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CentrosomeMicrotubulesTubulinMicrotubule-Organizing CenterCytoskeletonMicrotubule-Associated ProteinsSpindle ApparatusCentriolesMitosisMicrotubule ProteinsActinsNocodazoleActin CytoskeletonMicroscopy, FluorescenceInterphaseSpindle PolesKinesinran GTP-Binding ProteinCytoskeletal ProteinsCell PolarityAurora KinasesProtein BindingDyneinsMolecular Sequence DataTubulin ModulatorsA Kinase Anchor ProteinsMicrofilament ProteinsHeLa CellsKinetochoresProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesFluorescent Antibody TechniqueAmino Acid SequenceMicroscopy, ElectronCell LineModels, BiologicalCell Cycle ProteinsMutationProtein Structure, TertiaryProtein TransportCell CycleXenopus ProteinsMetaphaseCell NucleusGreen Fluorescent ProteinsRecombinant Fusion ProteinsColchicineNuclear ProteinsPhosphorylationCell ExtractsRNA InterferenceMeiosisSchizosaccharomycesCells, CulturedXenopusOocytesBivalviaActin-Related Protein 2-3 ComplexIcerho GTP-Binding ProteinsCell MovementDrosophilarhoA GTP-Binding ProteinActin-Related Protein 2CHO CellsGolgi ApparatusCricetinaeRNA, Small InterferingPaclitaxelSequence Homology, Amino AcidActin-Related Protein 3Signal TransductionStress FibersCrystallizationMolecular Motor ProteinsCell AdhesionDemecolcinecdc42 GTP-Binding ProteinBiopolymersPolymersCarrier ProteinsXenopus laevisCell Line, TumorChromosome SegregationKineticsrho-Associated KinasesCytokinesisStathminDrosophila ProteinsCytoplasmPolymerizationMicroscopy, VideoProphaseAntigensSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsNeoplasm ProteinsCell DivisionSaccharomyces cerevisiaePhosphoproteinstau ProteinsCilia
MitosisFunctions of the centrosomeClass of microtubulesMitotic spindlesActinProteinsOnsetVertebrate cellsAnchorsDepolymerizationNucleateBundlesProteinLight microscopyCentrosominMaturationAggresomeUndergoesAntiparallelInterphaseMinus-endsDynamicsProcessesRegulateDyneinCytokinesisDysfunctionTightlyComplexesMCAKNeuronalFailStructuresDynamicFormationCellsRolesComponentCellularComplexDataShowFunctionForcesNature
Mitosis8
Functions of the centrosome1
  • Enthrallingly, HTLV-1 Tax expression also targets the functions of the centrosome, and this event is correlated with centrosome amplification, aneuploidy and transformation. (biomedcentral.com)
Class of microtubules1
Mitotic spindles3
  • This ensures normal function and organization of the centrosomes, mitotic spindles, and cytoskeleton, and by extension, regulation over cell cycle progression and checkpoints. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we combine the first large-scale serial electron tomography of whole mitotic spindles in early C. elegans embryos with live-cell imaging to reconstruct all microtubules in 3D and identify their plus- and minus-ends. (nature.com)
  • The role of microtubule pivoting in formation of complex structures such as microtubule bundles and mitotic spindles. (irb.hr)
Actin4
  • The microtubules and actin filaments within the phragmoplast serve to guide vesicles with cell wall material to the growing cell plate. (sciforums.com)
  • The T cells actin cytoskeleton undergoes striking rearrangements upon contact with an antigen presenting cell to form the segregated domains that comprise the immunological synapse (IS) - the distal, peripheral and central supramolecular activation clusters (dSMAC, pSMAC and cSMAC, respectively). (grantome.com)
  • A popular model suggests that the branched actin network comprising the dSMAC, which is created by Arp2/3-dependent branched actin nucleation, is converted into the concentric arcs by debranching and crosslinking1. (grantome.com)
  • Specifically, disrupting actin arc formation/organization by inhibiting either formin or myosin II resulted in less centralized TCR MCs and LFA-1 MCs that are not accumulated at the inner aspect of the pSMAC and are mis-segregated into the cSMAC. (grantome.com)
Proteins6
  • This protein localizes to the centrosome and recruits proteins to the pericentriolar matrix (PCM) to ensure proper centrosome and mitotic spindle formation, and thus, uninterrupted cell cycle progression. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is an integral component of the PCM, which is a centrosome scaffold that anchors microtubule nucleating complexes and other centrosomal proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • A family of microtubule-associated proteins (or 'MAPs' for short) bind to microtubules and assist in organising the filaments, but it is not clear how they work. (elifesciences.org)
  • The experiments also found that oMAP4 can create links between different microtubules and act as a brake to prevent the filaments being moved excessively by motor proteins. (elifesciences.org)
  • The formation and organization of the primary cilium are highly associated with cell polarity proteins, such as the apical polarity protein CRB3. (bvsalud.org)
  • The PCM is an ordered lattice that anchors a large number of microtubule (MT)-associated proteins, many of which bear putative coiled-coil domains, a tertiary structure known to facilitate protein-protein interactions [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Onset1
  • Plant cells lack centrosomes and instead utilize acentrosomal microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) to rapidly increase the number of microtubules at the onset of spindle assembly. (bvsalud.org)
Vertebrate cells2
  • Centrosomes are the major microtubule organizing structures in vertebrate cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These data are the first to characterize the dynamics of centrosome-associated γ-tubulin in vertebrate cells in vivo and to demonstrate the microtubule-independent nature of these dynamics. (silverchair.com)
Anchors1
  • Together with dynactin, dynein regulates centrosomal orientation to establish and maintain cell polarity, controls focal adhesion turnover and anchors microtubules at the leading edge. (biologists.com)
Depolymerization4
  • At spindle poles, where microtubule minus ends are concentrated, microtubule nucleation and depolymerization, the latter required for poleward microtubule flux, happen side by side. (bvsalud.org)
  • How these seemingly antagonistic processes of nucleation and depolymerization are coordinated is not understood. (bvsalud.org)
  • Together, these results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms by which a minimal protein module coordinates microtubule nucleation and depolymerization at spindle poles consistent with their role in poleward microtubule flux. (bvsalud.org)
  • The spindle microtubule (MT) exhibits highly regulated dynamic instability, with frequent polymerization and depolymerization occurring at both the plus and minus ends. (biomedcentral.com)
Nucleate3
  • In the case of chromosomal origin, microtubules instead nucleate around chromosomes and only later attach to kinetochores, as observed in Xenopus cell-free extracts 13 . (nature.com)
  • When centrosomes fail to recruit γ-tubulin complexes, they still nucleate microtubules via the TOG domain protein Mini-spindles (Msps), but these microtubules have different dynamic properties. (bvsalud.org)
  • Centrioles play a role in the organization of the microtubular cytoskeleton, but they do not make direct contact with the MTs which nucleate from the γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRC) located within the PCM. (biomedcentral.com)
Bundles1
Protein7
  • The PACT domain is responsible for targeting the protein to the centrosomes and attaching it to the centriole walls during interphase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is expressed in the cytoplasm and centrosome throughout the cell cycle, and to a lesser extent, in the nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • They develop in a juxtanuclear position, adjacent to the centrosome, the microtubule organizing centre of the cell, and share some protein components. (biorxiv.org)
  • Despite the long-standing observation that aggresomes/Lewy bodies and the centrosome sit side-by-side in the cell, no studies have been done to see whether these protein accumulations impede the organelle function. (biorxiv.org)
  • In this study, we identify a previously uncharacterised isoform of microtubule-associated protein MAP4, oMAP4, as a microtubule organising factor that is crucial for myogenesis. (elifesciences.org)
  • The microtubules in cells that make smaller amounts of this protein were more disorganised, and these cells were unable to fuse with each other to form muscle cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • In addition HIV-1 Vpr protein alters the cell-cycle regulation by hijacking centrosome functions. (biomedcentral.com)
Light microscopy1
  • While our light microscopy and mutant studies show that microtubules are nucleated from the centrosomes, we find only a few KMTs directly connected to the centrosomes. (nature.com)
Centrosomin1
  • In Drosophila, Spindle defective-2 (Spd-2) and Centrosomin (Cnn) redundantly recruit γ-tubulin complexes to mitotic centrosomes. (bvsalud.org)
Maturation1
  • In one model, PCNT complexes with CEP215 and is phosphorylated by PLK1, leading to PCM component recruitment and organization, centrosome maturation, and spindle formation. (wikipedia.org)
Aggresome1
  • The juxtanuclear location of the aggresome is shared by the centrosome, the microtubule organising centre of the cell. (biorxiv.org)
Undergoes1
  • The microtubule cytoskeleton is critical for muscle cell differentiation and undergoes reorganisation into an array of paraxial microtubules, which serves as template for contractile sarcomere formation. (elifesciences.org)
Antiparallel1
  • Moreover, as these filaments exit the inner aspect of the dSMAC, they splay out in the pSMAC and reorient into concentric arcs with an inherent antiparallel organization that is optimal for supporting contraction by bipolar myosin II filaments. (grantome.com)
Interphase2
Minus-ends1
  • Indeed, by quantitatively analysing several models of microtubule growth, we conclude that minus-ends of KMTs have selectively detached and depolymerized from the centrosome. (nature.com)
Dynamics2
  • It is predicted that MCPH gene mutations may lead to the disease phenotype due to a disturbed mitotic spindle orientation, premature chromosomal condensation, signalling response as a result of damaged DNA, microtubule dynamics, transcriptional control or a few other hidden centrosomal mechanisms that can regulate the number of neurons produced by neuronal precursor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Oscillatory dynamics of the cytoskeleton. (irb.hr)
Processes2
  • Is consciousness to be found in quantum processes in microtubules? (sciforums.com)
  • Therefore, the next challenge is to understand how other processes-such as the selective stabilisation of some microtubules and the movement of cell materials along the microtubules-cooperate to control muscle fibre formation. (elifesciences.org)
Regulate1
  • PCNT is also involved in neuronal development through its interaction with DISC1 to regulate microtubule organization. (wikipedia.org)
Dynein3
  • Dynein is the sole processive minus-end-directed microtubule motor found in animals. (biologists.com)
  • Most notably, oMAP4 is required for paraxial microtubule organisation in muscle cells and prevents dynein- and kinesin-driven microtubule-microtubule sliding. (elifesciences.org)
  • We propose a model in which the cooperation of dynein-mediated microtubule transport and oMAP4-mediated zippering of microtubules drives formation of a paraxial microtubule array that provides critical support for the polarisation and elongation of myotubes. (elifesciences.org)
Cytokinesis1
Dysfunction1
  • In particular, the short stature and small brain size characteristic of MOPDII and Seckel syndrome have been attributed to centrosome dysfunction and cell growth disruption as a result of PCNT malfunction. (wikipedia.org)
Tightly2
  • Centrosome duplication is tightly regulated and limited at once per cell cycle through a mechanism that prevents re-duplication. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) studies reveal that the centrosome possesses two populations of γ-tubulin: one that turns over rapidly and another that is more tightly bound. (silverchair.com)
Complexes1
  • Microtubule nucleation is mediated by γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TuRCs). (bvsalud.org)
MCAK2
  • We find that the spindle pole-localized kinesin-13 KIF2A is a microtubule minus-end depolymerase, in contrast to its paralog MCAK. (bvsalud.org)
  • Depletion of PIP4KIIγ enhanced the spindle pole accumulation of mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK), a microtubule (MT)-depolymerizing kinesin, and resulted in a less stable spindle pole-associated MT. Depletion of MCAK can ameliorate PIP4KIIγ depletion-induced spindle abnormalities. (biomedcentral.com)
Neuronal2
  • We find that when aggresomes are present, neuronal cells are unable to organise their microtubule network. (biorxiv.org)
  • Since dopaminergic neurons are polarised, ensuring correct localisation of organelles and the effective intracellular transport of neurotransmitter vesicles, loss of centrosome activity could contribute to loss of dopaminergic function and neuronal cell death in Parkinson's disease. (biorxiv.org)
Fail1
Structures1
  • In animal cells, centrosomes represent the major microtubule-organizing structures (MTOC). (biomedcentral.com)
Dynamic2
Formation2
  • We investigated whether the formation of aggresomes affected key centrosome functions: its ability to organize the microtubule network and to promote cilia formation. (biorxiv.org)
  • used microscopy to observe the formation of the microtubule filaments in living myoblasts. (elifesciences.org)
Cells1
Roles1
Component1
  • γ-Tubulin is a centrosomal component involved in microtubule nucleation. (silverchair.com)
Cellular1
  • Foamy viruses, HIV-1, JSRV, M-PMV and HTLV-1 use the cellular machinery to traffic towards the centrosome during early and/or late stages of the infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Complex1
  • Due to its asymmetric activity, KIF2A still allows microtubule nucleation from the γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC), which serves as a protective cap shielding the minus end against KIF2A binding. (bvsalud.org)
Data2
  • At this level the action potentials for electric and chemical responses (comfort, discomfort) are generated and action potentials are a result of the microtubule data processing system. (sciforums.com)
  • Our data, therefore, help explain the dispensability of the GCP4/5/4/6 core and highlight the robustness of centrosomes as microtubule organizing centers. (bvsalud.org)
Show1
  • In toto , our results show that the connection between centrosomes and chromosomes is mediated by an anchoring into the entire spindle network and that any direct connections through KMTs are few and likely very transient. (nature.com)
Function1
Forces1
Nature1
  • It is one aim of our study to identify the nature of the KMT-centrosome connection in C. elegans , which is so far unknown. (nature.com)