AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
Cell CycleCheckpoint Kinase 2Cyclin-Dependent KinasesCell Cycle ProteinsProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesCyclin-Dependent Kinase 2CyclinsCyclin D1Cyclin ACyclin EProtein KinasesCyclin-Dependent Kinase 4Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27CDC2-CDC28 KinasesCDC2 Protein KinaseCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21G1 PhaseCyclin BS PhasePhosphorylationDNA DamageCyclin-Dependent Kinase 5MitosisG2 PhaseProtein Kinase InhibitorsCyclin CTumor Suppressor ProteinsCyclin DCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor ProteinsCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16Phosphatidylinositol 3-KinasesCyclin B1Retinoblastoma ProteinCell Cycle CheckpointsCell DivisionApoptosisMAP Kinase Signaling SystemCell Line, TumorCyclin D3Signal TransductionMutationTumor Suppressor Protein p53DNA-Binding ProteinsCell ProliferationAtaxia Telangiectasia Mutated ProteinsCyclin-Dependent Kinase 6Genes, cdcNuclear ProteinsCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p57Proto-Oncogene ProteinsMicrotubule-Associated ProteinsBlotting, WesternCyclin D2Molecular Sequence DataCalcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein KinasesDNA ReplicationM Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsCell LineTumor Cells, CulturedCells, CulturedSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsCyclin A1Enzyme Inhibitorscdc25 PhosphatasesTransfectionPurinesE2F1 Transcription Factorsrc-Family KinasesG2 Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsProtein BindingIntracellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsS Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsProtein Kinase CBase SequenceCyclin A2Saccharomyces cerevisiaeCarrier ProteinsAmino Acid SequenceCyclin GHydroxyureaEnzyme ActivationProliferating Cell Nuclear AntigenSpindle ApparatusTranscription FactorsProtein-Tyrosine KinasesSchizosaccharomycesSchizosaccharomyces pombe ProteinsTranscription Factor DP1RNA, Messengerp38 Mitogen-Activated Protein KinasesCyclin G1E2F Transcription FactorsHeLa CellsModels, BiologicalCyclic AMP-Dependent Protein KinasesMitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1Antineoplastic AgentsRNA, Small InterferingMitogen-Activated Protein Kinase KinasesCell Nucleus
CDKsInhibitorProteinInhibitorsPhosphorylationCDK2InhibitionCytoplasmProgressionApoptosisAtaxiaMoleculesBiologyComplexesChk2GeneticsArrestMitotic cellGenesMitosisDownstreamChk1MeiosisRegulationCancerRegulateSubstratesReactive oxygenRegulatoryResponse to DNA damageGeneMoleculeEnzymesChromosomeMechanismsPrognosticDivisionTherapeuticMutationsProliferationTumor microenvironmentInitiationIntegrityInterphaseDamageDeregulationYeastReplication checkpointSerinePhosphorylateOverexpressionSpindleProteolyticMalignantHead and neck squamous cell carcNucleiOogenesisInteractsAntibodyProteins that controlNuclearExpressionNeurons
CDKs14
Inhibitor13
  • In addition, embryos were injected with Δ34Xic cyclin E/Cdk2 inhibitor, in order to disturb the maternal timer and tested for Chk1 activation and Cdc25A degradation. (vt.edu)
  • The model was updated with additional interactions, such as those including Myt1, a second inhibitor kinase, and lamin proteins, which become phosphorylated at the onset of nuclear envelope breakdown (NEB) at entry into mitosis. (vt.edu)
  • Our hypothesis was that using a cell cycle inhibitor as a pre-treatment to ECT would make cells more susceptible to treatment. (ucc.ie)
  • We used Palbociclib (PAL), a CDK4 inhibitor which causes cell cycle arrest at G1 and prevents cells progressing to S phase. (ucc.ie)
  • Due to a defect in HR, all HPV positive cell lines were efficiently radiosensitized by the PARP-1 inhibitor olaparib. (oncotarget.com)
  • Treating SCCHN cell lines with a pan-Aurora kinase inhibitor resulted in defective cytokinesis, polyploidy and apoptosis, which was effective irrespective of the EGFR status. (oncotarget.com)
  • Results Reducing MCM2 or MCM3 proteins does not impact cell growth Our previous results showed an involvement of MCM proteins in the DNA damage response through its co-localization with -H2AX foci, and through connection with chromatin redesigning proteins in response to DNA damage induced from the topoisomerase II inhibitor Etoposide [28]. (ampkpathway.com)
  • In this study, cultured human temozolomide resistance GB (43RG) cells were introduced to the MGMT inhibitor O 6 -benzylguanine combined with temozolomide and either LY2835219 (CDK 4/6 inhibitor) or LY2157299 (TGF-βRI inhibitor) seeking to overcome GB treatment resistance. (nih.gov)
  • This study establishes the groundwork for the development of a combinatorial pharmacologic approach by using either LY2385219 or LY2157299 inhibitor plus O 6 -Benzylguanine to augment temozolomide response in temozolomide-resistant GB cells. (nih.gov)
  • Immunotherapy (IO) plus tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) has become the first-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma, despite the lack of prognostic biomarkers. (e-crt.org)
  • Recently, clinical trials of immune checkpoint inhibitor plus vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) for mRCC have exhibited outstanding efficacies [ 3 - 5 ]. (e-crt.org)
  • Transactivation of the cyclin-dependent-kinase inhibitor p21, a downstream target of p53, and the G 1 cell cycle checkpoint were also found to be normal in the DNA-PKcs -/- MEFs. (uthscsa.edu)
  • CAOV3 cells, which are atRA sensitive, have been shown to express p16INK4a (p16), a cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor regulating the G1 checkpoint. (temple.edu)
Protein28
  • When this complex forms the CDK can phosphorylate a target protein which alters it's function and initiates the cell to advance to the next phase. (jove.com)
  • The focus of this study is the role of protein kinase Chk1 and the phosphatase Cdc25A in the DNA replication checkpoint. (vt.edu)
  • Aurora kinase C is a chromosomal passenger protein that interacts with aurora kinase B in the regulation of MITOSIS. (lookformedical.com)
  • An aurora kinase that is a component of the chromosomal passenger protein complex and is involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. (lookformedical.com)
  • An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. (lookformedical.com)
  • The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters. (lookformedical.com)
  • Mammalian aurora-A belongs to a multigenic family of mitotic serine/threonine kinases comprising two other members: aurora-B and aurora-C. In this review we will focus on aurora-A that starts to localize to centrosomes only in S phase as soon as centrioles have been duplicated, the protein is then degraded in early G1. (lookformedical.com)
  • N-SLIT2 amplifies reactive oxygen species production in response to the bacteria by activating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase that in turn phosphorylates NCF1, an essential subunit of the NADPH oxidase complex. (elifesciences.org)
  • The divisome is a protein complex in bacteria that is responsible for cell division, constriction of inner and outer membranes during division, and peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis at the division site. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • A tubulin-like protein, FtsZ plays a critical role in formation of a contractile ring for the cell division. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Cdk enzymatic activity is tightly controlled through cyclin interactions, posttranslational modifications, and binding of inhibitors such as the p27 tumor suppressor protein. (escholarship.org)
  • Comparing pan-Aurora kinase and Aurora-A targeting hints towards a strong and clinically relevant biological effect mediated via Aurora kinase B. Taken together, our findings characterize a new poor risk group in SCCHN patients defined by elevated EGFR and Aurora-A protein expression. (oncotarget.com)
  • and individual cells, a larger than 90% decrease in MCM proteins concentrations will not impair DNA replication [11C15], recommending a job for MCM protein beyond DNA replication. (ampkpathway.com)
  • The presence of replication stress activates the DNA damage response and downstream checkpoint proteins including ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related kinase (ATR), checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), and WEE1-like protein kinase (WEE1), which trigger cell cycle arrest while protecting and restoring stalled replication forks. (bmj.com)
  • Human DNA topoisomerase II-binding protein 1 (hTopBP1) plays an important role in DNA replication and the DNA damage checkpoint pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The accumulation of hTopBP1 on chromatin and its subsequent interaction with hRad9 lead to cell cycle arrest, a process mediated by Chk1 phosphorylation and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) activation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) signaling cascade is an important pathway involved in the checkpoint control mechanism [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human DNA topoisomerase II-binding protein 1 (TopBP1) and its orthologs play important roles in DNA replication and checkpoint control [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As at the G 1 checkpoint, cell size and protein reserves are assessed. (openstax.org)
  • The recent identification of associations between protein kinases and AD pathology has spurred interest in tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) as potential strategic therapeutic agents for AD. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Initiation of DNA replication during the mitotic cell cycle requires the activation of a cyclin-dependent protein kinase (CDK). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Cyclin D1, a 45-kDa protein encoded by the cyclin D1 gene ( CCND1 ) on 11q13, is one such molecule. (iiarjournals.org)
  • The activation of the kinase function is then followed by a cascade of protein phosphorylations that promotes the transition through the cell-cycle checkpoint from the G 1 phase into the S phase ( 3 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • Western Blotting was used to determine the level of expression of CDC2 protein as measure to quantify down regulation of CDC2 expression along with use of flow cytometry to investigate effect of shRNAs on cell cycles and detection of apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA- PK) can phosphorylate serine 15 of human p53 and the homologous serine 18 of murine p53 in vitro. (uthscsa.edu)
  • Our results demonstrate that DNA-PKcs, unlike the related ATM protein, is not essential for the activation of p53 and G 1 cell cycle arrest in response to ionizing radiation. (uthscsa.edu)
  • Protein kinases are critical to cellular signalling and post-translational gene regulation, but their biological substrates are difficult to identify. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Protein kinases are ubiquitous components of cellular signalling networks [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Inhibitors9
  • Immunotherapy mainly includes immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as inhibitors of PD-1 (programmed cell death 1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). (nature.com)
  • This cycle is primarily regulated by cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-cyclin complexes, checkpoint kinases, and CDK inhibitors. (medicalnotes.info)
  • Given its importance in tumorigenesis, several cell cycle inhibitors have emerged as potential therapeutic drugs for the treatment of cancers-both as single-agent therapy and in combination with traditional cytotoxic or molecular targeting agents. (medicalnotes.info)
  • Controlling the deregulation with cell cycle inhibitors has shown to be beneficial for survival. (ucc.ie)
  • Our study aimed to investigate CDK4/6 inhibitors and their ability to inhibit cell cycle progression. (ucc.ie)
  • Small molecule inhibitors designed to target the DNA damage sensors, such as inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), ATR, CHK1 and WEE1, impair smooth cell cycle modulation and disrupt efficient DNA repair, or a combination of the above, have demonstrated interesting monotherapy and combinatorial activity, including the potential to reverse drug resistance and have entered developmental pipelines. (bmj.com)
  • These findings suggest that tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) could be leveraged as therapeutic agents for AD. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent studies have shown that cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors can have a tremendous impact on cell cycle progression in plants. (uni-bielefeld.de)
  • It is inhibited by Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKI). (biomedcentral.com)
Phosphorylation7
CDK26
  • Cyclin dependent-kinase 2 (CDK2) plays important functions during the mitotic cell cycle and also facilitates several key events during germ cell development. (lu.se)
  • A better understanding of the CDK2 substrates will help us to gain deeper insight into the functions of this universal kinase. (lu.se)
  • The activation of Chk1 by two time-dependent events in the cell cycle, the critical nuclear to cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio and the cyclin E/Cdk2 maternal timer are explored in this study. (vt.edu)
  • Both Chk1 and Cdc25A were unaffected by the disruption of the cyclin E/Cdk2 maternal time in the embryo. (vt.edu)
  • Therefore, the N/C ratio and the cyclin E/Cdk2 maternal timer do not affect Chk1 activation and therefore Cdc25A degradation. (vt.edu)
  • We identify mutations in Spy1 that ablate its ability to activate Cdk2 and to proliferate cells. (escholarship.org)
Inhibition8
  • In all five HPV negative and HPV positive cell lines tested, roscovitine caused inhibition of CDK1 and 2. (oncotarget.com)
  • Combined Aurora kinase and EGFR targeting using a monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody was more effective compared to single EGFR and Aurora kinase inhibition. (oncotarget.com)
  • Both the initiation and inhibition of cell division are triggered by events external to the cell when it is about to begin the replication process. (openstax.org)
  • We have found that a DNA replication checkpoint dependent on the ATM homolog MEC1 operates in wild-type cells during meiosis and can be invoked in response to inhibition of DNA synthesis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Retroviral vectors expressing short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) against CDC2 caused efficient deletion of CDC2, cellular G2/M arrest concluding in apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation in human glioma cells U251 and SHG-44 cell lines ex vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
  • All-trans retinoic acid (atRA) mediated growth inhibition results in the arrest of the cell cycle during the G1 phase in CAOV3 cells but not SKOV3 ovarian carcinoma cells. (temple.edu)
  • Our results show that overexpression of p16 in SKOV3 cells leads to growth inhibition following atRA treatment. (temple.edu)
  • Nevertheless, these results show that p16 plays a role in atRA mediated growth inhibition in ovarian carcinoma cells and that modulation of p16 expression can determine the growth response to atRA. (temple.edu)
Cytoplasm3
  • A cells cycle is positively regulated promoting progress through the stages via the interaction of two classes of proteins found in the cytoplasm. (jove.com)
  • which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane of one cell into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • The passage of a cell through the cell cycle is controlled by proteins in the cytoplasm. (ptgcn.com)
Progression8
  • A vast amount of research exists on the possible molecular mechanisms through which vitamin D affects cancer cell proliferation, cancer progression, angiogenesis, and inflammation. (mdpi.com)
  • Development of preclinical and clinical agents that inhibit cell cycle progression have proven effective in the treatment of cancer. (ucc.ie)
  • In the presence of errors or damage during DNA replication, cell cycle checkpoint nodes and repair machinery work in concert to retard cell cycle progression until sufficient repair has been achieved. (bmj.com)
  • Treatment effects were assessed using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, western blot, cell viability, and cell cycle progression. (nih.gov)
  • The role of cell cycle checkpoint proteins is to integrate internal and external factors to determine whether the cell is prepared for progression of the cell cycle. (ptgcn.com)
  • A checkpoint is one of several points in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which the progression of a cell to the next stage in the cycle can be halted until conditions are favorable. (openstax.org)
  • Furthermore, two HPV oncoproteins, E6 and E7, caused carcinogenesis by targeting various cellular pathways, including HPV DNA integration with host DNA, progression, disturbance of cell-cycle checkpoints, and apoptosis.Despite the success of CC prevention vaccines, therapy for the disease is significantly less satisfactory because of multidrug resistance and side effects. (pdfplayer.org)
  • Abnormalities in cell cycle regulation are reported to be strongly associated with tumorigenesis and progression of tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
Apoptosis7
  • Blocking ROS generation by N -acetyl cysteine protects the cells from DIM-mediated G 2 /M arrest and apoptosis. (aspetjournals.org)
  • JAM3 knockdown additionally inhibited trophoblast proliferation and increased the number of trophoblasts in the sub-G1 and G2/M phases, indicating cell-cycle disturbance and apoptosis. (bioone.org)
  • RT can directly induce cancer cell death through various mechanisms, such as apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. (nature.com)
  • A range of secondary metabolites of plants interfere with the process of assembling and disassembling of microtubules, resulting in the arrest of cells in mitosis and apoptosis. (medicalnotes.info)
  • Our results demonstrate that combined targeting of EGFR and Aurora kinases represents a therapeutic means to activate cell cycle checkpoints and apoptosis in SCCHN. (oncotarget.com)
  • Growing knowledge regarding molecules that control the cell cycle and apoptosis is expected to contribute to the identification of new therapy targets. (iiarjournals.org)
  • The fenbendazole-induced apoptosis occurred through the induction of multiple pathways, including p21-mediated cell-cycle arrest. (sunquicksf.com)
Ataxia2
  • We show that GH suppresses epithelial DNA damage repair and blocks ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase autophosphorylation with decreased activity. (bvsalud.org)
  • During normal DNA replication, the checkpoint kinase ATR (ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related) is activated by ETAA1 to block this switch until the S phase ends. (elsevierpure.com)
Molecules6
  • Other G 2 /M regulatory molecules such as Cdc25C, Cdk1, cyclin B1 were down-regulated by DIM. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Early evidence for the formation of G-quadruplexes in vivo in cells was established by isolating them from cells, and later by the observation that specific DNA helicases could be identified where small molecules specific for these DNA structures accumulated in cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this review, we discuss the changes in irradiated cancer cells and immune cells in the TME under different RT regimens and describe existing and potential molecules that could be targeted to improve the therapeutic effects of RT. (nature.com)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • The cell synthesizes molecules, such as ribonucleic acid (RNA) and various proteins. (sciencing.com)
  • Tubulin is involved in a variety of essential cell functions, such as cell division and the transport of organelles and other molecules. (sunquicksf.com)
Biology8
  • His DNA damage research includes elements of Nuclear export signal, Cell cycle checkpoint, Cyclin-dependent kinase 1, Cyclin B1 and Molecular biology. (research.com)
  • His Gene research is multidisciplinary, incorporating perspectives in High-Throughput Screening Assays and Cell biology. (research.com)
  • In cell biology, mitosis is a part of the cell cycle, in which, replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • John Diffley is known for his elegant use of genetics, biochemistry, molecular and cellular biology to elaborate the events that occur at origins of eukaryotic DNA replication throughout the cell cycle. (royalsociety.org)
  • I am a senior lecturer in Cell Bilogy and a member of the plant biology group. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Previous to this I completed my BSc in Cell and Human Biology here at Oxford Brookes University. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • I'm using cell and molecular biology techniques, biochemistry as well as microscopy to characterise the plant SUN proteins. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • For a century, the nucleus has been the focus of extensive investigations in cell biology. (brookes.ac.uk)
Complexes3
  • The Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery mediates the membrane fission step that completes cytokinetic abscission and separates dividing cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • Divisome and elongasome complexes responsible for peptidoglycan synthesis during lateral cell-wall growth and division. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Thus, hTopBP1 constitutes an important part of the ATR signaling pathway and acts as a molecular bridge that associates the independently recruited 9-1-1 and ATR-ATRIP complexes, thereby leading to checkpoint activation [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Chk27
  • To further establish the involvement of Chk2 in DIM-mediated G 2 /M arrest, cells were transfected with dominant-negative Chk2 (DN-Chk2). (aspetjournals.org)
  • Blocking Chk2 activation by DN-Chk2 completely protected cells from DIM-mediated G 2 /M arrest. (aspetjournals.org)
  • These results were further confirmed in Chk2 knockout DT40 lymphoma cells, in which DIM failed to cause cell cycle arrest. (aspetjournals.org)
  • These results clearly indicate the requirement of Chk2 activation to cause G 2 /M arrest by DIM in ovarian cancer cells. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Our results establish Chk2 as a potent molecular target of DIM in ovarian cancer cells and provide the rationale for further clinical investigation of DIM. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The Chk1 kinase and its main upstream activator kinase, ATR, are essential checkpoint effectors in response to a wide variety of genotoxic tensions, and inhibit source firing by focusing on the replication kinases, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and Dbf4-dependent kinase (DDK) [21], while Chk2 and its main upstream activator ATM are primarily associated with the cellular response to double-strand DNA breaks [22]. (ampkpathway.com)
  • Whereas Chk1 and Chk2 have been reported to be involved in unique signaling pathways originally, there is certainly installation proof for a thorough crosstalk between ATR-Chk1 and ATM-Chk2 controlled checkpoint replies [23]. (ampkpathway.com)
Genetics1
  • Because of its mutated aggressive genetics, this cell has a selective growth advantage over its neighbors. (medscape.com)
Arrest10
  • Growth-inhibitory effects of DIM were mediated by cell cycle arrest in G 2 /M phase in all the three cell lines. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Cell-cycle arrest was associated with the engagement of checkpoint kinase 2-cell division cycle 25C-cyclin-dependent kinase 1/cyclin B1 signaling. (bioone.org)
  • Currently it is known that antitumor agents can arrest cell division by one or several mechanisms. (medicalnotes.info)
  • Chk1 regulates cell cycle arrest in the presence of unreplicated DNA in somatic cells by phosphorylating Cdc25A and leading to its degradation. (vt.edu)
  • Structure-guided point mutations in either CAPN7 MIT domain disrupted IST1 binding in vitro and in cells, and depletion/rescue experiments showed that the CAPN7-IST1 interaction is required for: 1) CAPN7 recruitment to midbodies, 2) efficient abscission, and 3) NoCut checkpoint arrest. (elifesciences.org)
  • In line with this, for HPV negative but not for HPV positive cell lines, treatment with roscovitine resulted in a pronounced enhancement of the radiation-induced G2 arrest as well as a significant increase in radiosensitivity. (oncotarget.com)
  • Furthermore, LY2835219 has additional anti-proliferative effects on cell cycling, including induction of an RB-associated G (1) arrest via suppression of cyclin D-CDK4/6-Rb pathway. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, we investigated several cell cycle-related proteins and found that co-knockdown of hTopBP1 and hMYH significantly diminished cell cycle arrest due to compromised checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) activation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Contradictory reports exist about the requirement for DNA-PK in vivo for p53 activation and cell cycle arrest in response to ionizing radiation. (uthscsa.edu)
  • While primary SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency) cells, that have defective DNA-PK, show normal p53 activation and cell cycle arrest, a transcriptionally inert form of p53 is induced in the SCID cell line SCGR11. (uthscsa.edu)
Mitotic cell4
Genes12
  • The identified DEGs included 20 downregulated genes and 51 upregulated genes, which were highly associated with the cell cycle, organelle fission, chromosome segregation, cell division and spindle stability. (cancerindex.org)
  • 912, 2202, and 1227 genes were significantly differentially expressed between cases with self-reported T2D and controls in neurones, astrocytes, and endothelial cells respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Numerous genes transcribed in oocytes are involved in multiple aspects of cell maintenance and protection, including metabolism, signal perception and transduction, RNA processing, cell cycle, defense against pathogens and DNA damage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Several genetic alterations have been described in SCCHN, including mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene and mutations in genes that encode cell cycle proteins such as p16 and cyclin D1. (oncotarget.com)
  • This checkpoint control is critical to avoid genomic instability, and mutations in PGE1 ic50 checkpoint genes are often associated with malignancy [19,20]. (ampkpathway.com)
  • Nanoparticles (NPs) are tailored drug delivery vectors that can selectively target huge dosages of chemotherapeutic drugs or therapeutic genes into cancer cells while leaving healthy cells alone. (pdfplayer.org)
  • The cell cycle is a complex process with myriad genes involved and elaborate and complex signaling mechanisms to allow for this critical cellular process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We also show that human CDK targets are enriched for proteins that contain clustered consensus matches and, by searching human cell cycle genes, we predict several putative CDK targets, including the human orthologs of Schizosaccharomyces pombe CDC5 (CDC5L) and S. cerevisiae Cdc20p (CDC20). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Additionally, we also examined the effect of atRA treatment on the expression of homeobox genes in the CAOV3 cells and SKOV3 cells model system. (temple.edu)
  • In these studies we examined the expression of 13 homeobox genes in CAOV3 cells and SKOV3 cells following ethanol or atRA treatment. (temple.edu)
  • The 13 homeobox genes were analyzed because previous studies done by our laboratory observed differences in expression of these homeobox genes when comparing atRA sensitive oral squamous carcinoma cells (SCC) to atRA resistant oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. (temple.edu)
  • Of the 13 homeobox genes analyzed in the ovarian carcinoma cell model system, we found HOXA1 and HOXB4 to be upregulated by atRA in CAOV3 cells but not in SKOV3 cells. (temple.edu)
Mitosis18
  • After A is degraded, concentrations of cyclin B peak in M phase and the complex will activate the different stages of mitosis. (jove.com)
  • When B levels drop, the cell exits mitosis and divides. (jove.com)
  • In Xenopus laevis, early embryonic development consists of twelve rapid cleavage cycles between DNA replication (S) and mitosis (M) without checkpoints or gap phases. (vt.edu)
  • The checkpoint original model represents the activity of Cdc25 phosphatase on the mitosis promoting factor (MPF) that leads the cell into mitosis. (vt.edu)
  • A family of highly conserved serine-threonine kinases that are involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. (lookformedical.com)
  • An aurora kinase that localizes to the CENTROSOME during MITOSIS and is involved in centrosome regulation and formation of the MITOTIC SPINDLE. (lookformedical.com)
  • a vegetative division, whereby each daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell (mitosis), and a reproductive cell division, whereby the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells is reduced by half to produce haploid gametes (meiosis). (mathisfunforum.com)
  • The different stages of mitosis all together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle-the division of the mother cell into two genetically identical daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • After growth, cell division by mitosis allows for continual construction and repair of the organism. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Eukaryotic cell divisions can be classified as mitosis (equational division) and meiosis (reductional division). (mathisfunforum.com)
  • The term mitosis refers specifically to the process whereby the nucleus of the parent cell splits into two identical nuclei prior to cell division. (visionlearning.com)
  • Mitosis is the part of the cell cycle that involves cell division, but the average cell spends 90 percent of its life in interphase, which simply means the cell is living and growing and not dividing. (sciencing.com)
  • The second phase is mitosis, or M phase, which is when cell division occurs. (sciencing.com)
  • Prokaryotic cell division is called binary fission instead of mitosis. (sciencing.com)
  • Once a cell divides, that is the end of the mitosis phase, and it immediately starts interphase again. (sciencing.com)
  • When scientists discovered the busy, fundamental cellular work of mitosis under the microscope, they interpreted the relatively less dramatic interphase to be a resting, or pausing phase between cell divisions. (sciencing.com)
  • Thus, ATR couples DNA replication with mitosis and preserves genome integrity by enforcing an S/G 2 checkpoint. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In eukaryotes, the entry into mitosis is regulated by the activation of CDC2/Cyclin B1 complex (M-phase promoting factor, MPF). (biomedcentral.com)
Downstream1
Chk13
  • Chk1 plays a critical but not fully understood role in cell cycle remodeling and early embryonic development. (vt.edu)
  • In order to understand the function and regulation of Chk1 in checkpoints, the features of the MBT that activate Chk1 must be identified. (vt.edu)
  • hTopBP1 and hMYH were involved in ATR-mediated Chk1 activation, moreover, both of them were associated with ATR and hRad9 which known as checkpoint-involved proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Meiosis2
Regulation4
  • His Gene expression profiling research is multidisciplinary, relying on both Mutation, Regulation of gene expression, Cell growth and Cancer research. (research.com)
  • One goal of this work is to understand the developmental role and regulation of checkpoint signaling pathways due to its monitoring of DNA integrity within the cell. (vt.edu)
  • This regulation is necessary to prevent a loss of control of cell growth. (sciencing.com)
  • Cyclins are a group of proteins that play a key role in the control and regulation of the cell cycle. (iiarjournals.org)
Cancer27
  • We evaluated the effect of 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) in ovarian cancer cells. (aspetjournals.org)
  • DIM treatment inhibited the growth of SKOV-3, TOV-21G, and OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells in both a dose- and time-dependent manner with effective concentrations ranging from 40 to 100 μM. (aspetjournals.org)
  • RT-induced damage to cancer cells leads to different outcomes, such as survival, senescence, or death. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, inflammatory mediators released by irradiated dying cells can attract and regulate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), further killing cancer cells. (nature.com)
  • One study reported an increased survival benefit with simultaneous RT compared with sequential administration, 8 while another study found no significant difference between the two strategies, 9 possibly because simultaneous RT plus immunotherapy and the administration of an ICI before RT may kill cancer cells as well a substantial number of immune cells, leading to poor systemic response and toxic side effects. (nature.com)
  • We conducted a systematic review of the literature on the effects of vitamin D on ovarian cancer cell. (mdpi.com)
  • Antitumor agents kill those cells that divide rapidly, which is one of the main property in most types of cancer cells. (medicalnotes.info)
  • In turn, as a result of research into the abnormal cancer cell, the basic understanding of the cell has greatly improved. (medscape.com)
  • Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth and division of a cell, with extension beyond the normally limiting basement membrane and through the boundaries of normal cells. (medscape.com)
  • This is the multihit theory of tumorigenesis, in which a series of multiple triggering events in the genetic and cellular makeup of a cell ultimately cause cancer. (medscape.com)
  • [ 6 ] These events lead the cancer cell to escape normal cell growth and control mechanisms, to avoid system control mechanisms (ie, immunologic surveillance), and to establish a nutrient supply. (medscape.com)
  • We have evaluated pancreatic cancer cell lines response to low dose chemotherapy and Electrochemotherapy. (ucc.ie)
  • Cell cycle deregulation is regularly seen in pancreatic cancer. (ucc.ie)
  • Our HCC signature covered well-established liver cancer hallmarks, and network analyses revealed coordinated interaction between several MRs. One novel MR, SEC14L2 , exerted an anti-proliferative effect in HCC cells and strongly suppressed tumor growth in a mouse model. (aging-us.com)
  • Squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (SCCHN) is the sixth leading cause for cancer deaths worldwide. (oncotarget.com)
  • 13 Genome Plasticity and B Cell, University of Paris-Sud, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Cancer Institute Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. (jci.org)
  • Recent studies have examined the consequences of epigenetic marks and cell cycle control, which has led to more research regarding cell division cancer, emphasizing the fact that the cell division process requires accurate checkpoints to avoid genetic damage. (ptgcn.com)
  • Immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded human breast cancer tissue slide using 55004-1-AP (Cyclin B1 Antibody) at a dilution of 1:200 (under 10x lens). (ptgcn.com)
  • More than 90% of oral malignant neoplasms are squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC), which are among the ten most frequent malignancies in humans and this entity is the eighth leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide ( 1 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • Cancer is the second most prevalent cause of female mortality globally, marked by the uncontrolled growth and spread of cancerous cells. (pdfplayer.org)
  • By addressing the limitations of conventional chemotherapy, such as poor biodistribution, cancer cell drug resistance, and significant systemic adverse effects, NPs hold great promise of drastically transforming the face of oncology[1-2]. (pdfplayer.org)
  • for example, hydrophilic surfaces give NPs stealthy properties for extended circulation durations, while positively charged surfaces can help cancer cells internalize more rapidly[1].Dendrimers, for example, are a kind of NP now being studied for cancer therapeutic purposes.This article reviews the targeting features of cancer therapy as well as numerous polymer-based nanocarriers. (pdfplayer.org)
  • Sensitization of cancer cells to conventional drugs using multi-target agents that block survival and oncogenic pathways, alone or in combination, is an emerging strategy to overcome drug resistance. (researchsquare.com)
  • Cancer is characterized as the uncontrolled multiplication and spread of the body's particular cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • It is regarded as a desired target to treat cancer and tumor by interrupting aberrant cell proliferation. (mdpi.com)
  • Fenbendazole has also been shown to inhibit the growth of human melanoma, ovarian and prostate cancer cells in vitro. (sunquicksf.com)
  • Another exciting finding in the research of fenben for humans is that this compound can reactivate the p53 genome in cancer cells. (sunquicksf.com)
Regulate2
  • During the cell cycle, there are two main checkpoints that regulate entrance into S and M phases. (vt.edu)
  • It is predicted that MCPH gene mutations may lead to the disease phenotype due to a disturbed mitotic spindle orientation, premature chromosomal condensation, signalling response as a result of damaged DNA, microtubule dynamics, transcriptional control or a few other hidden centrosomal mechanisms that can regulate the number of neurons produced by neuronal precursor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Substrates2
Reactive oxygen1
  • One of the oxidative DNA lesions frequently generated upon exposure of cells to reactive oxygen species (ROS) is 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Regulatory3
  • Internal regulatory checkpoints ensure that a cell's size, energy reserves, and DNA quality and completeness are sufficient to advance through the cell cycle. (jove.com)
  • Spy1/RINGO (Spy1) proteins bind and activate Cdk but are resistant to canonical regulatory mechanisms that establish cell-cycle checkpoints. (escholarship.org)
  • In the high CDK5 subgroup, CD8 + T cells revealed a dysfunction phenotype with decreased granzyme B, and more regulatory T cells were identified. (e-crt.org)
Response to DNA damage1
  • His laboratory also contributed to understanding how replication origins are regulated by checkpoint kinases in response to DNA damage. (royalsociety.org)
Gene4
  • The various areas that Richard S. Paules examines in his Gene expression study include Acetaminophen, Pharmacology, Immunology, Cell synchronization and Internal medicine. (research.com)
  • The zinc finger domain of Tzfp binds to the tbs motif located at the upstream flanking region of the Aie1 (aurora-C) kinase gene. (lookformedical.com)
  • Background/Aim: Cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) has a G to A polymorphism at the splice donor site of exon 4, position 870. (iiarjournals.org)
  • MCPH is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern in which both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. (biomedcentral.com)
Molecule3
  • Junctional adhesion molecule 3 (JAM3) is involved in epithelial cell junction, cell polarity, and motility. (bioone.org)
  • A molecule called cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) regulates the cell cycle. (sciencing.com)
  • Expression of cyclin D1 has been reported to be a strong predictor for the clinical outcome of OSCC ( 4 ), and amplification of CCND1 was found significantly more frequently in patients with OSCC than in healthy controls ( 5 ), suggesting the predictive and prognostic value of this molecule and its potential as a therapeutic target. (iiarjournals.org)
Enzymes1
  • E is then degraded by cytoplasmic enzymes and cyclin A concentrations increase throughout the S phase and remain high into G2 to promote entry into the M phase when in an active complex. (jove.com)
Chromosome6
  • Aurora kinases are found in all organisms in which their function has been conserved throughout evolution, namely the control of chromosome segregation. (lookformedical.com)
  • Prokaryotes typically only have one chromosome that is not even contained by a nuclear membrane, and they lack the organelles that other kinds of cells have. (sciencing.com)
  • During binary fission, a prokaryotic cell makes a copy of its chromosome, and then attaches each sister copy of the chromosome to an opposing side of its cell membrane. (sciencing.com)
  • Proper chromosome duplication is assessed at the G 2 checkpoint. (openstax.org)
  • Although cells that lack clb5 and clb6 are unable to activate the meiotic DNA replication checkpoint, they do possess an intact DNA damage checkpoint which can restrain chromosome segregation in the face of DNA damage. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The cell cycle is strictly ordered to ensure faithful genome duplication and chromosome segregation. (elsevierpure.com)
Mechanisms5
  • Maintaining genomic integrity is of utmost importance to eukaryotic cells, which have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to ensure speed, accuracy, and an adequate pool of nucleotide and replication factors as well as high-fidelity repair pathways to correct errors occurring during DNA replication. (bmj.com)
  • The timing of events in the cell cycle is controlled by mechanisms that are both internal and external to the cell. (openstax.org)
  • If the checkpoint mechanisms detect problems with the DNA, the cell cycle is halted, and the cell attempts to either complete DNA replication or repair the damaged DNA. (openstax.org)
  • Control mechanisms establish this order by dictating when a cell transitions from one phase to the next. (elsevierpure.com)
  • They have complementary mechanisms to hinder the carcinogenic process by searching free radicals, inhibiting survival and multiplication of malignant cells, as well as reducing invasiveness and angiogenesis of tumors. (researchsquare.com)
Prognostic1
  • Tissue microarrays (TMAs) including I-IV grade clinical glioma samples was used to determine the prognostic effect of the CDC2/Cyclin B1 expression in gliomas on different grades. (biomedcentral.com)
Division33
Therapeutic1
  • These effects on brain cells potentially contribute to a diabetic dementia, and may provide novel approaches for therapeutic intervention. (biomedcentral.com)
Mutations1
  • Mistakes in the duplication or distribution of the chromosomes lead to mutations that may be passed forward to every new cell produced from an abnormal cell. (openstax.org)
Proliferation1
  • MTT colorimetric assays, colony formation assays and 5‑ethynyl‑20‑deoxyuridine incorporation assays were also conducted to evaluate ACC cell proliferation. (cancerindex.org)
Tumor microenvironment1
  • Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) affects the tumor microenvironment, which may influence the efficacy of TKI+IO. (e-crt.org)
Initiation3
  • In response to DNA harm during S phase, cells rapidly block replication initiation in addition to the slowing of the progressing replication forks [17,18]. (ampkpathway.com)
  • Additionally, cyclin-dependent kinase promotes initiation by phosphorylating Sld2 and Sld3. (royalsociety.org)
  • Moving forward from this initiation point, every parameter required during each cell cycle phase must be met or the cycle cannot progress. (openstax.org)
Integrity3
  • Any obstacles encountered by cells in this process can lead to 'replicative stress' ( Figure 1 ), 1 which may be overcome by replicative stress response proteins, but deficiencies in this response result in accumulated errors in DNA replication and loss of genomic integrity, which lead to cell death. (bmj.com)
  • Overall, the identification of age- and Alzheimer's-dependent retinal capillary degeneration and compromised BRB integrity starting at early disease stages in ADtg mice could contribute to the development of novel targets for AD diagnosis and therapy. (bvsalud.org)
  • The integrity of the DNA is assessed at the G 1 checkpoint. (openstax.org)
Interphase5
  • In mitotic metaphase, typically the chromosomes (each with 2 sister chromatid that they developed due to replication in the S phase of interphase) arranged and sister chromatids split and distributed towards daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Interphase is the first of two phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle. (sciencing.com)
  • The newly divided cell, which is now one of two cells that were previously a single cell, is in the G 1 subphase of interphase. (sciencing.com)
  • At a certain point late in the G 1 stage, the cell has to "decide" whether or not to move on to the next stage of interphase. (sciencing.com)
  • Whatever the source of the message, the cell receives the signal, and a series of events within the cell allows it to proceed into interphase. (openstax.org)
Damage7
  • In addition to its contribution to small and large vessel disease, T2D may directly damage cells of the brain neurovascular unit. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To investigate the part of the PGE1 ic50 MCM proteins in regulating cell growth as well as investigate the signaling of DNA damage, we used shRNAs delivered Rabbit polyclonal to ACSS2 through lentiviruses focusing on MCM2 (shMCM2) or MCM3 (shMCM3) in the U2OS cell line, as well as a non-silencing control (shControl). (ampkpathway.com)
  • Strategies that increase replicative stress while lowering cell cycle checkpoint thresholds may allow unrepaired DNA damage to be inappropriately carried forward in replicating cells, leading to mitotic catastrophe and cell death. (bmj.com)
  • Non-pituitary growth hormone (npGH) is induced in human colon, non-transformed human colon cells, and fibroblasts, and in 3-dimensional intestinal organoids with age-associated DNA damage. (bvsalud.org)
  • WT mice exhibit age-dependent colon DNA damage accumulation, while in aged mice devoid of colon GH signaling, DNA damage remains low, with elevated p53. (bvsalud.org)
  • The key role of checkpoint proteins is to detect DNA damage and send a signal to delay cell cycle advance until the damaged chromosomes are repaired (Figure 1). (ptgcn.com)
  • In addition to adequate reserves and cell size, there is a check for genomic DNA damage at the G 1 checkpoint. (openstax.org)
Deregulation1
Yeast2
  • His laboratory showed that cyclin-dependent kinases prevent pre-RC assembly in budding yeast by inhibiting ORC, and by regulating Cdc6 proteolysis and Mcm2-7 nuclear localisation. (royalsociety.org)
  • The B-type cyclins Clb5 and Clb6 are the primary activators of the S phase function of the budding yeast CDK Cdc28. (ox.ac.uk)
Replication checkpoint1
Serine1
  • A family of serine/threonine kinase Aurora constitutes a key regulator in the orchestration of mitotic events. (lookformedical.com)
Phosphorylate1
  • Finally, we examine co-clustering of the CDK consensus motifs with the 'cy' or RXL motif [ 17 ], which is known to be important in determining which CDK-cyclin complex will phosphorylate a given substrate. (biomedcentral.com)
Overexpression4
  • Aurora A overexpression in many malignant tumor types suggests that it may be directly involved in NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. (lookformedical.com)
  • Ectopic kinase overexpression in any culture cell line leads to polyploidy and centrosome amplification. (lookformedical.com)
  • However, overexpression of aurora-A in particular cell lines such as NIH3T3 is sufficient to induce growth on soft agar. (lookformedical.com)
  • Increasingly numerous results have demonstrated overexpression of CDC2/Cyclin B1 in various tumors however there is still no report of CDC2/Cyclin B1 expression in clinical samples from patients with gliomas. (biomedcentral.com)
Spindle2
  • Works in various organisms have revealed that the kinase is involved in centrosome separation, duplication and maturation as well as in bipolar spindle assembly and stability. (lookformedical.com)
  • Attachment of each kinetochore to a spindle fiber is assessed at the M checkpoint. (openstax.org)
Proteolytic1
  • CAPN7 proteolytic activity is also required for abscission and checkpoint maintenance. (elifesciences.org)
Malignant2
  • Traditional chemotherapy is nonspecific in its targeting of malignant cells, leaving normal healthy cells vulnerable to the drug's side effects. (pdfplayer.org)
  • To reveal the roles of CDC2/Cyclin B1 in human malignant gliomas, CDC2 in glioma cell line, it was down-regulated by retrovirus vectors expressing short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) ex vivo and in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
Head and neck squamous cell carc5
  • A phase II study showed that patients with resected local-regionally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) had improved survival when pembrolizumab was added to adjuvant RT (NCT02641093). (nature.com)
  • An image depicting head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro can be seen below. (medscape.com)
  • Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro (cell culture). (medscape.com)
  • At present, advanced stage human Papillomavirus (HPV) negative and positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are treated by intense multimodal therapy that includes radiochemotherapy, which are associated with relevant side effects. (oncotarget.com)
  • Two main etiologies of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are recognized that reveal distinct biological characteristics. (oncotarget.com)
Nuclei1
  • 2. High accumulation of Cyclin B1 in the nuclei can be used as a marker for studying the G2/M phase (Figure 3). (ptgcn.com)
Oogenesis1
  • Today, it is generally thought that the combination of determinants deposited by the mother during oogenesis and the inductive signals between different cells trigger the specification of different cell lineages during development of the embryo [ 7 , 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Interacts1
  • Then hTopBP1 interacts with ATR-ATRIP through its ATR-activating domain (AD) and stimulates ATR kinase activity [ 8 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Antibody1
  • Western blot of Knockout validated Cyclin D1 antibody in HepG2, SW 1990, and NIH/3T3 cell lines with 60186-1-Ig at a dilution of 1:10000 incubated at room temperature for 1.5 hours. (ptgcn.com)
Proteins that control1
  • The oocyte is loaded with maternal mRNAs and proteins that control the cell maintenance and fate and the formation of the body plan prior to the onset of zygotic genome expression [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Nuclear2
  • In eukaryotic cells the genetic material is surrounded by a membrane system called the nuclear envelope (NE). (brookes.ac.uk)
  • The Nuclear Envelope is a hallmark of eukaryotic cells. (brookes.ac.uk)
Expression6
  • JAM3 expression in cell-cell junctions decreased with the formation of syncytiotrophoblasts. (bioone.org)
  • Furthermore, H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress reduced JAM3 expression in trophoblasts and cell culture supernatants. (bioone.org)
  • We analyzed the clinical data and performed immunohistochemistry for Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Aurora kinase A (Aurora-A) expression in 180 SCCHN patients. (oncotarget.com)
  • Also, the expression of Cyclin D should be decreased at the G2/M checkpoint (Figure 4). (ptgcn.com)
  • Retroviral vectors expressing short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeted against CDC2 were designed and transducted into human glioma cell line ex vivo in order to downregulate the expression of CDC2. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We also found that the induction of HOXA1 and HOXB4 mRNA expression in CAOV3 cells occurred as a respond to atRA treatment and is not due to a generalized response because of overall growth reduction. (temple.edu)
Neurons1
  • In humans, the frequency of cell turnover ranges from a few hours in early embryonic development, to an average of two to five days for epithelial cells, and to an entire human lifetime spent in G 0 by specialized cells, such as cortical neurons or cardiac muscle cells. (openstax.org)