining of human cell line U-2 OS shows positivity in nucleus but not nucleoli, plasma membrane, nor cytoplasm. (sigmaaldrich.com)

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