VertebraeDislocationSubluxationVertebraArticulate with the occipital condylesLigamentsPosteriorCondylesOcciputAxialLower cervicalAnteriorForamenSpinous processesFlexionLumbar spineStabilityLateral massAnatomicalMusclesInstabilitySkullFracturesInferiorThoracic or lumbarAxisTransverse processesBoneZygapophyseal-jointHeadachesNeck painVertebral bodiesOccurFacet syndromeSyndromeSpinal cordAtlasTraumaWhiplashLandmarksChronicTemporomandibularArticulationsConsistsOdontoid processUpper
Vertebrae17
- The cervical spine is made up of 7 vertebrae. (medscape.com)
- The cervical spine is made up of the first 7 vertebrae, referred to as C1-7 (see the images below). (medscape.com)
- Lateral radiograph of cervical spine showing all 7 vertebrae. (medscape.com)
- 1, 2, 3, 4] These first 2 vertebrae are quite different from the rest of the cervical spine (see the image below). (medscape.com)
- The cervical spine comprises the first 7 vertebrae of the spinal column, which form the neck. (michaelmurraymd.com)
- The upper cervical spine comprises of the atlas (C1) and axis (C2), which are different from the rest of the cervical vertebrae. (michaelmurraymd.com)
- The remaining five cervical vertebrae, C3-C7, form the lower cervical spine. (michaelmurraymd.com)
- Each of these cervical vertebrae has a body with a concave superior surface and convex inferior surface. (michaelmurraymd.com)
- Rectus Capitis Posterior Major Attachments: Originates from the spinous process of the C2 vertebrae (axis), and inserts into the lateral part of the inferior nuchal line of the occipital bone. (onteenstoday.com)
- In the lumbar spine, three joints are located between each two adjacent vertebrae: one disc joint and two paired (left and right) facet joints. (learnmuscles.com)
- The low back is defined by the lumbar spine, composed of 5 vertebrae, named L1-L5. (learnmuscles.com)
- Craniocervical junction abnormalities are congenital or acquired abnormalities of the occipital bone, foramen magnum, or first two cervical vertebrae that decrease the space for the lower brain stem and cervical cord. (msdmanuals.com)
- The fascia of the back is attached to the spines of the vertebrae, and it proceeds laterally, as the thoracolumbar fascia, to ensheathe such muscles as the latissimus dorsi. (dartmouth.edu)
- hence, in children, cervical fractures are more common in upper vertebrae. (radiopaedia.org)
- An anterior abutment for resistance and cushioning (vertebrae - intervertebral discs) and two posterior abutments for movement (interapophyseal joints and ligaments). (atlasprofilax.la)
- Compression of the veins that surround the cervical vertebrae. (caringmedical.com)
- We will sit with the patient and their spouse or partner and then tell them that we believe many of their symptoms are coming from compression of their jugular vein, the compression is being caused by pressure from the cervical vertebrae or a problem with the styloid process at the base of the skull and possible carotid artery syndrome. (caringmedical.com)
Dislocation1
- can cause atlantoaxial subluxation or dislocation. (msdmanuals.com)
Subluxation3
- The four types of atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation are shown in the image below. (medscape.com)
- Shown are 4 types of atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation. (medscape.com)
- Radiographic analysis of patients with Marfan syndrome has shown that, atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation can also occur. (biomedcentral.com)
Vertebra10
- Unlike the other parts of the spine, the cervical spine has transverse foramina in each vertebra for the vertebral arteries that supply blood to the brain. (medscape.com)
- Cervical vertebra. (medscape.com)
- Facet joints are synovial joints that give the spine it's flexibility by sliding on the articular processes of the vertebra below. (kalyanspine.com)
- The axis is the second cervical vertebra, commonly called C2. (onteenstoday.com)
- It is an atypical cervical vertebra with unique features and important relations that make it easily recognisable. (onteenstoday.com)
- The odontoid process (also dens or odontoid peg) is a protuberance (process or projection) of the Axis (second cervical vertebra). (onteenstoday.com)
- C2 (cervical vertebra): C2 is the symbol for the second cervical vertebra, which is also called the axis. (onteenstoday.com)
- It is so-named because the uppermost cervical vertebra (called the atlas) rotates about the odontoid process of the second cervical vertebra. (onteenstoday.com)
- the toothlike projection that rises perpendicularly from the upper surface of the body of the second cervical vertebra (axis) and that serves as a pivot point for the rotation of the atlas (first cervical vertebra), enabling the head to turn. (onteenstoday.com)
- The odontoid process provides a pivot point - called an axis of motion - around which the skull and the first cervical vertebra (the atlas) rotate, twist and/or turn (these are really all the same thing. (onteenstoday.com)
Articulate with the occipital condyles2
- These superior facets articulate with the occipital condyles, which face downward and outward. (medscape.com)
- The superior articular facets articulate with the occipital condyles and are kidney-shaped, concave, projecting upward and inward, while the inferior articular facets are comparatively flat projecting downward and inward and articulate with the superior facets of the axis. (michaelmurraymd.com)
Ligaments3
- The joints, discs, muscles, and ligaments of the neck all contain nerve endings which are sensitive to neck injury or strains that can result in headaches. (necksolutions.com)
- More than a simple longitudinal axis of the body, the spine is, together with muscles and ligaments, a stabilization mechanism. (atlasprofilax.la)
- Non-surgical treatment - Cervical Spine Stability and Restoring Lordosis -Making a case for regeneration and repair of the spinal ligaments. (caringmedical.com)
Posterior8
- The odontoid process is held in tight proximity to the posterior aspect of the anterior arch of the atlas by the transverse ligament, which stabilizes the atlantoaxial joint. (medscape.com)
- This includes the articulation between the anterior arch of C1 and the odontoid process of C2, as well as the facet joints of the posterior elements. (medscape.com)
- The transverse ligament firmly opposes the odontoid process to the posterior portion of the anterior arch of the atlas and provides stability to the atlantoaxial joint. (michaelmurraymd.com)
- The anterior and posterior atlanto-occipital membranes extend from the upper aspect of C1 to the anterior and posterior aspects of the foramen magnum. (physio-pedia.com)
- Two small muscles, the serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior, extend from the thoracic spines to the ribs and are supplied by ventral rami. (dartmouth.edu)
- The vertical muscles on the posterior aspect of the neck are bandaged by the splenius muscles, which ascend obliquely from the thoracic spinous processes and insert into (1) the mastoid part of the temporal bone and the superior nuchal line (splenius capitis) and (2) the cervical transverse processes (splenius cervicis). (dartmouth.edu)
- Its joint system has three joint systems: Anterior (intersomatic-uncovertebral) and two posterior (zygapophyseal). (atlasprofilax.la)
- 1 The posterior approach is well described and potentially the safest approach to the injection of the lateral atlantoaxial joint. (silverchair.com)
Condyles1
- The Occipital Condylar Compression Syndrome refers to the pressure of the occipital condyles between the upper concave articular facets of the Atlas (glenoid cavity) by the limitation caused by the basilar extradural connective tissue. (atlasprofilax.la)
Occiput2
- The atlas articulates superiorly with the occiput (the atlanto-occipital joint) and inferiorly with the axis (the atlantoaxial joint). (medscape.com)
- Cervical spine injuries in children usually occur in the upper cervical spine from the occiput to C3. (physio-pedia.com)
Axial14
- The next joint down is called the atlanto axial joint (A-A joint). (necksolutions.com)
- Dreyfuss P, Michaelsen M, Fletcher D. Atlanto-occipital and lateral atlanto-axial joint pain patterns. (medscape.com)
- In addition, a distinctive craniocervical malformation was identified, which included atlanto-axial rotatory fixation. (biomedcentral.com)
- To the best of our knowledge, this is the first clinical report of a child with spondylocarpotarsal synostosis associated with atlanto-axial rotatory fixation. (biomedcentral.com)
- CT scans revealed atlanto-axial rotatory fixation. (biomedcentral.com)
- Atlanto-axial rotary fixation, (AARF) has been reported in connection with Marfan syndrome. (biomedcentral.com)
- An increased atlanto-axial translation, larger odontoid height, and basilar impression are more prevalent in the Marfan-population compared to age-matched controls [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- We herein reported a patient with SSS, with the additional atlanto-axial rotatory fixation. (biomedcentral.com)
- The atlanto-axial joint is of a complicated nature. (onteenstoday.com)
- The dens projects into a central space in the atlas, and this is how the bones of the atlantoaxial (atlanto relates to atlas, and axial relates to the axis bone) joint fit together. (onteenstoday.com)
- Table 1 shows average healthy ranges of axial motion of the cervical spine (head and neck), from the atlanto-occipital joint through the C7-T1 joint. (learnmuscles.com)
- Cervical spine fractures can occur secondary to exaggerated flexion or extension, or because of direct trauma or axial loading. (radiopaedia.org)
- It Is Time to Abandon Atlanto-Axial Joint Injections: Do No Harm! (silverchair.com)
- Aprill C, Axinn MJ, Bogduk N: Occipital headaches stemming from the lateral atlanto-axial (C1-2) joint. (silverchair.com)
Lower cervical2
- Based on the structural diversity in the cervical spine, it can be divided into two parts: upper and lower cervical spine. (michaelmurraymd.com)
- The iliocostalis muscle column inserts on the ribs, with the most superior attachment to the lower cervical transverse processes. (dartmouth.edu)
Anterior3
- The anterior atlantoaxial ligament extends from the anterior midportion of the dens to the inferior aspect of the anterior arch of C1. (physio-pedia.com)
- The apical ligament lies between the superior longitudinal fasciculus of the cruciform ligament and the anterior atlanto-occipital membrane. (physio-pedia.com)
- These include more horizontal orientation of the facet joints in children, underdeveloped uncovertebral joints, mild physiological anterior wedging of the vertebral bodies, and incomplete ossification of the odontoid process. (radiopaedia.org)
Foramen1
- As well as some malformations at the occipital level, foramen magnum and some ducts where cranial nerves run. (atlasprofilax.la)
Spinous processes1
- The semispinalis capitus muscle covers the suboccipital triangle and a deeper muscle, the semispinalis cervicis, that is attaching heavily to cervical spinous processes (fig. 40-2 ). (dartmouth.edu)
Flexion1
- the atlanto-occipital joint is responsible for 50% of flexion and extension. (medscape.com)
Lumbar spine2
- The cervical spine is highly mobile compared to other regions of the spine such as thoracic or lumbar spine. (michaelmurraymd.com)
- The lumbar spine must support the weight of the upper spine and the trunk, which in turn must transmit compressive and shear forces to the lower spine. (atlasprofilax.la)
Stability4
- It functions to provide mobility and stability to the head while connecting it to the relatively immobile thoracic spine. (medscape.com)
- The spine, also called the back bone, plays a vital role in stability, smooth movement and protection of the delicate spinal cord. (michaelmurraymd.com)
- 1. Sliker CW, Mirvis SE, Shanmuganathan K. Assessing cervical spine stability in obtunded blunt trauma patients: review of medical literature. (radiopaedia.org)
- It is the joint veneers and discs that generate stability. (atlasprofilax.la)
Lateral mass3
- On each lateral mass is a superior and inferior facet (zygapophyseal) joint. (medscape.com)
- Atlantoaxial lateral mass osteoarthritis. (medscape.com)
- A zygapophyseal joint is present on the superior and inferior aspect of the lateral mass. (michaelmurraymd.com)
Anatomical1
- There are also other anatomical differences of the cervical spine between children and adults which are worth bearing in mind while interpreting pediatric studies. (radiopaedia.org)
Muscles3
- Pressure on neck muscles can cause pain, however, this also puts pressure on the facet joints lying under the muscle, so it is not always possible to identify the direct cause of the tenderness. (necksolutions.com)
- Clinical features that are often, but not always, associated with cervical facet pain include tenderness to palpation over the facet joints or paraspinal muscles, pain with cervical extension or rotation, and absent neurologic abnormalities. (medscape.com)
- It consists of a highly specific vibratory-resonant application on the short neck muscles that positively affects the cranio-cervical hinge (Occipital - Atlas - Axis) because it corrects the Minor Intervertebral Derangement of the Atlas that consists of the Condylar Compression of the Occipital and the Cranio-Caudal Deviation of the Atlas. (atlasprofilax.la)
Instability4
- Atlantoaxial instability (AAI) is characterized by excessive movement at the junction between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) as a result of either a bony or a ligamentous abnormality. (medscape.com)
- An explanation of cervical spine and neck instability. (caringmedical.com)
- Atlantoaxial instability: C1 and C2 hypermobility causes cervical spine instability and artery, vein, and nerve compression. (caringmedical.com)
- Research on cervical instability and Prolotherapy. (caringmedical.com)
Skull4
- C1 serves as a ring or washer that the skull rests upon and articulates in a pivot joint with the dens or odontoid process of C2. (medscape.com)
- Where the skull and neck meet at the top of the neck is a joint called the atlanto occiptial joint (A-O joint). (necksolutions.com)
- This can lead to dysfunctions of the occipital, sphenobasilar and temporal scales of the skull. (atlasprofilax.la)
- Displacement of the center of gravity of the skull and therefore of the spine. (atlasprofilax.la)
Fractures1
- 6. Fredø HL, Rizvi SA, Lied B, Rønning P, Helseth E. The epidemiology of traumatic cervical spine fractures: a prospective population study from Norway. (radiopaedia.org)
Inferior2
- Secondary ossification centres can also appear at the superior and inferior aspects of the cervical vertebral bodies and remain unfused until early adulthood. (physio-pedia.com)
- Geniohyoid Origin: Inferior mental spine of the mandible. (goconqr.com)
Thoracic or lumbar1
- The cervical spine is much more mobile than the thoracic or lumbar regions of the spine. (medscape.com)
Axis2
- The upper cervical spine consists of the atlas (C1) and the axis (C2). (medscape.com)
- The thoracic spine must protect the medullar axis and provide the statics of the trunk. (atlasprofilax.la)
Transverse processes2
- The longissimus muscle group forms the bulk of the erector and inserts along the transverse processes in the thoracic and cervical regions. (dartmouth.edu)
- This part (semispinalis capitis) ascends from cervical and thoracic transverse processes to reach the occipital bone. (dartmouth.edu)
Bone1
- J Bone Joint Surg Am . 1963 Sep. (medscape.com)
Zygapophyseal-joint3
- Dwyer A, Aprill C, Bogduk N. Cervical zygapophyseal joint pain patterns. (medscape.com)
- Aprill C, Bogduk N. The prevalence of cervical zygapophyseal joint pain. (medscape.com)
- Lord SM, Barnsley L, Wallis BJ, McDonald GJ, Bogduk N. Percutaneous radio-frequency neurotomy for chronic cervical zygapophyseal-joint pain. (medscape.com)
Headaches3
- The facet joints can also be a cause of headaches. (necksolutions.com)
- Chronic neck pain and headaches from these joints may respond well posture modifications and retraction neck exercises . (necksolutions.com)
- Patients with cervical facet joint syndrome often present with complaints of neck pain, headaches, and limited range of motion (ROM). (medscape.com)
Neck pain3
- Signs of cervical spondylosis , narrowing of the intervertebral foramina, osteophytes, and other degenerative changes are equally prevalent in people with and without neck pain. (medscape.com)
- Bogduk N, Marsland A. The cervical zygapophysial joints as a source of neck pain. (medscape.com)
- Bogduk N, Aprill C. On the nature of neck pain, discography and cervical zygapophysial joint blocks. (medscape.com)
Vertebral bodies1
- The cervical spine is susceptible to injury because it is highly mobile with relatively small vertebral bodies and supports the head which is both heavy and acts as a lever. (radiopaedia.org)
Occur1
- AAI may occur as a result of abnormalities or trauma associated with the C1-2 articulation, causing excessive movement around this joint. (medscape.com)
Facet syndrome1
- This is often used in cases of cervical facet syndrome and can be seen in cases of chronic whiplash . (necksolutions.com)
Syndrome3
- Both conditions together, the Occipital Condylar Compression and the Cranio-Caudal Atlas Deviation are responsible for the irritation of the brain stem, the compression and angulation on one of the vertebral arteries, the congestion of the intracranial CSF, the poor vascularization of the superficial petrous nerve, the reactive muscular-fascial syndrome and the transfer of the center of gravity of the spine, from L2-L3 to L5-S1. (atlasprofilax.la)
- Joint laxity is almost universal in children with Down syndrome. (bmj.com)
- Children with Down syndrome are at increased risk of inflammatory arthritis, which if undetected and untreated can lead to permanent joint damage and disability. (bmj.com)
Spinal cord1
- The nonvascular complications of cervical injections that Drs. Datta and Manchikanti describe, including penetration into the subarachnoid space, nerve roots, and spinal cord, further reinforce our position regarding the risk-benefit ratio of this procedure. (silverchair.com)
Atlas1
- Vertical displacement of the atlas requires widening of the C1-2 facet joint. (medscape.com)
Trauma2
- 2014). "Multidetector CT of blunt cervical spine trauma in adults. (washington.edu)
- Imaging evaluation of adult spinal injuries: emphasis on multidetector CT in cervical spine trauma. (radiopaedia.org)
Whiplash2
- These joints do not have discs or facets, but either can become inflamed and cause pain and both joints are vulnerable to whiplash injury. (necksolutions.com)
- Barnsley L, Lord SM, Wallis BJ, Bogduk N. The prevalence of chronic cervical zygapophysial joint pain after whiplash. (medscape.com)
Landmarks1
- Drs. Datta and Manchikanti raise several important points regarding the nomenclature that is used to describe neuroanatomic landmarks in cervical injections. (silverchair.com)
Chronic3
- Prevalence of facet joint pain in chronic spinal pain of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions. (medscape.com)
- Assessment of Prevalence of Cervical Facet Joint Pain with Diagnostic Cervical Medial Branch Blocks: Analysis Based on Chronic Pain Model. (medscape.com)
- Chronic Back Pain - Patient with Back Pain for Spine Surgery," book chapter, "Hospitalized Chronic Pain Patient - A Multidisciplinary Guide," Springer, 2017. (baycareclinic.com)
Temporomandibular2
- Less known, is the notion that temporomandibular joint, and neck disorders also may cause tinnitus. (mskneurology.no)
- Insertion: Neck of the mandible, capsule and disc of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). (goconqr.com)
Articulations1
- Because the cervical spine has multiple synovial-lined articulations, RA can manifest itself in the upper cervical spine. (medscape.com)
Consists1
- It consists of no fewer than four distinct joints. (onteenstoday.com)
Odontoid process2
- Is odontoid process a joint? (onteenstoday.com)
- Where does the odontoid process originate in the spine? (onteenstoday.com)
Upper3
- The cervical spine may be divided into 2 parts: upper and lower. (medscape.com)
- Midsagittal section of upper cervical spine. (medscape.com)
- most commonly problems with the discs or facet joints of the upper and middle part neck are often involved with injury, arthritis and postural stress, while muscle strain may add to the overall pain. (necksolutions.com)