CorticalMiddle cerebral arteryThalamusIschemiaNeuronsRatsParietal lobesInhibitionHemisphereHemispheresDepolarization2018AbnormalitiesMammalsExtracellularMetabolismLateralFunctionalAdultNeurologicalTransientBloodSubarachnoidSevereMechanismsMigraineAnteriorGenerateOxygenCorticothalamicAreasPatternsExplainInteractionsVisualWaveHumanMotorConditionsLess frequentlyResearchGroupImagesLevelsPatients
Cortical13
- Cortical spreading depression (CSD) or spreading depolarization (SD) is a wave of electrophysiological hyperactivity followed by a wave of inhibition. (wikipedia.org)
- Neuroscientists use the term cortical spreading depression to represent at least one of the following cortical processes:[citation needed] The spreading of a self-propagating wave of cellular depolarization in the cerebral cortex. (wikipedia.org)
- The spreading of a wave of vasoconstriction following vasodilation and prolonged sustained vasoconstriction of contiguous cortical arterioles. (wikipedia.org)
- Increased extracellular potassium ion concentration and excitatory glutamate contribute to the initiation and propagation of cortical spreading depression, which is the underlying cause of migraine aura. (wikipedia.org)
- Valproate and riboflavin were shown to have no effect on the triggering of cortical spreading depression though they are effective in migraine without aura. (wikipedia.org)
- Taken together, these results are compatible with a causal role of cortical spreading depression in migraine with aura, but not in migraine without aura. (wikipedia.org)
- Recently, adult neurogenesis in the cerebral cortex is becoming clear gradually, and cortical NSCs and NPCs are identified in a few mammals. (jneurology.com)
- In the last decade, cortical adult neurogenesis and its neural stem cells (NSCs), which are self-renewing and can generate neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and neural progenitor cells (NPCs), which have a tendency to differentiate into certain types of neurons, have been found in the cerebral cortex of adult mammals 3 . (jneurology.com)
- Historically, the discovery of cortical adult neurogenesis is old, and identifying generation of new cells in the adult cerebral cortex was first reported in 1912 5 . (jneurology.com)
- Please cite this paper as: Unekawa M, Tomita M, Tomita Y, Toriumi H and Suzuki N. Sustained Decrease and Remarkable Increase in Red Blood Cell Velocity in Intraparenchymal Capillaries Associated With Potassium-Induced Cortical Spreading Depression. (ainhibitor.com)
- Objectives: To examine changes in red Oxalosuccinic acid blood cell (RBC) velocity in intraparenchymal capillaries of rat cerebral cortex in response to KCl-induced cortical spreading depression (CSD). (ainhibitor.com)
- Contreras D, Destexhe A, Steriade M (1997) Spindle oscillations during cortical spreading depression in naturally sleeping cats. (yale.edu)
- Cortical reflex myoclonus originates in the cerebral cortex (the outer layer of the brain that is largely responsible for information processing). (medlink.com)
Middle cerebral artery1
- Two classical surgical approaches for intraluminal filament middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), the Longa et al. (mdpi.com)
Thalamus4
- Contreras D, Destexhe A, Sejnowski TJ, Steriade M (1997) Spatiotemporal patterns of spindle oscillations in cortex and thalamus. (yale.edu)
- Thalamus the thalamus is located between the cerebral cortex and the subcortical areas of the central nervous system and has been described as the mind's sensory relay station. (ehd.org)
- It is located in front of and lateral to the THALAMUS in each cerebral hemisphere. (lookformedical.com)
- Whole-brain cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMRglc) is reduced diffusely and strongly in the frontal and parietal lobe and the thalamus. (ajnr.org)
Ischemia5
- The spreading of a wave of ischemia passing through an area of cortex. (wikipedia.org)
- Interestingly, production of new neurons in the cerebral cortex, as well as in the SVZ and HDG, has been found to be strongly increased by brain ischemia 3 . (jneurology.com)
- The fate of the brain tissue after focal cerebral ischemia is determined by the degree and duration of ischemia, and even without preconditioning, resident brain cells naturally respond to brain ischemia by mobilizing a host of defences and counter responses to mitigate cell injury and death [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- However, a subarachnoid hemorrhage may disrupt the signaling cascades between nerve cells and blood vessels, so that the depolarization of nerve cells causes extreme constriction of the blood vessels , which leads to spreading ischemia. (medicalxpress.com)
- Prof. Dreier says, "Measurements of spreading depolarization may prove as important to the development of interventions for patients with stroke, global ischemia and traumatic brain injury, as similar electrophysiological tools have proved in the past, in the areas of epilepsy or cardiology-because they make the underlying causes visible. (medicalxpress.com)
Neurons6
- Spreading depolarization describes a phenomenon characterized by the appearance of depolarization waves of the neurons and neuroglia that propagates across the cortex at a velocity of 1.5-9.5 mm/min. (wikipedia.org)
- The resulting ATPOS complex binds to neurons in cerebral cortex of living mice, and clearly visualized a concentrically propagating wave of extracellular ATP release in response to electrical stimulation. (elifesciences.org)
- A 'wave' of ATP was seen spreading through the brain after neurons were stimulated with a small electric pulse, mimicking a sudden migraine or stroke. (elifesciences.org)
- After that, using the DNA synthesis marker tritiated thymidine, Altman rediscovered the addition of new neurons in the cerebral cortex of adult rats 6 . (jneurology.com)
- Previous reports demonstrate that the percentages of new neurons to total neurons are very small under healthy conditions, and it is in the range of 0.005-0.03% of all existing neurons in the cerebral cortex 8-12 . (jneurology.com)
- Alpha-synuclein is expressed highly in neurons within the frontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum, and olfactory bulb. (standardofcare.com)
Rats4
- Thereafter, using a combination of autoradiography and electron microscopy, Kaplan demonstrated that new cells containing tritiated thymidine are stellate cells that have an axonal hillock, initial segment, and synapses on their dendrites and cell bodies in the cerebral cortex of adult rats 7 . (jneurology.com)
- Unilateral injury to the forelimb representation area of the sensorimotor cortex (FL-SMC) in adult rats causes over-reliance on the unimpaired forelimb for postural-motor movements, as well as overgrowth of layer V pyramidal cell dendrites in the homotopic cortex of the noninjured hemisphere. (jneurosci.org)
- Methods: In isoflurane-anesthetized rats, the velocity of fluorescently labeled RBCs flowing in capillaries in layer I was measured with a high-speed camera laser-scanning confocal fluorescence microscope, with simultaneous monitoring of DC potential, the electroencephalogram (EEG), partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), and cerebral blood flow (CBF). (ainhibitor.com)
- Bourassa J, Deschênes M (1995) Corticothalamic projections from the primary visual cortex in rats: a single fiber study using biocytin as an anterograde tracer. (yale.edu)
Parietal lobes1
- Third, the visual Arabic system would involve the inferior temporo-occipital cortex and the posterior superior parietal lobes. (bmj.com)
Inhibition2
- concentration and reduction of the nitric oxide (NO(·)) level caused by nitric oxide scavenging or nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition on regional cerebral blood flow and subarachnoid direct current (DC) potential. (ku.dk)
- The functional role of long-term potentiation and long-term depression, inhibition, cholinergic modulation and neurotrophins in auditory development and sensitive periods are discussed. (edu.au)
Hemisphere2
- The key area is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the left hemisphere, which in turn suppresses overactivity in the hypothalamus and the amygdala. (thebanyansmedicalcentre.com.au)
- These studies of si contra motor neuron spread misunderstanding of pibd and cerebral hemisphere. (babybeas.com)
Hemispheres2
- D-G) porcencephaly, either with the encephalon in place (D-E) or extracted (F-G). The cerebral hemispheres were replaced by 2 thin-walled, fl uid-fi lled cysts (diamonds) with some fl oating islets and peninsulae corresponding to preserved cortex (stars). (cdc.gov)
- The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulci. (bvsalud.org)
Depolarization3
- Spreading depolarization within brainstem tissues regulating functions crucial for life has been implicated in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy, by way of ion channel mutations such as those seen in Dravet syndrome, a particularly severe form of childhood epilepsy that appears to carry an unusually high risk of SUDEP (sudden unexpected death in epilepsy). (wikipedia.org)
- It sets off a wave of electrochemical depolarization, or "spreading depolarization," within the brain tissue. (medicalxpress.com)
- Measurements of the electrical brain potential will then show an extreme and very gradual change , a process known as "negative ultraslow potential," which is indicative of terminal spreading depolarization. (medicalxpress.com)
20181
- Janos Lückl et al, The negative ultraslow potential, electrophysiological correlate of infarction in the human cortex, Brain (2018). (medicalxpress.com)
Abnormalities1
- Although a few investigators have attempted to identify MBD-related functional abnormalities in the cerebral gray matter (3−5), findings are not inconsistent. (ajnr.org)
Mammals1
- It is not used with animals that do not possess a cortex, i.e., it is used only with mammals. (lookformedical.com)
Extracellular1
- Modeling extracellular space electrodiffusion during Leao's spreading depression. (reading.ac.uk)
Metabolism4
- Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
- lt;span class="journal">I: <span>Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. (ku.dk)
- Another showed a marked decrease of glucose metabolism in the frontal and temporo-parieto-occipital association cortices (5) , and a single-photon emission CT (SPECT) study showed a hypoperfusion in the frontoparietal region, including the primary sensorimotor strip (3) . (ajnr.org)
- We report a patient with MBD, in whom cerebral metabolism and blood flow were studied with [ 18 F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) PET and N -isopropyl- p -[ 123 I]iodoamphetamine (IMP) SPECT. (ajnr.org)
Lateral1
- Correlated size variations in human visual cortex, lateral geniculate nucleus, and optic tract. (reading.ac.uk)
Functional2
- Decreased functional connectivity is associated with increased levels of Cerebral Spinal Fluid soluble-PDGFRß, a marker of blood brain barrier breakdown, in older adults Res Sq. 2023 Mar 07. (usc.edu)
- Aguirre AD, Chen Y, Fujimoto JG, Ruvinskaya L, Devor A, Boas DA (2006) Depth-resolved imaging of functional activation in the rat cerebral cortex using optical coherence tomography. (springer.com)
Adult1
- However, it remains largely unknown what factors can regulate adult neurogenesis in the cerebral cortex. (jneurology.com)
Neurological1
- While the GI tract has been linked to other neurological disorders such autism spectrum disorder, depression, anxiety, and Alzheimer's disease, protein aggregation and/or inflammation in the gut represents synucleinopathies. (standardofcare.com)
Transient1
- Transient ischemic attack Spreading depression: discovery Dodick DW & Gargus JJ (August 2008). (wikipedia.org)
Blood1
- Arai T, Mori K, Nakao S, Watanabe K, Kito K, Aoki M, Mori H, Morikawa S, Inubushi T (1991) In vivo oxygen-17 nuclear magnetic resonance for the estimation of cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption. (springer.com)
Subarachnoid1
- Now we have been able to show that it also occurs in patients with cerebral infarctions after subarachnoid hemorrhage ," explains Prof. Dr. Jens Dreier of Charité's Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB). (medicalxpress.com)
Severe1
- Virus in Calf Born PCR detected the genomic RNA of the from mild to severe depression. (cdc.gov)
Mechanisms3
- Since the first landmark experimental demonstration of ischemic tolerance in the gerbil brain in early 1990's, basic scientific knowledge on the mechanisms of cerebral ischemic tolerance increased substantially. (biomedcentral.com)
- During the last years, the mechanisms underlying cerebral IT were intensely studied, and although incomplete, a vast amount of knowledge has been accumulated. (biomedcentral.com)
- While many researchers have tracked the brain mechanisms of depression, fear and anger, they have ignored positive emotions and have just begun to study humor. (serendipstudio.org)
Migraine2
- The scintillating scotoma of migraine in humans may be related to the neurophysiologic phenomenon termed the spreading depression of Leão. (wikipedia.org)
- To this end, we regard a localized spreading depression (SD) wave segment as a central element in migraine pathophysiology. (reading.ac.uk)
Anterior1
- The anterior of the three primitive cerebral vesicles of the embryonic brain arising from the NEURAL TUBE. (lookformedical.com)
Generate1
- TMS uses an external magnet to generate electrical activity in the cerebral cortex. (thebanyansmedicalcentre.com.au)
Oxygen1
- Arai T, Nakao S, Mori K, Ishimori K, Morishima I, Miyazawa T, Fritz-Zieroth B (1990) Cerebral oxygen utilization analyzed by the use of oxygen-17 and its nuclear magnetic resonance. (springer.com)
Corticothalamic1
- Neurophysiological data demonstrate deficits in the cerebral cortex of auditory-deprived animals, mainly in reduced cochleotopy and deficits in corticocortical and corticothalamic loops. (edu.au)
Areas2
- Avendaño C, Rausell E, Reinoso-Suarez F (1985) Thalamic projections to areas 5a and 5b of the parietal cortex in the cat: a retrograde horseradish peroxidase study. (yale.edu)
- They contractions begin in one region of the body and spread to muscles in other areas. (medlink.com)
Patterns1
- citation needed] The folded structure of the cerebral cortex is capable of irregular and complex CSD propagation patterns. (wikipedia.org)
Explain1
- These pathological aggregates can be transmitted from neuron to another neuron, and this process may explain the pathological spreading of polyQ aggregates. (en-journal.org)
Interactions2
- In addition to current spread in the cochlea, reduced cochleotopy leads to channel interactions after cochlear implantation. (edu.au)
- Barth DS, Baumgartner C, Di S (1990) Laminar interactions in rat motor cortex during cyclical excitability changes of the penicillin focus. (springer.com)
Visual1
- When you see a 'movie' it is a succession of still images flashed into your visual cortex at intervals less than 30 milliseconds, giving the illusion of a continuous unbroken scene. (astronomycafe.net)
Wave1
- The expansion of the wave then is less predictable and it is affected by the concentration of different molecules and gradients on the cortex. (wikipedia.org)
Human1
- Bayas A, Hummel V, Kallmann BA, Karch C, Toyka KV, Rieckmann P. Human cerebral endothelial cells are a potential source for bioactive BDNF. (2medicalcare.com)
Motor1
- On prominent and structure-reactivity relationships of withdrawal symptoms have been shown by all brain volume of motor cortex. (babybeas.com)
Conditions1
- TMS is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, an increasingly popular, evidence-based treatment for depression and other conditions. (thebanyansmedicalcentre.com.au)
Less frequently2
- Primary brain tumors occur directly in the brain, but they are observed much less frequently than secondary metastatic tumors that spread to the brain as a result of the development of cancer in any part of the body. (womensecr.com)
- Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) refers to the deposition of β-amyloid in the media and adventitia of small and mid-sized arteries (and, less frequently, veins) of the cerebral cortex and the leptomeninges. (medscape.com)
Research1
- Furthermore, I discuss future research directions for achieving maintenance and treatments for diseases and damages of the cerebral cortex. (jneurology.com)
Group1
- The Boston Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy Group has elaborated guidelines for the diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) associated with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). (medscape.com)
Images1
- Cerebral perfusion images showed a similarly decreased radioactivity pattern as the metabolic images. (ajnr.org)
Levels1
- The cerebral cortex and cerebellum are exceptions, which contain rich cytosolic alpha-synuclein but very low levels of mitochondrial alpha-synuclein. (standardofcare.com)
Patients2
- Two months ago, we were able to show for the first time that terminal spreading polarization occurs in humans-namely in patients who had suffered cardiac arrest. (medicalxpress.com)
- The end result is correcting the neurocognitive vicious circle set in motion by depression, which is reflected in improved mood and thinking of TMS patients. (thebanyansmedicalcentre.com.au)