Central pattern generators (CPGs) are self-organizing biological neural circuits that produce rhythmic outputs in the absence of rhythmic input. (wikipedia.org)
LECTURE: What are the Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) and How do they Relate to the Tremor Mechanism? (tre-webinar.com)
Cell assemblies and central pattern generators (CPGs) are related types of neuronal networks: both consist of interacting groups of neurons whose collective activities lead to defined functional outputs. (degruyter.com)
Central pattern generators (CPGs) are networks underlying rhythmic motor behaviours and they are dynamically regulated by neuronal elements that are extrinsic or intrinsic to the rhythmogenic circuit. (figshare.com)
How neural networks, including those underlying central pattern generators (CPGs) and sensory feedback circuits, orchestrate the precisely timed activation of motor and premotor neurons in multiple body segments remains poorly understood. (elifesciences.org)
AmphiBot's elegant motion in the water has come from the equivalent what are called central pattern generators (CPGs), which are sequences of neural circuits (the biological kind) that generate the sort of rhythms that you see in eel-like animals that rely on oscillations to move. (ieee.org)
Neurons13
In a network driven by a pacemaker, one or more neurons act as a core oscillator (pacemaker) that drives other, non-bursting neurons (follower) into a rhythmic pattern. (wikipedia.org)
The neurons are not rhythmically active when isolated, but they can produce alternating patterns of activity when coupled by inhibitory connections. (wikipedia.org)
The neurons can also produce activity patterns of other relative phasing, including synchrony, depending on the synaptic properties). (wikipedia.org)
Swallowing is organized by a network of swallowing-related neurons that form the central swallowing pattern generator ( SPG ) located in the medulla oblongata. (nature.com)
The DSG contains the generator neurons involved in triggering, shaping, and timing the sequential or rhythmic swallowing pattern, and the VSG contains switching neurons that distribute the swallowing drive to the various pools of motoneurons involved in the motor activity. (nature.com)
In other species, however, for example, cats, opossums, and primates, a variable portion of the lower esophagus is composed of smooth muscle fibers, controlled by central preganglionic neurons and peripheral neurons of the enteric nervous system ( Figure 1b ). (nature.com)
The firing patterns of the SO and N3t neurons and their synaptic connections with the rest of the CPG are known, but how these regulate network function is not well understood. (figshare.com)
The neurons become active during walking, mainly triggered by input from load sensors in the legs rather than pattern-generating networks. (uni-koeln.de)
The inhibitory neurons (GDL) are necessary for both forward and backward locomotion, suggestive of different yet coupled central pattern generators, and its inhibition is necessary for wave propagation. (elifesciences.org)
Throughout the animal kingdom, from insects to mammals, animals possess specialized circuits of neurons that are responsible for producing these patterns of muscle contraction. (elifesciences.org)
Central pattern generators are made up of multiple types of neurons that exchange information. (elifesciences.org)
During swimming, neurons in the spinal central pattern generator (CPG) generate anti-phase oscillations betwe. (springeropen.com)
These results provide an alternative theory to central pattern generator models, because rhythm generating neurons and genetically defined connectivity are not required in our model. (lu.se)
Neuronal1
Over the past few decades, molecular and genetic programs that control neuronal patterning have been used to specifically target spinal interneurons in mice and zebrafish. (wikipedia.org)
Locomotion3
For example, during axial locomotion such as lamprey swimming and Drosophila larval crawling, muscles present in each segment are sequentially activated along the body axis in a stereotypic temporal and spatial pattern ( Grillner, 2003 ). (elifesciences.org)
Currently, it is accepted that animal locomotion is controlled by a central pattern generator in the spinal cord. (lu.se)
However, current central pattern generator models do not explain how a spinal cord circuitry, which has the same basic genetic plan across species, can adapt to control the different biomechanical properties and locomotion patterns existing in these species. (lu.se)
Sequential3
Figure 1: Swallowing motor pattern and sequential activity of vagal motor fibers in species with striated (a, sheep) or striated and smooth muscle (b, baboon) esophagus. (nature.com)
It is now clearly established, as originally postulated in the pioneer work by Meltzer, 13 that the sequential and rhythmic patterns of swallowing are formed and organized by a central pattern generator ( CPG ). (nature.com)
van Dijk, D & van der Velde, F 2015, ' A central pattern generator for controlling sequential activation in a neural architecture for sentence processing ', Neurocomputing , vol. 170, pp. 128-140. (utwente.nl)
Inhibition1
The results of laboratory studies suggest that electrical stimulation delivered by a TENS unit reduces pain through nociceptive inhibition at the presynaptic level in the dorsal horn, thus limiting its central transmission. (medscape.com)
Circuits1
The most important model is the 'MQIF_Neuron_Synapse.slx' file, as it serves as the foundational neuron for all central pattern generator circuits within this repository. (mathworks.com)
Neuron1
In the model and the biological neuron, the change in burst period caused by inhibitory and excitatory inputs of increasing strength saturated, such that synaptic inputs above a certain strength all had the same effect on the firing pattern of the oscillatory neuron. (jneurosci.org)
Neuromodulation2
Katz P.S. (1995) Neuromodulation and motor pattern generation in the crustacean stomatogastric nervous system, in: Ferrell W.R., Proske U. (Eds. (apidologie.org)
Katz P.S. (1998) Neuromodulation intrinsic to the central pattern generator for escape swimming in Tritonia , Ann. (apidologie.org)
Movement patterns2
Their article is titled, "Flip, flop and fly: modulated motor control and highly variable movement patterns of autotomized gecko tails. (eurekalert.org)
Moreover, I will discuss how these movement patterns affect macro-level phenomena such as ecosystems to understand biological Lévy walks comprehensively. (google.com)
Spinal cord1
Running and walking can actually be controlled in the spinal cord within an area called central pattern generator. (khanacademy.org)
Peripheral1
Swallowing is a complex sensorimotor process that depends on information from multiple levels of the central and peripheral nervous system. (cdc.gov)
20171
Other aspects of the feeding process await further explanation (see Rico-Guevara and Rubega 2017), and patterns of mechanistic variation across hummingbird species (with consequent ecological implications) remain to be described. (researchgate.net)
Electrodes1
A transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) unit consists of 1 or more electrical-signal generators, a battery, and a set of electrodes. (medscape.com)
Regulation1
Isolated brainstem preparations from larval (tadpole) and adult Rana catesbeiana were used to examine inhibitory mechanisms for developmental regulation of the respiratory central pattern generator (CPG). (silverchair.com)
Control5
A central pattern generator is developed to meet the specifications required to successfully control the sequence of actions and activations needed to retrieve information from the neural blackboard in response to a question. (utwente.nl)
The scientists theorize that central pattern generators in the tail control the actions. (eurekalert.org)
Fraden's lab approached the challenge of engineering a material mimicking the generator by first constructing a control device that produces the same neural activation patterns biologists have observed. (army.mil)
In a paper published today in Science Robotics , roboticists from EPFL's Biorobotics Laboratory introduce a robotic eel that leverages sensory feedback from the water it swims through to coordinate its motion without the need for central control, suggesting a path towards simpler, more robust mobile robots. (ieee.org)
The gate-control theory postulates a mechanism by which the gate is closed again, preventing further central transmission of the nociceptive information to the cortex. (medscape.com)
Neural Network1
Looking deeper, Fraden studied how a type of neural network present in the eel, named the Central Pattern Generator, produces waves of chemical pulses that propagate down the eel's spine to rhythmically drive swimming muscles. (army.mil)
Behavior2
Central pattern generators are made up of a network of nerve cells that enable repeatable pattern of behavior, such as chewing, walking, flying. (eurekalert.org)
As functional morphologists, we aim to connect structures, mechanisms, and emergent higher-scale phenomena (e.g., behavior), with the ulterior motive of addressing evolutionary patterns. (researchgate.net)
Activity2
They are the source of the tightly-coupled patterns of neural activity that drive rhythmic and stereotyped motor behaviors like walking, swimming, breathing, or chewing. (wikipedia.org)
And how consistently reproducible must the patterns of activity in a putative assembly be before it can be considered a bona fide assembly? (degruyter.com)
Swallowing2
5, 6, 7 Interestingly, long-lasting repetitive stimulation of the SLN can elicit a pattern of rhythmic motor activities of swallowing. (nature.com)
Swallowing occurs when descending excitatory and inhibitory signals from the cortex and subcortex and ascending signals from the oropharyngeal area trigger the central pattern generator in the bulbar reticular formation ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Networks5
The gecko study adds to the evidence that central pattern generator networks can function without being linked to a brain or central nervous system. (eurekalert.org)
Inputs did not result from connections with thoracic central pattern-generating networks, but, instead, most are derived from leg load sensors. (uni-koeln.de)
The lab developed state-of-the-art fabrication techniques for soft materials engineering artificial chemical networks at the nanoscale that, altogether, would be capable of producing a wide variety of patterns. (army.mil)
Their resulting robust chemical networks produced distributed dynamic patterns identical to the eel's Central Pattern Generator. (army.mil)
As a next step, Fraden's lab will take on the challenge of transferring the information coded in the dynamic patterns from the chemical networks to create a targeted mechanical response within a novel chemo-mechanical gel. (army.mil)
Internal2
Local and remote test with internal pattern generator. (arcelect.com)
The model is an existence proof for a biologically plausible implementation of a neural blackboard central pattern generator. (utwente.nl)
Design4
Fraden noted, "the engineering principles they identified are general and can be applied to design a whole range of other Central Pattern Generators, such as those responsible for other autonomous functions, such as the gait of a horse, for example, walk, canter, trot and gallop. (army.mil)
In ancient times, frieze patterns that ran along the top of a building were a common architectural design. (plu.edu)
In the mathematical field of study, the focus of frieze patterns is on their classification, and how the design is generated. (plu.edu)
InfraBodies - memes from the intersection of art, technology, and experience design Context Free Art Emergence In philosophy, systems theory, science, and art, emergence is a process whereby larger entities, patterns, and regularities arise through interactions among smaller or simpler entities that themselves do not exhibit such properties. (pearltrees.com)
Current2
The challenge is of course exacerbated by the degree of systematic denial of any need to think otherwise by those most identified with the current pattern. (laetusinpraesens.org)
The TENS unit is small and programmable, and the generators can deliver trains of stimuli with variable current strengths, pulse rates, and pulse widths. (medscape.com)
Present2
However the pattern is more subtly present in the square and rectangular forms of the documents which are so fundamental to articulation of decision-making and the development and dissemination of strategic plans. (laetusinpraesens.org)
The findings present the prospect that human central pattern generators could play a role in restoring motion to people with spinal injuries. (eurekalert.org)
Role1
The role of the central pattern generator in this neural architecture of sentence processing illustrates the potential relation between controlling movement processing and cognitive processing. (utwente.nl)
Controls1
We implement a central pattern generator that controls the sequence of activation. (utwente.nl)
Models3
MicrocircuitDB: Phase oscillator models for lamprey central pattern generators (Varkonyi et al. (yale.edu)
2008, we derive phase oscillator models for the lamprey central pattern generator from two biophysically based segmental models. (yale.edu)
1 . Várkonyi PL, Kiemel T, Hoffman K, Cohen AH, Holmes P (2008) On the derivation and tuning of phase oscillator models for lamprey central pattern generators. (yale.edu)
Site2
The generator site for VEPs is believed to be the peristriate and striate occipital cortex. (medscape.com)
3 Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/512/ default.aspx?tabID=512&lang=en&ItemID=1294&mid=3171&wversion=Staging, accessed on 1 April 2015). (who.int)
Form1
Curiously the vehicles of governance are indeed highly dependent on a pattern which takes square form. (laetusinpraesens.org)
Levels1
Emergence is central in theories of integrative levels and of complex systems. (pearltrees.com)
Complex1
CLEMSON-Scientists from Clemson University and the University of Calgary have found that the self-severed tail of some geckos shows a complex pattern of repeating movements to distract the attacker. (eurekalert.org)
Result1
To be classified as a rhythmic generator, a CPG requires: "two or more processes that interact such that each process sequentially increases and decreases, and that, as a result of this interaction, the system repeatedly returns to its starting condition. (wikipedia.org)