Cerebellar nucleus. Medical search. Frequent questions

These nuclei receive inhibitory (GABAergic) inputs from Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex and excitatory (glutamatergic) inputs from mossy fiber and climbing fiber pathways. (wikipedia.org)
These structural relationships are generally maintained in the neuronal connections between the nuclei and associated cerebellar cortex, with the dentate nucleus receiving most of its connections from the lateral hemispheres, the interposed nuclei receiving inputs mostly from the paravermis, and the fastigial nucleus receiving primarily afferents from the vermis. (wikipedia.org)
If you look at the cerebellum, you can distinguish two major parts in it: the cerebellar cortex, or the outer layer of the cerebellum, and the cerebellar nuclei, the inner part. (technologynetworks.com)
The nuclei are groups of brain cells that receive all kinds of information from the cortex. (technologynetworks.com)
According to Robin Broersen: 'The cerebellar cortex has long been regarded as the primary player in learning the reflex and timing of the eyelid closure. (technologynetworks.com)
This information then converges in the cortex and nuclei of the cerebellum. (technologynetworks.com)
To ensure this learning was actually happening in the nuclei, we repeated the experiments in mice with an inactivated cerebellar cortex. (technologynetworks.com)
Fig. 4: CRs acquired with optogenetic stimulation of cerebellar MF in the cerebellar cortex are positively modulated by locomotor activity. (nature.com)
Fig. 5: Eyelid closures evoked by optogenetic MF stimulation in the cerebellar cortex are positively modulated by locomotion. (nature.com)
Cerebellar input arrives from climbing and mossy fibers to stimulate neurons in the deep nuclei and the cortex, in which climbing fibers stimulate Purkinje cells directly and granule cells excited by mossy fibers stimulate Purkinje cells by way of parallel fibers. (jneurosci.org)
The cerebellar cortex microcircuit is characterized by a highly ordered neuronal architecture having a relatively simple and stereotyped connectivity pattern. (frontiersin.org)
The pros and cons of multi-spot recordings are exemplified for the cerebellar cortex microcircuit. (frontiersin.org)
Lesions of lobule HVI of the cerebellar cortex or of its target in the anterior cerebellar nuclei disrupt the acquisition and retention of conditioned nictitating membrane responses (CRs). (bl.uk)
Aspiration lesions of the cerebellar cortex cause retrograde degeneration of precerebellar nuclei. (bl.uk)
Since the loss of CRs from lesions of the cerebellar cortex might be due to the loss of collateral inputs to the cerebellar nuclei from the precerebellar nuclei, fibre sparing lesions were made which destroyed only cells in the cerebellar cortex. (bl.uk)
CRs were lost, demonstrating that the cerebellar cortex is required for retention of CRs and that the cerebellar nuclei on their own cannot maintain CRs. (bl.uk)
Blue is used to signify the dual loop of cerebellar interaction, one loop though cerebellar nucleus and another through cerebellar cortex. (scholarpedia.org)
In the cerebellar cortex, tenascin-C mRNA in Golgi epithelial cells was down-regulated 3 days after the lesion and returned to control values 80 days after the lesion. (researchgate.net)
After a lesion, the density of cells containing tenascin-R transcripts increased significantly in the inferior olivary nucleus and in the white matter of the cerebellar cortex. (researchgate.net)
These areas are the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, the amygdala, several basal and thalamic nuclei, and the cerebellar cortical Purkinje cells. (vin.com)
Integrating these components with specific thalamic nuclei, specific cerebellar connections to the thalamus, basal ganglia, cortex and prefrontal cortex. (uschirodirectory.com)
2. Pontine nuclei and cerebellar cortex. (bvsalud.org)

Most output fibers of the cerebellum originate from these nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
Cross-section of human cerebellum, showing the dentate nucleus, as well as fourth ventricle Cross-section of human cerebellum, showing the dentate nucleus and cross-section of vermis The dentate nuclei are deep within the lateral hemispheres, the interposed nuclei are located in the paravermal (intermediate) zone, and the fastigial nuclei are in the vermis. (wikipedia.org)
The cerebellar B module of which Deiters' nucleus is the target nucleus was used in many innovative studies of the cerebellum on the zonal organization of the olivocerebellar projection, its somatotopical organization, its microzones, and its role in posture and movement that are the subject of this review. (eur.nl)
New research reveals that the nuclei of the cerebellum make a surprising contribution during associative learning. (technologynetworks.com)
However, new research from a collaboration between the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, and Champalimaud Foundation reveals that actually the nuclei of the cerebellum make a surprising contribution to this learning process. (technologynetworks.com)
Essentially, the nuclei are the output center of the cerebellum. (technologynetworks.com)
GAD65 is involved in the synthesis, packaging, and release of GABA, whereas the other three play important roles in the induction of long-term depression (LTD). Thus, the auto-antibodies toward these synaptic molecules likely impair fundamental synaptic machineries involved in unique functions of the cerebellum, potentially leading to the development of cerebellar ataxias (CAs). (springer.com)
Autoimmunity affects the cerebellum, leading to the manifestations of the cerebellar ataxias (CAs), termed immune-mediated cerebellar ataxia (IMCAs). (springer.com)
Here we investigate brain region evolution at cell-type resolution in the cerebellar nuclei, the output structures of the cerebellum. (oist.jp)
The findings on MRI and CT scanning include cortical and cerebellar atrophy of the brain, as well as focal lesions (including demyelinating lesions and, rarely, xanthomata) in the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and cerebrum. (medscape.com)
If the cerebellum is involved in conditioning it is likely that an auditory CS would be relayed to the cerebellum from the basilar pontine nuclei (PN). (bl.uk)
Overview of Movement and Cerebellar Disorders Voluntary movement requires complex interaction of the corticospinal (pyramidal) tracts, basal ganglia, and cerebellum (the center for motor coordination) to ensure smooth, purposeful movement. (msdmanuals.com)

T2/FLAIR hyperintensity of the subcortical, periventricular, cerebellar white matter, brainstem, and dentate nuclei are characteristic of CTX. (medscape.com)
They occur in characteristic locations alongside penetrating vessels in the mesencephalothalamic area, cerebral white matter, and cerebellar dentate nuclei. (hkmj.org)

One exception is that fibers from the flocculonodular lobe synapse directly on vestibular nuclei without first passing through the deep cerebellar nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
The vestibular nuclei in the brainstem are analogous structures to the deep nuclei, since they receive both mossy fiber and Purkinje cell inputs. (wikipedia.org)
For Purkinje cell output to reach the rest of the brain it must be conveyed by neurons of the DCN or vestibular nuclei. (jneurosci.org)
it is closely interconnected with the vestibular nuclei. (msdmanuals.com)

This part of the nucleus receives its cerebellar cortical projection from the forelimb areas of these three sagittal zones. (lu.se)
There is a highly divergent projection from large numbers of cerebral cortical neurons (eight CCs are shown) to the two input nuclei of the BG network, namely the striatum (shaded box containing six spiny neurons (SpNs)) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN). (scholarpedia.org)

Is the Subject Area "Thalamic nuclei" applicable to this article? (plos.org)

We explored effect of glutamatergic neurons in the fastigial nucleus (FN), one of three cerebellar nuclei, on humoral immunity. (nel.edu)

Neurodegeneration of the cerebellar dentate nucleus, abnormal electrical rhythmicity and reduced function of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA are possible mechanistic explanations for essential tremor. (biorxiv.org)

To investigate whether tenascin-C and tenascin-R may play important functional roles in the lesioned central nervous system, we have analysed their expression in the olivocerebellar system of the adult rat after 3-acetylpyridine-induced degeneration of nerve cells in the inferior olivary nucleus. (researchgate.net)

The functional relation between receptive fields of climbing fibres projecting to the C1, C3 and Y zones and forelimb movements controlled by nucleus interpositus anterior via the rubrospinal tract were studied in cats decerebrated at the pre-collicular level. (lu.se)
Natural stimulation of the forelimb skin evoked positive field potentials in the nucleus. (lu.se)
It has previously been suggested that the cerebellar control of forelimb movements via the rubrospinal tract has a modular organisation. (lu.se)

The system is formed by Purkinje cells (PC), the Deep Cerebellar Nucleus (DCN) and Inferior Olive (IO). (tudelft.nl)
Our analysis of SCA1 transgenic mice revealed that the mutant protein aggregates in the nuclei of cerebellar Purkinje cells and that these aggregates stain positively for ubiquitin, the proteasome, and some chaperones. (bcm.edu)

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus is the current treatment of choice for tardive dystonia refractory to medical treatment with alternative interventions such as DBS of the subthalamic nucleus currently having a smaller body of evidence. (medscape.com)

Here, we review what is known about cerebellar network organization, neural dynamics and synaptic plasticity and point out what is still missing and would require experimental assessments. (frontiersin.org)
non-linear excitation and inhibition properties and multiple forms of synaptic plasticity that cooperate to generate the computational schemes that process incoming signals and generate the cerebellar output. (frontiersin.org)
Here we report alterations in motor behaviour and cerebellar synaptic plasticity in a mouse model (patDp/+) for the human 15q11-13 duplication, one of the most frequently observed genetic aberrations in autism. (nature.com)

These techniques are proving essential to investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of activity and plasticity in the cerebellar network, providing new clues on how circuit dynamics contribute to motor control and higher cognitive functions. (frontiersin.org)
To examine which cerebellar synaptic alterations might contribute to motor deficits in autism, we studied cerebellar synaptic function and plasticity as well as motor coordination and learning in a mouse model for the human 15q11-13 duplication. (nature.com)

Microelectrode tracks were made through the caudal half of nucleus interpositus anterior. (lu.se)
Each module would consist of a cell group in the nucleus interpositus anterior and its afferent microzones in the C1, C3 and Y zones, characterised by a homogenous set of climbing fibre receptive fields. (lu.se)

Tenascin-C mRNA was not detectable at any time in the unlesioned or lesioned inferior olivary nucleus by in situ hybridization. (researchgate.net)

Background Magnetic-resonance-guided focused ultrasound ablation of ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus is a new treatment for tremor disorders. (biorxiv.org)

Further, we also review our current understanding of cortico-cerebellar and basal ganglia-cerebellar interactions that play vital roles in motor planning and motor learning. (ncbs.res.in)

The Dutch team investigated the effect of associative learning on these connections to the nuclei and found that the mossy fibers had made stronger connections to the nuclei in the mice showing associative learning. (technologynetworks.com)
Since various bands of fibers (fibers of the fasciculus retroflexus, rootlets of the oculomotor nerve, and fibers of the superior cerebellar peduncle) pass through the red nucleus (3, 4) , it has been proposed that these myelinated fiber bundles constitute the lamellae (1) . (ajnr.org)
The nucleus itself has higher iron content than its surrounding neural fibers. (ajnr.org)

There are four deep cerebellar nuclei embedded in the white matter of the medullary centre. (wikipedia.org)
In fact, the latter forms the bulk of the human red nucleus and can be subdivided histologically by two medullary lamellae into three parts. (ajnr.org)
Because iron is deposited in the human red nucleus and gradient-echo sequences are more sensitive than spin-echo sequences in the detection of iron, a high-resolution gradient-echo MR sequence was used in this study to determine whether the medullary lamellae of the normal human red nucleus could be detected in vivo. (ajnr.org)
High-resolution gradient-echo MR imaging is capable of depicting the medullary lamellae of the normal human red nucleus in vivo. (ajnr.org)
Histologically, the parvicellular subnucleus of the human red nucleus can be divided into three parts by medullary lamellae: the pars oralis, the pars dorsomedialis, and the pars caudalis (1) ( Figs 1 and 2 ). (ajnr.org)
To the best of our knowledge, the medullary lamellae in the red nucleus have not previously been demonstrated by means of a noninvasive imaging technique. (ajnr.org)

A 2017 study showed T1/FLAIR hypointensity consistent with cerebellar vacuolation and T1/FLAIR/SW hypointense alterations compatible with calcification in a subgroup of patients with CTX. (medscape.com)
The BSE-challenged mice (A-C) show confluent vacuolation in the dorsal cochlear nucleus that extends ventrally with increasing lesion severity. (cdc.gov)

This caused the mice to close their eyelids at the right times, showing that the cerebellar nuclei can support well-timed learning. (technologynetworks.com)
In recent work, we applied single-nucleus RNA sequencing in chickens, mice, and humans, STARmap spatial transcriptomic analysis in chicken and mice, and whole-CNS projection mapping in mice. (oist.jp)
Histopathologic analysis of cochlear nuclei from host-encoded prion protein (PrP)-a mice (C57/BL6) inoculated with (A) fixed material from the suspected case, (B) fixed material from experimental goat bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), (C) unfixed material from experimental sheep BSE, and (D) fixed material from experimental goat scrapie. (cdc.gov)

Long term damage was found in the ablated core and in the tract connecting the thalamus and red-nucleus. (biorxiv.org)

Some animals, including humans, do not have distinct emboliform and globose nuclei, instead having a single, fused interposed nucleus. (wikipedia.org)

Thus, these findings point towards an involvement of cerebellar dysfunction in ASD symptoms. (nature.com)

Fibre sparing lesions of the anterior cerebellar nuclei prevented the acquisition and abolished retention of CRs. (bl.uk)

However, recent experimental evidence indicates that cerebellar operations are much more complex than solely predicted by anatomy, due to the crucial role played by neuronal and synaptic properties. (frontiersin.org)

Simplified cerebellar circuitry illustrating direction of information flow and Kv3 channel localization. (jneurosci.org)

Deiters also made beautiful drawings of microscopical sections through the spinal cord and the brain stem, the latter showing the lateral vestibular nucleus which received his name. (eur.nl)
These nuclei in turn have connections to other brain areas that directly control muscles, including the eyelid. (technologynetworks.com)
Few cerebellar studies have examined changes in synaptic organization and function, although it has been recognized that synaptopathies play a central role in developmental brain disorders, including autism 19 . (nature.com)
Anatomic sections of the human brain have also shown the presence of lamellae in the red nucleus (2) . (ajnr.org)

In general, each pair of deep nuclei is associated with a corresponding region of cerebellar surface anatomy. (wikipedia.org)
2 . Steuber V, Schultheiss NW, Silver RA, De Schutter E, Jaeger D (2011) Determinants of synaptic integration and heterogeneity in rebound firing explored with data-driven models of deep cerebellar nucleus cells. (yale.edu)
The role of cerebellar Kv3.1 and Kv3.3 channels in motor coordination was examined with an emphasis on the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN). (jneurosci.org)
Deep cerebellar nuclei neurons expressed Nav1.1 and Nav1.6 as well as Nabeta1. (nih.gov)
We review these studies focusing on the three major cerebellar cell types, namely: granule cells, Purkinje neurons and the cells of the deep cerebellar nuclei. (ncbs.res.in)

This mini-review summarizes the pathophysiological mechanisms and aims to establish the basis of "auto-antibody-induced cerebellar synaptopathies. (springer.com)

To explore the pathogenesis of migraine chronification, we measured gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate/glutamine (Glx) levels in the dentate nucleus (DN) and PAG of patients with episodic and chronic migraine and healthy subjects. (researchsquare.com)

The hypothalamus mediates the effect of cerebellar fastigial nuclear glutamatergic neurons on humoral immunity. (nel.edu)
Cao B, Han X, Huang Y, Qiu Y, Peng Y. The hypothalamus mediates the effect of cerebellar fastigial nuclear glutamatergic neurons on humoral immunity. (nel.edu)

The nucleus gives rise to the lateral vestibulospinal tract. (eur.nl)

In agreement with these morphological abnormalities, differences in functional connectivity and activation of cerebellar circuits have been observed using functional magnetic resonance imaging 17 . (nature.com)

This nucleus, however, should be considered as a cerebellar nucleus because it receives Purkinje cell axons from the vermal B zone in its dorsal portion. (eur.nl)

However, previous MR studies, using conventional spin-echo sequences, have shown the human red nucleus as a uniformly hypointense area on both T1- and T2-weighted images (6, 7) . (ajnr.org)

5 . Luthman J, Hoebeek FE, Maex R, Davey N, Adams R, De Zeeuw CI, Steuber V (2011) STD-dependent and independent encoding of input irregularity as spike rate in a computational model of a cerebellar nucleus neuron. (yale.edu)

A comparison of climbing fibre receptive fields and associated movements for a total of 110 nuclear sites indicated a general specificity of the input-output relationship of this cerebellar control system. (lu.se)
Our work demonstrates that rate adaptation of PRCs can spatio-temporally organize the PC input to cerebellar nuclei. (yale.edu)

A common feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the impairment of motor control and learning, occurring in a majority of children with autism, consistent with perturbation in cerebellar function. (nature.com)

In fact, changes in cerebellar anatomy are among the most reliable observations in brains from autistic individuals 16 . (nature.com)

Independent evidence for a cerebellar contribution to autism comes from morphological studies. (nature.com)

Commissural neurons, which might mediate the crossed disynaptic actions (i.e., were antidromically activated from contralateral motor nuclei and monosynaptically excited from the ipsilateral reticular formation), were found in Rexed's lamina VIII in the midlumbar segments (L3-L5). (jneurosci.org)

3 . Steuber V, Jaeger D (2013) Modeling the generation of output by the cerebellar nuclei. (yale.edu)
This cell typeset forms an archetypal cerebellar nucleus that was repeatedly duplicated to create new regions, and thus cerebellar output channels. (oist.jp)

Anatomy17

Organisms5

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs4

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Psychiatry and Psychology3

Phenomena and Processes8

Cortex22

Cerebellum12

Dentate nuclei2

Vestibular nuclei4

Cortical2

Thalamic1

Fastigial nucleus1

Inhibitory1

Degeneration1

Forelimb3

Purkinje Cells2

Subthalamic nucleus1

Synaptic plasticity3

Plasticity2

Interpositus2

MRNA1

Tremor1

Basal Ganglia1

Fibers3

Medullary6

Vacuolation2

Mice3

Thalamus1

Humans1

Dysfunction1

Lesions1

Neuronal1

Circuitry1

Brain4

Deep5

Mechanisms1

Pathogenesis1

Glutamatergic2

Lateral1

Abnormalities1

Receives1

Hypointense1

Computational1

Input2

Consistent1

Anatomy1

Contribution1

Motor1

Output2