• In positron emission tomography (PET), the use of ionizing radioisotopes is required. (lu.se)
  • There are three known stable isotopes of oxygen (8O): 16 O , 17 O , and 18 O . Radioactive isotopes ranging from 11 O to 28 O have also been characterized, all short-lived. (wikipedia.org)
  • As some methods of isotope separation enrich not only heavier isotopes of hydrogen but also heavier isotopes of oxygen when producing heavy water, the concentration of 17 O and 18 O can be measurably higher. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore the 17 O(n,α)14 C reaction is a further undesirable result of an elevated concentration of heavier isotopes of oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore facilities which remove tritium from heavy water used in nuclear reactors often also remove or at least reduce the amount of heavier isotopes of oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unstable isotopes of oxygen that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. (nih.gov)
  • This is fundamental because it allows radon to easily penetrate most common building materials, unlike Oxygen (O2), which is obviously comprised of two atoms. (northcentralradon.com)
  • 2 , in which the two oxygen atoms are chemically bonded to each other with a spin triplet electron configuration . (wikidoc.org)
  • Cobalt oxide is a family of chemical compounds consisting of cobalt and oxygen atoms. (rgbcolorcode.com)
  • Sn atoms with atomic weights 108-111, 113, 120-121, 123 and 125-128 are tin radioisotopes. (childrensmercy.org)
  • The longest-lived radioisotope is 15 O with a half-life of 122.266(43) s, while the shortest-lived isotope is the unbound 11 O with a half-life of 198(12) yoctoseconds, though half-lives have not been measured for the unbound heavy isotopes 27 O and 28 O . mO - Excited nuclear isomer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Heaviest particle-bound isotope of oxygen, see Nuclear drip line Natural oxygen is made of three stable isotopes, 16 O , 17 O , and 18 O , with 16 O being the most abundant (99.762% natural abundance). (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to natural oxygen being mostly 16 O, samples enriched with the other stable isotopes can be used for isotope labeling. (wikipedia.org)
  • For example, it was proven, that the oxygen released in photosynthesis originates in H2O, rather than in the also consumed CO2, by isotope tracing experiments. (wikipedia.org)
  • The analysis of stable oxygen isotope ratios (δ 18 O) is a tool that is frequently applied in bioarchaeology for researching human remains. (sciendo.com)
  • The results of this research have indicated that the isotope delta of oxygen in the bones and teeth of mammals reflects the origin of ingested water and food. (sciendo.com)
  • Apart from environmental issues, one of the most frequent doubts pertaining to the isotope research of oxygen isotopes in the context of migration is the fact that humans insert some liquids into the organisms with the isotopic composition possibly differentiated, which is determined not only by many geographical and climatic factors but also cultural (social) issues. (sciendo.com)
  • 2 . Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen and helium [1] and the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. (wikidoc.org)
  • Oxygen is the most abundant element on the earth's crust. (openstax.org)
  • About 50% of the mass of the earth's crust consists of oxygen (combined with other elements, principally silicon). (openstax.org)
  • It so happened that about a year before I was due to get out of the Army, my old teacher from the University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Seymour Kety, had published a number of papers on the new method that allowed one to measure the rate of blood flow and the rate of oxygen consumption and glucose utilization in the brain of human beings. (nih.gov)
  • Deoxyglucose (or 2-deoxyglucose) -- An analog of glucose with one less oxygen molecule, which can be taken up by cells as glucose is, but cannot be metabolized further than the first step in the glycolysis chemical pathway. (nih.gov)
  • Tumour cells use glucose without using oxygen and get less energy and convert glucose into a byproduct called lactic acid, which is toxic to the body. (dogsandpupsmagazine.com)
  • Both high glucose and GLY increased oxygen consumption in β-HC9 cells (15-30%) with a maximal effect at 8 mmol/l for glucose and at 250 nmol/l for GLY. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Oxygen is produced industrially by fractional distillation of liquefied air, use of zeolites to remove carbon dioxide and nitrogen from air, electrolysis of water and other means. (wikidoc.org)
  • [8] These orbitals are classified as antibonding (weakening the bond order from three to two), so the diatomic oxygen bond is weaker than the diatomic nitrogen triple bond in which all bonding molecular orbitals are filled, but some antibonding orbitals are not. (wikidoc.org)
  • In combination with carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen, oxygen is a large part of plants and animals. (openstax.org)
  • As liquid air warms, oxygen with its higher boiling point (90 K) separates from nitrogen, which has a lower boiling point (77 K). It is possible to separate the other components of air at the same time based on differences in their boiling points. (openstax.org)
  • This included a gene variant, or mutation, called EPAS1 , which has been linked to the Himalayan people's ability to withstand hypoxia, the low-oxygen conditions found at high altitudes. (sciencenewslab.com)
  • Without these systems, astronauts would quickly succumb to hypoxia (lack of oxygen), dehydration, and hyperthermia (excess heat). (infonettc.org)
  • The oxygen contained in CO2 in turn is used to make up the sugars formed by photosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • In nature, singlet oxygen is commonly formed from water during photosynthesis, using the energy of sunlight. (wikidoc.org)
  • Thus, the oxygen that became carbon dioxide and water by the metabolic processes in plants and animals returns to the atmosphere by photosynthesis. (openstax.org)
  • Radon and radon decay products (radioisotopes of heavy metals) can essentially link to other airborne matter like dust or mold and ultimately facilitate in the inhalation of the radioactive gas. (northcentralradon.com)
  • Oxidative DNA adducts after Cu(2+)-mediated activation of dihydroxy PCBs: role of reactive oxygen species. (nih.gov)
  • Based on the obtained results, we determined no observed effect level (NOEL), and calculated EC10 and EC50 concentrations for growth rate inhibition, esterase activity, membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation changes for each tested CNM. (bvsalud.org)
  • The toxicity was evaluated as growth rate inhibition, esterase activity, membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species generation changes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Oxygen is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O . It is a member of the chalcogen group on the periodic table , and is a highly reactive nonmetallic period 2 element that readily forms compounds (notably oxides ) with almost all other elements. (wikidoc.org)
  • As the radioisotope undergoes positron emission decay (also known as positive beta decay), it emits a positron, the antimatter counterpart of an electron. (wikidoc.org)
  • Binary compounds with halogens (known as halides), oxygen (known as oxides), hydrogen (known as hydrides), and other compounds of ruthenium where known. (webelements.com)
  • Most of the oxygen isolated commercially comes from air and the remainder from the electrolysis of water. (openstax.org)
  • Solid samples (organic and inorganic) for oxygen isotopic ratios are usually stored in silver cups and measured with pyrolysis and mass spectrometry. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1984, Longinelli was the first to prove that there was a significant linear relation between the average value of the isotopic composition of oxygen in rainwater and the isotopic composition of oxygen in bone phosphates ( Longinelli, 1984 ). (sciendo.com)
  • On the other hand, the conversion of the isotopic composition of oxygen in bone phosphates to δ 18 O of water generates a relatively large error margin that widens the isotopic range of the environment. (sciendo.com)
  • All major classes of structural molecules in living organisms, such as proteins , carbohydrates , and fats , contain oxygen, as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, teeth, and bone. (wikidoc.org)
  • About 109 kelvin is needed to fuse oxygen into sulfur. (wikipedia.org)
  • High-grade transvaal chalcopyrite was neutron-irradiated to produce radioisotopes copper- 64, iron-59, and sulfur-35. (cdc.gov)
  • However, cobalt is usually found in the environment combined with other elements such as oxygen, sulfur, and arsenic. (cdc.gov)
  • This paper presents a study of the ultra-trace determination of oxygen and carbon by charged particle activation analysis following the above outlined procedure. (tamu.edu)
  • A significant amount of oxygen produced commercially is important in the removal of carbon from iron during steel production. (openstax.org)
  • The blood carries the carbon dioxide through the veins to the lungs, where the blood releases the carbon dioxide and collects another supply of oxygen. (openstax.org)
  • A group of carbon-oxygen lyases. (lookformedical.com)
  • These enzymes catalyze the breakage of a carbon-oxygen bond in polysaccharides leading to an unsaturated product and the elimination of an alcohol. (lookformedical.com)
  • When dry oxygen is passed between two electrically charged plates, ozone (O 3 , illustrated in Figure 18.42 ), an allotrope of oxygen possessing a distinctive odor, forms. (openstax.org)
  • Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas at ordinary temperatures. (openstax.org)
  • Such particle accelerators can be used to produce short-lived radioisotopes to use as labels/tags for experimental or medical diagnostic tracer materials. (nih.gov)
  • In the last decade, in vivo oxygen-17 ( 17 O) MRS has evolved into a promising MR technique for noninvasively studying oxygen metabolism and perfusion in aerobic organs with the capability of imaging the regional metabolic rate of oxygen and its changes. (nih.gov)
  • we will also discuss the advantages of the high/ultrahigh magnetic field for 17 O MR detection, as well as the challenges and potential of this unique MRS method for biomedical research of oxygen metabolism, mitochondrial function and tissue energetics in health and disease. (nih.gov)
  • The effects of solution variables such as ph, oxygen partial pressure, and ferric iron concentration at different temperatures were measured. (cdc.gov)
  • The most well-known technique for measuring oxygen saturation is pulse oximetry that uses the physiologic activity of the cardiac pulse, in combination with the difference in spectroscopic reflectance at wavelength of 660 nm and 940 nm defining the concentration of oxyhemo and deoxyhema, to determine oxygen saturation. (lu.se)
  • The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier , [5] whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion . (wikidoc.org)
  • [6] Potassium metal reacts rapidly with atmospheric oxygen to form flaky white potassium peroxide in only seconds of exposure. (wiki2.org)
  • [12] It is also produced in the troposphere by the photolysis of ozone by light of short wavelength, [13] and by the immune system as a source of active oxygen. (wikidoc.org)
  • Oxygen occurs as O 2 molecules and, to a limited extent, as O 3 (ozone) molecules in air. (openstax.org)
  • Ozone forms naturally in the upper atmosphere by the action of ultraviolet light from the sun on the oxygen there. (openstax.org)
  • Poor oxygenation of solid tumours has been linked with resistance to chemo- and radio-therapy and poor patient outcomes, hence non-invasive imaging of oxygen supply and demand in tumours could improve disease staging and therapeutic monitoring. (thno.org)
  • Additionally, Scott and Irwin deployed the third Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package (ALSEP), which consisted of several experiments that were powered by a Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) and sent back valuable scientific data to the Earth for over six years after the astronauts left. (universetoday.com)
  • Oxygen is essential in combustion processes such as the burning of fuels. (openstax.org)
  • [14] Carotenoids in photosynthetic organisms (and possibly also in animals) play a major role in absorbing energy from singlet oxygen and converting it to the unexcited ground state before it can cause harm to tissues. (wikidoc.org)
  • In this form, blood transports the oxygen to tissues, where it is transferred to the tissues. (openstax.org)
  • Ru-104 is used for the production of the radioisotope Rh-105 which has been suggested for the treatment of bone pain. (webelements.com)
  • Large quantities of pure oxygen are also necessary in metal fabrication and in the cutting and welding of metals with oxyhydrogen and oxyacetylene torches. (openstax.org)
  • Analytical results are given for the nondestructive determination of oxygen in silicon in the part-permillion to the part-per-billion range. (tamu.edu)
  • During plastic and reconstructive surgery, the oxygen saturation can be monitored to predict survival of flaps. (lu.se)
  • To date, PA imaging has mainly been developed for measuring oxygen saturation mainly in phantoms and numerous preclinical studies in animals have exploited the oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin components to characterize tumour microenvironment. (lu.se)
  • Here, we demonstrate oxygen enhanced (OE)-OT, exploiting an oxygen gas challenge to visualise the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of tumour vascular function. (thno.org)
  • Angiogenesis is required for delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the proliferating tumour volume beyond ~1mm 3 1 . (thno.org)
  • For instance, functional magnetic resonance imaging monitors the blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast but is sensitive only to deoxygenated hemoglobin and the MRI machine is bulky. (lu.se)
  • hemoglobin and the transport of oxygen. (creatureandcreator.ca)
  • In humans, oxygen passes from the lungs into the blood, where it combines with hemoglobin, producing oxyhemoglobin. (openstax.org)
  • [9] Liquid oxygen is attracted to a magnet to a sufficient extent that, in laboratory demonstrations, a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet. (wikidoc.org)
  • Oxygen isotopes are also used to trace ocean composition and temperature which seafood is from. (wikipedia.org)
  • An atomic mass of 16 was assigned to oxygen prior to the definition of the unified atomic mass unit based on 12 C . Since physicists referred to 16 O only, while chemists meant the natural mix of isotopes, this led to slightly different mass scales. (wikipedia.org)
  • Second, all interfering reactions must be experimentally categorized to ensure the integrity of the radioisotope used for analysis. (tamu.edu)
  • Oxygen is the final oxidizing agent in these reactions. (openstax.org)
  • Cobalt therapy is the medical use of gamma rays from the radioisotope cobalt -60 to treat conditions such as cancer. (rgbcolorcode.com)
  • Measuring the oxygen saturation is of great value in a wide range of medical fields. (lu.se)
  • Yttrium Radioisotopes" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (ucdenver.edu)
  • Only La-139 is used for the production of the medical radioisotope Ce-139. (webelements.com)
  • The administration of oxygen-enriched air is an important medical practice when a patient is receiving an inadequate supply of oxygen because of shock, pneumonia, or some other illness. (openstax.org)
  • K are found in all potassium, and it is the most common radioisotope in the human body. (wiki2.org)
  • en] When projecting radiation protection measures in newly constructed betatrons and linear accelerators, accurate information on the energy and angular distribution of scattered bremsstrahlung is required. (iaea.org)
  • Non-invasive imaging of oxygen supply and demand in prostate cancer could therefore improve diagnosis and staging, by delineating aggressive from indolent disease, and assist with therapeutic decision making, by identifying tumours with reduced vascular function, which limits delivery of chemotherapy and decreases efficacy of radiotherapy. (thno.org)
  • Archaic hominins occupied the Tibetan Plateau in the Middle Pleistocene and successfully adapted to high-altitude low-oxygen environments long before the regional arrival of modern Homo sapiens ," said archaeologist Dongju Zhang from Lanzhou University in China. (sciencenewslab.com)
  • For those Somalis relative, a priya of ROE that is blocking and southern themes is been later in the Government as a complex oxygen of DuPont fam. (anthonyflood.com)