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CefoxitinAntibioticMandolCeftazidimeBactericidalBeta-lactam antiPenicillinsCeftriaxoneAntibioticsSpectrumBacterialAntimicrobial resistanceESBLsMRSASecond-generationTherapyFormActivityActiveThird-generation cephalosporinsCarbapenemsCephamycinsFluoroquinolonesBeta-lactamaseIsolatesStrainsPenicillinTherapyBacteriaFoundDrugMajor

Cefoxitin1

• The second-generation cephalosporins (cefamandole, cefaclor, cefotetan, cefoxitin, and cefuroxime) have an extended antibacterial spectrum that includes greater activity against additional species of gram-negative rods. (britannica.com)

Antibiotic3

• Cephalosporins can be indicated for the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by bacteria susceptible to this particular form of antibiotic. (wikipedia.org)
• Cefamandole (also known as cephamandole) is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic. (ncats.io)
• Identification is critically important as it can reduce the cost and toxicity of the antibiotic therapy and also reduce the possibility of the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. (mdwiki.org)

Mandol1

• Cefamandole under brand name mandol is indicated for the treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms such as: lower respiratory infections, including pneumonia, caused by S. pneumoniae. (ncats.io)

Ceftazidime1

• cefuroxime and cefamandole) and third-generation ones (such as ceftazidime) tend to be more effective against gram-negative bacterial species that are resistant to the first-generation cephalosporins. (britannica.com)

Bactericidal2

• Cephalosporins are bactericidal and, like other β-lactam antibiotics, disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer forming the bacterial cell wall. (wikipedia.org)
• 4 Cephalosporins as bactericidal, cell wall-active β-lactam agents were introduced in the 1980s and as a result of effectiveness against broad-spectrum β-lactamases became standard for treatment of severe conditions such as bloodstream infections, pneumonia and intra-abdominal infections, until ESBLs started compromising usefulness in response to overuse and selective pressure. (ajlmonline.org)

Beta-lactam anti2

• Like all beta-lactam antibiotics, cefamandole binds to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, causing the inhibition of the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. (ncats.io)
• Licorice constituents reduce or reverse drug resistance in MRSA when combined with beta-lactam antibiotics. (interactionsguide.com)

Penicillins3

• citation needed] The commonly quoted figure of 10% of patients with allergic hypersensitivity to penicillins and/or carbapenems also having cross-reactivity with cephalosporins originated from a 1975 study looking at the original cephalosporins, and subsequent "safety first" policy meant this was widely quoted and assumed to apply to all members of the group. (wikipedia.org)
• Recent papers have shown that a major feature in determining frequency of immunological reactions is the similarity of the side chains (e.g., first generation cephalosporins are similar to penicillins), and this is the reason the β-lactams are associated with different frequencies of serious reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis). (wikipedia.org)
• 3 The β-lactamases are the greatest threat to the usefulness of β-lactam antibiotics such as the penicillins and cephalosporins. (ajlmonline.org)

Ceftriaxone1

• Common choices include ceftriaxone or other third-generation cephalosporins, cefuroxime, and cefamandole. (medscape.com)

Antibiotics2

• Resistance to cephalosporin antibiotics can involve either reduced affinity of existing PBP components or the acquisition of a supplementary β-lactam-insensitive PBP. (wikipedia.org)
• However, the effectiveness and easy access to antibiotics have also led to their overuse [8] and some bacteria have evolved resistance to them. (mdwiki.org)

Spectrum5

• When the strain produces class A -lacta- cephamycinases, which confer resistance to expanded- mases, including TEM- or SHV-derived ESBLs, or CTX- spectrum cephalosporins (22,23), and no CTX-M-type - M-type enzymes, the color of a disk containing ben- lactamase producer has been isolated from animals. (cdc.gov)
• The first report of plasmid-encoded β-lactamase capable of hydrolysing the extended-spectrum cephalosporins was published in 1983. (ajlmonline.org)
• 1 Since then, extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) have become an increasingly important resistance mechanism among Enterobacteriaceae worldwide. (ajlmonline.org)
• Of all the different types of β-lactamases, ESBLs currently have the greatest clinical impact in terms of diversity and distribution as well as the ability to hydrolyse expanded-spectrum third generation cephalosporins. (ajlmonline.org)
• Activity against extended-spectrum β-lactamase -producing pathogens, notably ESBL-producing E. coli , is good to excellent, because the drug is not affected by cross-resistance issues. (mdwiki.org)

Bacterial1

• Development of bacterial resistance under therapy is a frequent occurrence and makes fosfomycin unsuitable for sustained therapy of severe infections. (mdwiki.org)

Antimicrobial resistance1

• [14] The global problem of advancing antimicrobial resistance has led to a renewed interest in its use more recently. (mdwiki.org)

ESBLs1

• Organisms that produce ESBLs are an important reason for therapy failure with cephalosporins and have serious consequences for infection control. (ajlmonline.org)

MRSA1

• Notes: MRSA resistance to this class. (blogspot.com)

Second-generation2

• Second-generation cephalosporins have proven effective against gonorrhea, Haemophilus influenzae, and the abscesses caused by Bacteroides fragilis . (britannica.com)
• This, however, should be viewed in the light of recent epidemiological work suggesting, for many second-generation (or later) cephalosporins, the cross-reactivity rate with penicillin is much lower, having no significantly increased risk of reactivity over the first generation based on the studies examined. (wikipedia.org)

Therapy1

• Common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) (≥ 1% of patients) associated with the cephalosporin therapy include: diarrhea, nausea, rash, electrolyte disturbances, and pain and inflammation at injection site. (wikipedia.org)

Form1

• The clinically used form of cefamandole is an ester form, cefamandole nafate, a prodrug. (ncats.io)

Activity1

• Successive generations of cephalosporins have increased activity against Gram-negative bacteria, albeit often with reduced activity against Gram-positive organisms. (wikipedia.org)

Active1

• First-generation cephalosporins are active predominantly against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. (wikipedia.org)

Third-generation cephalosporins1

• Common choices include ceftriaxone or other third-generation cephalosporins, cefuroxime, and cefamandole. (medscape.com)

Carbapenems2

• [ 29-31 ] Intrinsic resistance to β-lactams is exemplified by a chromosomally encoded AmpC cephalosporinase, to which cefepime and carbapenems appear to be stable. (medscape.com)
• [ 39 , 40 ] Synergy between acquired oxacillinases and the AdeABC pump has been reported and implicated in higher levels of resistance to β-lactams, including carbapenems. (medscape.com)

Cephamycins1

• These findings suggest that CTX-M-2 metallo--lactamase, which show resistance to carbapen- producers might have originated from cattle through the ems and cephamycins as well as various expanded-spec- use of cephalosporins such as ceftiofur and that cattle trum cephalosporins, have been identified in Japan (15), could be a reservoir of CTX-M-2-producing E. coli . (cdc.gov)

Fluoroquinolones1

• Overexpression of this pump, tightly regulated by adeRS genes encoding a two-component regulatory system, [ 36 ] confers resistance to aminoglycosides and decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, trimethoprim and ethidium bromide, as well as to netilmicin and meropenem. (medscape.com)

Beta-lactamase3

• Cefuroxime inhibited beta-lactamase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Haemophilus influenzae. (nih.gov)
• In vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of BL-S786 compared with those of other cephalosporins. (nih.gov)
• Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. (nih.gov)

Isolates4

• An epidemiological survey of penicillin resistance as determined by minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in Streptococcus pneumoniae strains collected from several Hungarian laboratories in 1988-1989 indicated a prevalence of 58% among a total of 135 isolates. (nih.gov)
• The major efflux mechanism associated with carbapenem resistance in A. baumannii is the chromosomally encoded tripartite efflux pump, AdeABC, present in approximately 80% of clinical isolates. (medscape.com)
• it inhibited isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella resistant to cefamandole and inhibited Enterobacter and Citrobacter resistant to cefoxitin. (nih.gov)
• Many isolates of Serratia, some indole-positive strains of Proteus, and Bacteroides fragilis were resistant to cefuroxime. (nih.gov)

Strains2

• On the basis of the MIC50 and MIC90 values of ampicillin and five cephalosporins for penicillin-resistant strains, it was established that ampicillin and cephalexin were not superior to penicillin. (nih.gov)
• In vitro susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains to nine beta-lactam antibiotics and the killing kinetics of cephalosporins alone and in combination with vancomycin or gentamicin. (nih.gov)

Penicillin2

• The therapeutic alternative to penicillin in the treatment of respiratory tract infection may be second-generation cephalosporins such as cefuroxime or cefamandole. (nih.gov)
• This, however, should be viewed in the light of recent epidemiological work suggesting, for many second-generation (or later) cephalosporins, the cross-reactivity rate with penicillin is much lower, having no significantly increased risk of reactivity over the first generation based on the studies examined. (wikipedia.org)

Therapy1

• Common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) (≥ 1% of patients) associated with the cephalosporin therapy include: diarrhea, nausea, rash, electrolyte disturbances, and pain and inflammation at injection site. (wikipedia.org)

Bacteria2

• First-generation cephalosporins are active predominantly against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. (wikipedia.org)
• Antibiotics are extremely important in medicine, but unfortunately bacteria are capable of developing resistance to them. (emedexpert.com)

Found1

• The aerobic mold which yielded cephalosporin C was found in the sea near a sewage outfall in Su Siccu, by Cagliari harbour in Sardinia, by the Italian pharmacologist Giuseppe Brotzu in July 1945. (wikipedia.org)

Drug1

• [ 47 , 48 ] Alteration of the expression of CarO in the outer membrane reduces the penetration of imipenem into the cell, therefore contributing to drug resistance. (medscape.com)

Major1

• There are five families of efflux-pump proteins that are associated with multidrug resistance in Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms: the ATP-binding cassette superfamily, the major facilitator superfamily, the multidrug and toxic-compound extrusion family, the small multidrug resistance family and the resistance nodulation division (RND) family. (medscape.com)