• Chromosome painting was performed using probes for chromosomes 1, 2 and 4 with a pan-centromeric probe, and chromosomal aberrations involving the painted chromosomes were scored using a developed version of the Protocol for Aberration Identification and Nomenclature Terminology (PAINT) nomenclature. (ukhsa.gov.uk)
  • Purpose: To investigate whether translocations in 'stable' lymphocytes, i.e. those not containing unstable aberrations in any chromosome including counterstained ones, would have a longer persistence with time compared with those measured in all cells. (ukhsa.gov.uk)
  • An earlier analysis of aberrations in the painted portion of the genome was performed in all cells, irrespective of the possible aberrations in the unpainted part of the genome. (ukhsa.gov.uk)
  • Evaluation was performed on images, counting all chromosomes and checking the counterstained chromosomes for unstable aberrations, i.e. dicentrics, acentrics or ring chromosomes. (ukhsa.gov.uk)
  • In scoring the images, it was investigated whether translocation yields in 'stable' cells, i.e. cells not containing unstable aberrations in any chromosome including counterstained ones, would be constant with time. (ukhsa.gov.uk)
  • Almost every chromosome is affected by numeric or structural aberrations. (neurotransmitter.net)
  • Pinkel D., Detection of aneuploidy and aneuploidy-inducing agents in human lymphocytes using fluorescence in situ hybridization with chromosome specific DNA probes, Mutat. (gse-journal.org)
  • Eastmond D.A., Rupa D.S., Hasegawa L.S., Detection of hyperdiploidy and chromosome breakage in interphase human lymphocytes following exposure to the benzene metabolite hydroquinone using multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization with DNA probes, Mutat. (gse-journal.org)
  • In 1944 it was realized that genetic transformation in bacteria was due to DNA and not protein and that DNA was the molecule responsible for heredity in genes and chromosomes [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since the genetic code was deciphered much has been learnt about the chromosome structure shared by all organisms from yeast to human. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Libert F., Lefort A., Okimoto R., Womack J., Georges M., Construction of a bovine genomic library of large yeast artificial chromosome clones, Genomics 18 (1993) 270-276. (gse-journal.org)
  • Here especially highlighted variations of FISH are molecular combing, chromosome orientation-FISH (CO-FISH), telomere-FISH, parental origin determination FISH (POD-FISH), FISH to resolve the nuclear architecture, multicolor-FISH (mFISH) approaches, among other applied in chromoanagenesis studies, Comet-FISH, and CRISPR-mediated FISH-applications. (frontiersin.org)
  • Morgan, Sturtevant, Bridges and Muller constructed the first genetic linkage maps from recombination studies in crosses made in the fruit fly and from cytological preparations of its polytene salivary gland chromosomes [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These studies reaffirmed that chromosome structure and behavior in somatic and germ cell divisions were common to all plants and animals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Phylogenomic studies using chromosome painting confirms the high conservation of DNA between even distantly related species [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Under this generic term, all chromosome-related studies should be summarized to introduce novel ideas and concepts in biology and medicine, thus having an integrative effect on the field. (frontiersin.org)
  • The review provides a brief account of the structure of somatic and meiotic chromosomes, stressing the high conservation of structure in plants and animals, with emphasis on aspects that require further research. (biomedcentral.com)
  • He suggested to introduce the term chromosomics being equal to cytogenomics to bring the three-dimensional morphologically of chromosomes into the focus of research, as this is essential for gene regulation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Improvements in the resolution of chromosome analysis has followed closely the introduction of innovative technology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mechanisms of transmission of both discontinuous and continuous characteristics across the generations were unknown before Mendel's laws were explained at the turn of the 20th Century by the behavior of chromosomes in germ cells [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The main part deals with examples of modern FISH-applications, highlighting unique possibilities of the approach, like the possibility to study individual cells and even individual chromosomes. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, mono-allelically expressed genes such as imprinted genes, allelically excluded genes, and genes on female X chromosomes replicate asynchronously. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • In mammals, one of the female X chromosomes and all imprinted genes are expressed exclusively from a single allele in somatic cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The majority of genes on homologous chromosomes replicate synchronously. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • In diploid cells, homologous chromosomes occupy separate territories, but expression from genes located on either the paternal or maternal homolog is usually similar. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Disruption of ASAR6 results in delayed replication, delayed mitotic chromosome condensation, and activation of the previously silent alleles of mono-allelic genes on chromosome 6. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Little is known about the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the X chromosomes and of alleles at the imprinted regions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In contrast, X-linked genes are subject to silencing by X chromosome inactivation (XCI) on one of the two homologs in female somatic cells [ 2 ], and a subset of autosomal genes are subject to imprinting and expressed from either the paternal or maternal allele [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This locus encodes a large intergenic non-coding RNA gene named Asynchronous replication and Autosomal RNA on chromosome 6, or ASAR6 . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • The ASAR6 gene resides within an ∼1.2 megabase domain of asynchronously replicating DNA that is coordinated with other random asynchronously replicating loci along chromosome 6. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • By applying a novel Hi-C method to map allelic chromatin contacts, we discover a specific bipartite organization of the mouse inactive X chromosome that probably plays an important role in maintenance of gene silencing. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2 hour delay in both the initiation and the completion of DNA synthesis along the entire length of the chromosome [5] . (prolekarniky.cz)