Central auditory processing. Medical search. Frequent questions

You might ask: "How many adults with auditory processing disorders do you work with in a year? (ldonline.org)
The systematic review mentioned here described this overlap between APD and other behavioral disorders and whether or not it was easy to distinguish those children that solely had auditory processing disorder. (wikipedia.org)
The diagnosis of CAPD must be determined by an Audiologist and provide information about both developmental and acquired disorders of the central auditory system. (achievehearing.com)
The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) states that CAPD needs to be assessed and diagnosed by an Audiologist (ASHA Technical Report "Central Auditory Processing Disorders" January 2005). (achievehearing.com)
Comorbidity of auditory processing, language, and reading disorders. (journalofhearingscience.com)
ASHA: (Central) Auditory Processing Disorders [Technical Report]. (journalofhearingscience.com)
Auditory processing disorders are common following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), but the neurocircuitry involved is not well understood. (uhms.org)
In addition, when a child is undergoing the evaluation process, both disorders should be addressed. (mcandrewslaw.com)
Consequently, myelin disruption can cause severe information processing defects, and are associated with neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders 3 - 5 . (biorxiv.org)
So many of the processes in the brain overlap, and the disorders dealing with speech and language are difficult to determine and are often misdiagnosed because many manifest the same or similar symptoms. (readinghorizons.com)
6 Hoen M, Rogiers M, Mulder H. Auditory processing disorders II: experimental results on APD management with personal FM systems. (thieme-connect.com)
11 Geffner D. Central auditory processing disorders: definition, description, and behaviors. (thieme-connect.com)
Auditory Processing Disorders: Assessment, Management, and Treatment. (thieme-connect.com)
Disorders of hearing or auditory perception due to pathological processes of the AUDITORY PATHWAYS in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. (bvsalud.org)

Auditory memory deficits, auditory attention problems, and sound sensitivity are not symptoms of APD, but also may involve trouble with using sound information correctly. (kidshealth.org)
Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD) to refer to deficits in the neural processing of auditory information in the CANS not due to higher order language or cognition, as demonstrated by poor performance in one or more of the skills listed above (ASHA, 2005). (baslpcourse.com)
Dyslexic children showed parallel reading, phonological, and auditory information processing deficits. (journalofhearingscience.com)
These findings contribute to a better understanding of basic sensory processing differences, which may be critical for understanding more complex social and cognitive deficits in ASD, and ultimately may contribute to more effective diagnostic and interventional strategies. (frontiersin.org)
Although evidence for deficits in sensory (and multisensory) processing is abundant in the ASD literature, there are also a number of reports detailing enhanced perceptual capabilities in response to specific sensory stimuli. (frontiersin.org)
This program was specifically designed to improve auditory processing deficits which may underlie some language impairments. (nih.gov)
Children who have auditory processing deficits can jumble the order of sounds that are heard in close sequence. (nih.gov)
The present study used functional MRI to examine auditory cortex activation patterns during a passive listening task in a normative population and mTBI patients with and without clinical central auditory processing deficits (APD) as defined by the SCAN-3:A clinical battery. (uhms.org)
If the deficits are not identified or managed early, speech and language-processing problems can cause difficulty in reading development later. (readinghorizons.com)
A single study in Brazil investigated auditory function among 23 neonates with microcephaly and presumed congenital Zika virus infection, using otoacoustic emissions testing without a confirmatory examination, and found 9% with auditory deficits ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)

Right, unless your listener has a CAPD (Central Auditory Processing Disorder), then your remark might come through with certain words drowned out by other noises, or with some words sounding like different words or as meaningless strings of verbiage. (ldonline.org)
Kids with this condition, also known as central auditory processing disorder (CAPD), can't understand what they hear in the same way other kids do. (kidshealth.org)
Achieve Hearing & Rehabilitation offers a complete CAPD (Central Auditory Processing Disorder) evaluation with an audiologist and a speech-language pathologist. (achievehearing.com)
A Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD) is a deficiency in the way the brain processes verbal/auditory information. (achievehearing.com)
Signs of CAPD are not exclusive to the disorder, but if your child exhibits some of the following signs or symptoms, they may be at risk of a central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) and benefit from specialized auditory testing. (achievehearing.com)
CAPD is diagnosed through specialized tests designed to assess the auditory centers of the central nervous system. (achievehearing.com)
Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD) vs. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) - HOW DOES ONE DISTINGUISH? (mcandrewslaw.com)
Children who have Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often exhibit many similar characteristics and behaviors. (mcandrewslaw.com)
Children suffering from CAPD can't process the information they hear in the same way as others because their ears and brain don't fully coordinate. (educationtimes.com)
Auditory Processing Disorder (APD), also known as Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD), is a problem with the way individuals process sounds - particularly, speech sounds. (readinghorizons.com)

In this study, we used the auditory brainstem response (ABR) to determine whether cochlear synaptopathy could explain auditory symptoms. (uhms.org)
Here we examined associations between prenatal OP exposure and grating visual acuity (VA) and auditory brainstem response (ABR) during infancy. (cdc.gov)
Grating visual acuity (VA) (n = 179-200) and auditory brainstem response (ABR) (n = 139-183) were assessed at 6 weeks, 9 months, and 18 months. (cdc.gov)

In the current study, unisensory temporal acuity was measured by determining individual thresholds on visual and auditory temporal order judgment (TOJ) tasks, and multisensory temporal function was assessed through a cross-modal version of the TOJ task. (frontiersin.org)
Neural networks have been used in visual and auditory research for years. (scientificamerican.com)
Yet the effects of early-life exposure on visual and auditory function are unknown. (cdc.gov)

Van Ingelghem M, Boets B, Van Wieringen A, Onghena P, Ghesquière P, Wouters J. An auditory temporal processing deficit in children with dyslexia. (journalofhearingscience.com)
Murphy CF, Schochat E. Correlations between reading, phonological awareness and auditory temporal processing. (journalofhearingscience.com)
Boscariol M, Guimarães CA, Hage SR, Cendes F, Guerreiro MM. Temporal auditory processing: correlation with developmental dyslexia and cortical malformation. (journalofhearingscience.com)
However, the possible contributions of altered unisensory temporal processes to the demonstrated changes in multisensory function are yet unknown. (frontiersin.org)
Whereas no differences in thresholds for the visual TOJ task were seen between children with ASD and TD, thresholds were higher in ASD on the auditory TOJ task, providing preliminary evidence for impairment in auditory temporal processing. (frontiersin.org)
We focused on the primary auditory cortex (A1) due to the crucial role that temporal precision plays in the processing of auditory information. (biorxiv.org)
The long-term therapeutic benefits include improvements in cortical auditory evoked potential amplitudes to tone stimuli, auditory brainstem responses to speech stimuli, frequency discrimination, binaural temporal resolution, frequency pattern recognition, auditory working memory, core language, phonological awareness, and speech perception in spatially separated noise. (thieme-connect.com)

12 Rickard NA, Heidtke UJ, O'Beirne GA. Assessment of auditory processing disorder in children using an adaptive filtered speech test. (thieme-connect.com)

Instead, it affects the hearing system beyond the ear, whose job it is to separate a meaningful message from non-essential background sound and deliver that information with good clarity to the intellectual centers of the brain (the central nervous system). (ldonline.org)
The most accurate way to sort out CAPDs from other problems that mimic them, however, is through clinical audiologic tests of central nervous system function. (ldonline.org)
It is thought that these difficulties arise from dysfunction in the central nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
The American Academy of Audiology notes that APD is diagnosed by difficulties in one or more auditory processes known to reflect the function of the central auditory nervous system. (wikipedia.org)
Central) Auditory Processing (CAP) or auditory processing-is the perceptual processing of auditory information in the central auditory nervous system (CANS) and the neurobiological activity that underlies that processing and gives rise to electrophysiologic auditory potentials (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association [ASHA], 2005). (baslpcourse.com)
Musiek FE, Shinn JB, Jirsa R, Bamiou D-E, Baran JA, Zaida E. GIN (Gaps-In-Noise) test performance in subjects with confirmed central auditory nervous system involvement. (journalofhearingscience.com)
Myelination of central nervous system axons increases the conduction speed of neural impulses and contributes to the function and maintenance of neural circuits. (biorxiv.org)
Furthermore, we now know that central nervous system (CNS) myelin thickness and density is influenced by experience, i.e. myelin is negatively influenced by deprivation 10 , 11 and increased by neuronal activity and novelty 12 , 13 . (biorxiv.org)
Central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis may also be associated with this condition. (medscape.com)
Accelerated aging in DS is not confined to the central nervous system (CNS) and occurs in various other systems. (medscape.com)
Tumor surveillance (central nervous system neoplasms and rhabdomyosarcoma) is important as well. (medscape.com)

Tallal P, Piercy M. Defects of non-verbal auditory perception in children with developmental aphasia. (journalofhearingscience.com)
9 Lagacé J, Jutras B, Gagné J-P. Auditory processing disorder and speech perception problems in noise: finding the underlying origin. (thieme-connect.com)
Perception of envelope-enhanced speech in the presence of noise by individuals with auditory neuropathy. (medscape.com)
The process of perception is important in philosophical inquiry, but its role in the worldview of Pynchon's works has thus far not been examined in depth. (lu.se)
perception as a process is a foundational issue for inquiries metaphysical and epistemological. (lu.se)

These children tend to perform poorly on measures of auditory processing and standardized tests of language development. (nih.gov)
It has been long recognized by many in audiology and hearing science that our field lacks clinically useable measures of auditory discrimination. (hearinghealthmatters.org)

Easily distracted by auditory or visual stimuli. (baslpcourse.com)
Unusual responses to sensory input and disruptions in the processing of both unisensory and multisensory stimuli also have been reported frequently. (frontiersin.org)
The impacts of myelin and demyelination are particularly evident in the auditory system, where precise coding and maintenance of timing information of sound stimuli are critical for normal auditory tasks, including spatial hearing and sound localization 6 . (biorxiv.org)

Though not currently part of the diagnostic criteria for ASD, the presence of unusual sensory behaviors has been proposed for inclusion in updated diagnostic criteria for the DSM-V, highlighting emerging consensus that sensory abnormalities are central features of ASD. (frontiersin.org)
The data collection and analysis efforts then lead to a prioritization process where by the COSAP decided what substance abuse behaviors will be prioritized for the purposes of this plan. (who.int)

One approach focuses on training certain auditory and listening skills such as auditory discrimination (e.g., telling the difference between peas and bees), localization of sound, sequencing sounds, or identifying a target sound in a noisy background. (readingrockets.org)
The Short Increment Sensitivity Index (SISI): An Auditory Discrimination Application? (hearinghealthmatters.org)
With this in mind, and no new procedures of auditory discrimination on the horizon, I could not help but reflect on a test procedure that most audiologists have available to them on their audiometers - the SISI test. (hearinghealthmatters.org)
It is this idea that we would like to discuss in more detail now - within the framework of some history of auditory discrimination research and a link to the SISI procedure. (hearinghealthmatters.org)
So, in this commentary, let's look at the methodology behind the SISI procedure and see if perhaps it does (or doesn't) qualify as a measure of auditory discrimination. (hearinghealthmatters.org)
Auditory discrimination studies have been primarily the domain of psychoacoustics. (hearinghealthmatters.org)
The early research by J. D. Harris (1963) provided an insightful account of the different methodologies employed for determining just noticeable differences (JNDs) or difference limens (DLs) for auditory discrimination. (hearinghealthmatters.org)
Each of these methodologies have been slightly modified by researchers over the years but remain the cornerstone of auditory discrimination studies. (hearinghealthmatters.org)
Now let's look at the SISI a diagnostic test, by comparison to the three auditory discrimination measures just mentioned. (hearinghealthmatters.org)

Our results tell us that a variety of intensive interventions that we can provide kids will improve auditory processing and language learning. (nih.gov)

Clinical and audiological features in auditory neuropathy. (medscape.com)
Diagnosis is usually by electrodiagnostic testing (evoked otoacoustic emissions testing and auditory brain stem response) in neonates and by clinical examination and tympanometry in children. (msdmanuals.com)

Background: Audiology clinics have many tools available to evaluate auditory and vestibular complaints. (uhms.org)
Materials and Methods: In this repeated measures study, 75 adults, ages 18-65 years, without a history of traumatic brain injury, underwent robust auditory/vestibular evaluations three times over six months, including rotational chair, videonystagmography, computerized dynamic posturography, vestibular evoked myogenic potentials, and retinal fundoscopy. (uhms.org)

Multi-site diagnosis and management of 260 patients with auditory neuropathy/dys-synchrony (auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder). (medscape.com)
Mo L, Yan F, Liu H, Han D, Zhang L. Audiological results in a group of children with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder. (medscape.com)
Cochlear implantation in children with auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder. (medscape.com)

Similarly with developmental dyslexia, researchers continue to explore the hypothesis that reading problems emerge as a downstream consequence of difficulties in rapid auditory processing. (wikipedia.org)
It has been found that a higher than expected proportion of individuals diagnosed with SLI and dyslexia on the basis of language and reading tests also perform poorly on tests in which auditory processing skills are tested. (wikipedia.org)
In this paper we showed predictive relationships between central auditory processes, phonological abilities, and reading abilities in children diagnosed with developmental dyslexia (DD). (journalofhearingscience.com)
Exactly 57 children with dyslexia and 40 age- and gender-matched normal reading children performed reading, phonological, and auditory information processing tests, i.e. the Frequency Pattern Test (FPT), Dichotic Digit Test (DDT), and Gap Detection Test (GDT). (journalofhearingscience.com)
Rosen S. Auditory processing in dyslexia and specific language impairment: is there a deficit? (journalofhearingscience.com)
Psychometric profile of children with auditory processing disorder and children with dyslexia. (journalofhearingscience.com)
The symptoms for auditory processing disorder can be very similar to those of dyslexia and can cause confusion. (readinghorizons.com)
Studies of the effects of amplification with remote microphone hearing aids for children with auditory processing disorder or dyslexia consistently show therapeutic as well as assistive benefits from the amplification. (thieme-connect.com)

however, associations between reading and phonological skills and central auditory processes remain unclear. (journalofhearingscience.com)

Other terms that have been used interchangeably include: auditory comprehension deficit, central deafness, word deafness and auditory perceptual processing dysfunction. (readingrockets.org)

Learn symptoms of Central Auditory Processing Disorder, how it is diagnosed, and what can be done about it. (readingrockets.org)
What Are the Signs & Symptoms of Auditory Processing Disorder? (kidshealth.org)
Introduction: Individuals with persistent symptoms after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) often have auditory complaints. (uhms.org)
Speech-language pathologists are aware of the symptoms and can often get an idea if auditory processing disorder may be present by working with an individual. (readinghorizons.com)

Frank Musiek, audiologist and researcher in this area, has described central auditory processing as, "How well the ear talks to the brain, and how well the brain understands what the ear tells it. (readingrockets.org)
Evaluation by both an audiologist and a speech-language pathologist provides important information about the person with central auditory processing problems. (readingrockets.org)
An audiologist will evaluate a child's hearing and identify possible processing problems. (readingrockets.org)
The Audiologist looks at how the brain processes sounds. (achievehearing.com)

Furthermore, focal demyelination in A1 permanently disrupts its tonotopic organization 8 and auditory frequency-specific responses in MGB 9 . (biorxiv.org)
We addressed the function of BK Ca by recording sound-induced responses of afferent auditory nerve (AN) fibers from mice with a targeted deletion of the pore-forming α-subunit of BK Ca ( BKα −/− ) and comparing these with voltage responses of current-clamped IHCs. (jneurosci.org)
Individual ERP (MMN, P3a, and P3b) responses to deviations in auditory patterns are reported for conscious young, healthy control participants, as well as for hospice patients, both when the latter were conscious, and again when they became unresponsive to their environment. (nature.com)

Kraus N, Ozdamar O, Stein L, Reed N. Absent auditory brain stem response: peripheral hearing loss or brain stem dysfunction? (medscape.com)

Guideline] Sanyelbhaa Talaat H, Kabel AH, Samy H, Elbadry M. Prevalence of auditory neuropathy (AN) among infants and young children with severe to profound hearing loss. (medscape.com)
The study reported that patients with DS had a higher prevalence of mood changes, overactivity, auditory hallucinations, disturbed sleep, and less aggression due to other etiologies. (medscape.com)

Patients with mTBI had overall patterns of lower auditory cortex activation during the listening tasks as compared to normative controls. (uhms.org)
For example, cuprizone-induced demyelination promotes hyper- and depolarizing shifts of the resting membrane potential of auditory thalamocortical pathway neurons and reduction in action potential firing of primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons 7 . (biorxiv.org)

However, the disruption of visual or auditory pathway maturation in infancy could potentially negatively affect downstream cognitive development. (cdc.gov)
Ageing is not a homogenous process - there is a pathway to ageing well it is something that we all experience differently. (who.int)

Children and adults whose auditory problems have not been recognized and dealt with are forced to invent their own solutions. (ldonline.org)
Methods: 69 adult military service members with mTBI and 25 adults without brain injury (NCT01611194 and NCT01925963) completed pure-tone audiometry, ABR, and central auditory processing tests. (uhms.org)
Children and adults with auditory processing disorder do not process auditory information normally. (readinghorizons.com)
Previous studies have shown that musical instrument training programs of 16 or more weeks improve verbal memory (Logical Memory Test delayed recall), processing speed (Digit Symbol Coding Test), and executive function (Trail Making Test Part B) of musically untrained healthy older adults. (frontiersin.org)

This is the timing of a child's processing system, which helps them recognize differences in speech sounds (such as mat versus pat). (kidshealth.org)
The program uses slow and exaggerated speech to improve a child's ability to process spoken language. (nih.gov)
If you have any concerns about your child's hearing or processing, speak to your healthcare providers. (dsrf.org)

Only audiologists can diagnose auditory processing disorder. (kidshealth.org)
Audiologists can determine if someone has APD by performing auditory-processing tests. (readinghorizons.com)

Auditory dyssynchrony or auditory neuropathy: understanding the pathophysiology and exploring methods of treatment. (medscape.com)

In this report, a fully automated computerbased quantification methodology (Enumerated Auditory Response, EAR) has been developed to provide an auditory fMRI assessment of patients who have suffered a mild traumatic brain injury. (uhms.org)

The finding suggests that predictive processing is central to how we comprehend language and demonstrates how artificial neural networks can offer key insights into cognition. (scientificamerican.com)

Myelination of central neurons increases conduction velocity of action potentials and provides metabolic support to axons 1 , 2 . (biorxiv.org)

Training these skills in isolation, however, may not help a child to understand complex language, such as a teacher's instructions, Therefore, another approach concentrates on teaching more functional language skills (e.g„ vocabulary , grammar , conversational skills) and uses strategies (e.g., visual aids and repeating directions) to facilitate the processing of language. (readingrockets.org)
The auditory processing disorder in students might generates countless losses on needful skills for adequate school learning. (bvsalud.org)
These results show that any of a number of intensive educational approaches can make a tremendous difference for children whose language and auditory processing skills are lagging," says NIDCD director James F. Battey, Jr., M.D., Ph.D. "Even play with peers seemed to support the improvements the children in this study made. (nih.gov)
In this article, we ask the question: How do we begin to pull together several interacting skills often interpreted under the broad-based heading of "central auditory processing" in a coherent and meaningful way? (pluralpublishing.com)
Amplification appears to treat a wide range of auditory skills simultaneously, facilitating neuroplastic change while also providing access to the auditory world. (thieme-connect.com)

With a significant correlation between auditory processing and working memory, some people think difficulties in auditory processing could be the cause of language difficulties in Down syndrome. (dsrf.org)

Neurons located in the dorsal root ganglion are pseudounipolar, and their central processes travel to and enter the spinal cord in bundles. (medscape.com)

Outcomes included VA score, ABR wave V latency and central conduction time, and head circumference (HC). (cdc.gov)

What Are Central Auditory Processing Problems in Children? (readingrockets.org)
Two general treatment approaches have been used for central auditory processing problems. (readingrockets.org)
Some theoretical accounts of SLI regard it as the result of auditory processing problems. (wikipedia.org)
However, this view of SLI is not universally accepted, and others regard the main difficulties in SLI as stemming from problems with higher-level aspects of language processing. (wikipedia.org)
Where a child has both auditory and language problems, it can be difficult to sort out the causality at play. (wikipedia.org)
To address auditory processing problems, a different group of language researchers developed the computer software package called Fast ForWord-Language several years ago. (nih.gov)
This chapter addresses the problems of auditory lexical access from continuous speech. (mpi.nl)

There is still so much that is unknown about auditory processing disorder, since numerous other processes, such as memory and attention, are involved in processing speech. (readinghorizons.com)

Auditory neuropathy characteristics in children with cochlear nerve deficiency. (medscape.com)
Outcome of cochlear implantation in pediatric auditory neuropathy. (medscape.com)
Auditory brainstem implant as a salvage treatment after unsuccessful cochlear implantation. (medscape.com)
Pediatric cochlear implantation in auditory neuropathy. (medscape.com)
Cochlear implants in five cases of auditory neuropathy: postoperative findings and progress. (medscape.com)

However, they cannot process the information they hear in the same way as others do, which leads to difficulties in recognizing and interpreting sounds, especially the sounds composing speech. (wikipedia.org)

Reports of abnormal sensory function that span the visual, auditory, gustatory, and tactile domains reinforce the "multisensory" nature of sensory processing alterations in ASD (for review, see Rogers and Ozonoff, 2005 ), and emerging evidence suggests that abnormalities also extend to the selective integration of information across the different sensory modalities (i.e., multisensory integration - see Iarocci and McDonald, 2006 ). (frontiersin.org)

Therefore, the objective of this survey was to verify the knowledge of teachers about the relation between central auditory processing and school learning, before and after workshop of Speech therapist orientations. (bvsalud.org)
The lexicon, considered as a component of the process of recognizing speech, is a device that accepts a sound image as input and outputs meaning. (mpi.nl)
Auditory preprocessing and recognition of speech. (mpi.nl)

Auditory processing and the development of language and literacy. (journalofhearingscience.com)

Or maybe Ron hears the sound, but has a problem processing or understanding what is said to him particularly when the language used is complex, spoken rapidly, or is lengthy, and when there's a lot to look at and lots of noise around him. (readingrockets.org)
The inability to understand spoken language in a meaningful way in the absence of what is commonly considered a hearing loss is called a central auditory processing problem. (readingrockets.org)
This suggests that despite normal intelligence, vision, and hearing, there is a problem with the processing and acquisition of language. (readinghorizons.com)
Figuring out how we process language has long been a focus for neuroscientists. (scientificamerican.com)
The researchers had a two-part goal: they wanted to figure out how the brain processes language and in doing so push the boundaries of what machine-learning algorithms can teach us about the brain. (scientificamerican.com)

These currents may be involved in shaping the receptor potential, implying crucial importance for the properties of afferent auditory signals. (jneurosci.org)

Auditory processing disorder (APD), rarely known as King-Kopetzky syndrome or auditory disability with normal hearing (ADN), is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting the way the brain processes sounds. (wikipedia.org)
consequently, the problem lies with the way the sounds are processed by the brain. (readinghorizons.com)

Thus, their auditory systems were responding similarly to those of young, healthy controls just hours from end of life. (nature.com)

We can discuss the auditory testing options Achieve uses to assess central auditory function and help your child strive toward a more balanced life. (achievehearing.com)

Handbook of (Central) Auditory Processing Disorder: Comprehensive Intervention: Volume II. (thieme-connect.com)

Anatomy1

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes1

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science2

Health Care1

Disorders14

Deficits10

CAPD10

Brainstem Response3

Visual and auditory3

Temporal7

Disorder in Children1

Nervous11

Perception5

Measures of auditory2

Stimuli3

Behaviors2

Discrimination9

Improve auditory1

Clinical2

Vestibular2

Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder3

Dyslexia8

Phonological1

Perceptual1

Symptoms4

Audiologist4

Responses3

Dysfunction1

Prevalence2

Cortex2

Pathway2

Adults4

Child's3

Audiologists2

Methods1

Assessment1

Neural1

Potentials1

Skills5

Correlation1

Neurons1

Latency1

Problems7

Memory1

Cochlear5

Difficulties1

Multisensory1

Speech3

Literacy1

Language5

Signals1

Brain2

Similarly1

Function1

Intervention1