• MarketsandMarkets forecasts the Genotyping Assay market to grow from USD 11.8 billion in 2018 to USD 31.9 billion by 2023, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 22.0% during the forecast period. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • The major factors that are expected to be driving the genotyping assay market are technological advancements and the decreasing prices of DNA sequencing. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • The objective of the report is to define, describe, and forecast the genotyping assay market size based on product & service, technology, application, end user, and region. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • G) were genotyped using the TaqMan assay. (jcancer.org)
  • Of the 187 donors confirmed RhD negative serologically 22 (11.8%) were found to retain remnants of the RHD gene that depending upon the characteristics of the molecular assay performed could lead to a false-positive result in a genotyping assay. (okstate.edu)
  • Intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility of the RIATOL qPCR HPV genotyping assay. (bvsalud.org)
  • This study builds upon previous diagnostic accuracy assessments of the RIATOL HPV genotyping qPCR assay and aims to evaluate the international validation criteria for reproducibility. (bvsalud.org)
  • The intra- and interreproducibility of the RIATOL-qPCR assay were assessed using 550 remnant cervical cell material from the cytology archive of the National Reference Center for HPV in Belgium . (bvsalud.org)
  • In this investigation, we aimed to present the phenotype and genotype of our patients with NDM and share our experience in a single tertiary center. (jcrpe.org)
  • Experience performing prenatal genotyping for RHD has shown that consideration must be given to developing a molecular test capable of detecting recombination/gene conversion events involving the RHD and RHCE genes that can lead to erroneous results. (okstate.edu)
  • To identify mutations in COL2A1 and COL11A1 genes and to examine the genotype-phenotype correlation in a cohort of Chinese patients with Stickler syndrome. (molvis.org)
  • ROCKVILLE, MD - May 29, 2009 - The J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI) announced today that they have been awarded a $43 million, five year contract from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health, as part of their Genomic Sequencing Centers for Infectious Diseases (GSCID). (jcvi.org)
  • To do this, JCVI investigators with scientific and technical expertise in infectious diseases, human genomics, DNA sequencing, genotyping, and bioinformatics, will continue to generate comprehensive genomic data sets that will enable pathogen countermeasures such as vaccines, therapeutics, diagnostics, and surveillance methods. (jcvi.org)
  • The legacy organizations of the JCVI are: The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR), The Center for the Advancement of Genomics (TCAG), the Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives (IBEA), the Joint Technology Center (JTC), and the J. Craig Venter Science Foundation. (jcvi.org)
  • Recent progress in genomic sequencing has revealed genotype-phenotype information of enormous complexity and challenges earlier hypotheses on how phenotypes emerge from altered gene structures. (rsc.org)
  • Global population structure and genotyping framework for genomic surveillance of the major dysentery pathogen, Shigella sonnei. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here, we present a genomic framework and genotyping scheme for S. sonnei to efficiently identify genotype and resistance determinants from WGS data. (ox.ac.uk)
  • 4,000 S. sonnei isolates sequenced in public health labs in three countries identified several common genotypes associated with increased rates of ciprofloxacin resistance and azithromycin resistance, confirming intercontinental spread of highly-resistant S. sonnei clones and demonstrating the genomic framework can facilitate monitoring the spread of resistant clones, including those that have recently emerged, at local and global scales. (ox.ac.uk)
  • However, benefits of the use of genomic information and methodology for genetic evaluations are missing when genotype-by-environment interactions (G × E) exist between bio-secure breeding (B) environments and commercial production (C) environments. (springer.com)
  • The use of combined pedigree and genomic information increased population accuracy of EBV, and reduced bias of EBV prediction for genotyped birds compared to the use of pedigree information only. (springer.com)
  • The G × E interaction was strong for BW traits of broilers measured in environments B and C. The use of combined pedigree and genomic information increased population accuracy of EBV substantially for genotyped birds in the B environment compared to the use of pedigree information only. (springer.com)
  • The aim of this study was toassess genotype- phenotype correlations, focusing on the cardiac features and out-comes of interventions for cardiac conditions, in a single-center cohort of116 patients with molecularly confirmed diagnosis of RASopathy, and compare thesefindings with previously published data. (unicatt.it)
  • Conclusion Our study delineates the most common features of PPP2R5D -related neurodevelopmental disorders, expands the clinical and molecular spectrum and identifies genotype-phenotype correlations. (bmj.com)
  • A cross-sectional single-centre study on Pompe disease in 42 German patients: Molecular analysis of the GAA gene, manifestation and genotype-phenotype correlations. (medscape.com)
  • Validation of the assays with 39 CMV-positive plasma samples of transplant recipients and 21 urine specimens of congenitally infected newborns was successful in genotyping 100% of the samples, with gB1 and gB3 being the most prevalent genotypes. (eur.nl)
  • The present study aimed to determine the frequency of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, the prevalent genotypes, and the risk factors associated with HCV in hemodialysis patients in Kinshasa (DR Congo). (bvsalud.org)
  • The first step to maximize genotyping surveillance coverage is to ensure that all patients with a positive culture result identified as M. tuberculosis have isolates submitted for genotyping. (cdc.gov)
  • in some situations, a TB program may choose to submit additional isolates for genotyping. (cdc.gov)
  • Submitting isolates to the designated public health laboratory from private and hospital laboratories in a timely fashion will minimize delays in genotyping of M. tuberculosis isolates. (cdc.gov)
  • Avoid batching of isolates for shipping to the genotyping laboratory when possible. (cdc.gov)
  • Public health laboratories and TB programs should coordinate submission of these isolates for genotyping. (cdc.gov)
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from previously treated patients ( n = 88) from all regions of Syrian Arab Republic were characterized in terms of antibiotic sensitivity and genotyping using double-repetitive- element polymerase chain reaction (DRE-PCR) method for the proximity of the repetitive DNA elements IS 6110 (a mobile genetic element) and PGRS. (who.int)
  • These isolates will be genotyped in the usual manner, matched against all isolates from that program, and assigned cluster designations. (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, the genotyping laboratory will report the spoligotype and MIRU type and the results of the comparison with possible source isolates to the submitting laboratory as "the suspect isolate does (or does not) match the possible source isolate(s). (cdc.gov)
  • We searched genotyping databases, genotyped additional isolates from Romania, used whole genome sequencing (WGS) to infer putative transmission links, and investigated pairwise epidemiological links and patient mobility. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • These best practices do not represent mandatory activities under any currently established U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cooperative agreements, grants, or contracts. (cdc.gov)
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. (cdc.gov)
  • This document outlines a set of best practices for using genotyping to detect tuberculosis (TB) outbreaks in the United States (U.S.) in public health programs at the federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial levels. (cdc.gov)
  • Coordinate to ensure that the first available isolate from each patient with a positive M. tuberculosis culture result is submitted to the appropriate CDC-contracted genotyping laboratory. (cdc.gov)
  • Suggested citation: National TB Controllers Association / CDC Advisory Group on Tuberculosis Genotyping. (cdc.gov)
  • All regions of the country showed high levels of genotype diversity, suggesting a low level of transmission of M. tuberculosis strains in previously treated patients. (who.int)
  • Because previous episodes of false-positive cultures resulted from cross-contamination by the H37Rv/Ra M. tuberculosis control strain, the genotyping laboratory will follow special procedures to ensure that cross-contamination by this strain is identified automatically. (cdc.gov)
  • Calculation of B Allele Frequency (BAF) is performed per SNP using linear interpolation of the measured theta to genotype clusters. (lu.se)
  • Genotype clusters are determined per SNP from analysis of HapMap samples. (lu.se)
  • tQN reference genotype clusters are constructed from the data present in the approx 120 HapMap samples analyzed on each Infinium II product. (lu.se)
  • Recently, whole genome sequencing identified the presence of two distinct genotypes within M. bovis that differ in chromosome content, potential virulence factors, as well as prophage and plasmid profiles. (unl.edu)
  • We utilized 39 strains of M. bovis that had previously undergone whole genome sequencing and genotype classification to determine the utility of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) to accurately genotype M. bovis strains. (unl.edu)
  • A study by Cessans et al comparing growth patterns in patients with Noonan syndrome based on genotype found that at birth, patients with PTPN11 mutations tended to be shorter and thinner than were those with mutations in SOS1 , KRAS , or Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines-associated PTPN11 (NSML- PTPN11 ). (medscape.com)
  • Analysis of the genotype-phenotype correlation showed that the early onset of high myopia with vitreous abnormalities may serve as a key indicator of Stickler syndrome, while the existence of mandibular protrusion in pediatric patients may be an efficient indicator for the absence of mutations in COL2A1 and COL11A1 . (molvis.org)
  • Programs can consult with their state-level public health laboratory or health department, or CDC to determine if genotyping more than one isolate is indicated. (cdc.gov)
  • Promote established diagnostic standards to ensure that adequate clinical specimens are obtained and submitted for mycobacteriology laboratory testing, thereby increasing the proportion of active TB cases that have an isolate for genotyping. (cdc.gov)
  • 1. Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research in Structural Birth Defect Disease, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China. (jcancer.org)
  • If a submitting laboratory suspects that an isolate represents a false-positive culture, they should indicate this suspicion on the TB Genotyping Isolate Submission Form by entering "Yes" in the column labeled "Suspected False+. (cdc.gov)
  • The genotyping laboratory will report the results to the TB program as usual. (cdc.gov)
  • The genotyping laboratory will not report the result as confirming a false-positive culture. (cdc.gov)
  • The PCR type for the H37Rv/Ra strain will be included by the genotyping laboratory in the file for each program and will be assigned the cluster designation "H37. (cdc.gov)
  • This is the only instance when the genotyping laboratory will report an isolate as being the result of a possible false-positive culture. (cdc.gov)
  • Strain: PS7155, Genotype: syIs392. (umn.edu)
  • Strain: BC5326, Genotype: sEx401. (umn.edu)
  • If a patient isolate is, in fact, the result of cross-contamination with this control strain, the genotyping process will assign it the H37 cluster number automatically. (cdc.gov)
  • Our data underscores the need for patients - including pediatric patients - with sickle cell disease to get routine ophthalmic screenings along with appropriate systemic and ophthalmic treatment," Mary Ellen Hoehn, MD, a professor of ophthalmology at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, who led the research, said in a press release. (medscape.com)
  • RHD genotyping in weak D phenotypes by multiple polymerase chain reactions. (karger.com)
  • Moreover it is strongly recommended that the mother (at a minimum) and father be subjected to molecular analysis simultaneously with the fetus to confirm that the known phenotypes of the parent(s) are consistent with their respective genotypes. (okstate.edu)
  • Finally, these loci will allow rapid genotyping for improved resolution of bull trout population structure, sex ratios, movement patterns, and introgressive hybridization with non-native brook trout for a wide range of management questions. (usgs.gov)
  • Twelve obesity-susceptibility loci were genotyped or imputed in 111,421 participants. (lu.se)
  • These SNP assays will facilitate genotyping of partially degraded museum fin clips, and tissues with low DNA content such as scales and otoliths. (usgs.gov)
  • In this study, two multiplex real-time PCR assays for rapid gB and gH genotyping of CMV in DBS were developed. (eur.nl)
  • These assays are efficient tools for genotyping of CMV in DBS of congenitally infected newborns. (eur.nl)
  • This would maximize TB genotyping surveillance coverage3, which is crucial for effectively applying genotyping to routine TB control activities. (cdc.gov)
  • Surveillance of HPV genotype distribution in CIN3+, together with information about vaccination and CIN3+ incidence will allow monitoring of the public health impact of vaccination programmes. (uzh.ch)
  • Aubin JT, Le Van Kim C, Mouro I, Colin Y, Bignozzi C, Brossard Y, Cartron JP: Specificity and sensitivity of RHD genotyping methods by PCR-based DNA amplification. (karger.com)
  • Methods The study was performed in subjects with forced expiratory volume in one second at least 70% of predicted who took part in the multicentre European Community Respiratory Health Survey, had bronchial responsiveness assessed by methacholine challenge and had been genotyped for GSTM1 , GSTT1 and GSTP1 -rs1695. (bmj.com)
  • A standard disclaimer will be included stating that genotyping methods are research procedures. (cdc.gov)
  • Paul Scheet, Ph.D., is Professor and Chair of the Department of Epidemiology at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, with joint appointments in the Depts. (mdanderson.org)
  • A member of The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences since 2008, Dr. Scheet has mentored several students to completion of their doctorate degrees and serves on numerous Ph.D. committees at the GSBS and at other institutions in the Texas Medical Center. (mdanderson.org)
  • The Mass General/North Shore Cancer Center combines the talent and expertise of physicians from Salem Hospital with those from Massachusetts General Hospital. (massgeneral.org)
  • All medical oncologists at the Mass General/North Shore Cancer Center are fellowship trained and board certified. (massgeneral.org)
  • Radiation oncology services at the Mass General/North Shore Cancer Center combine the latest technology with a team of professionals who are specially trained in the planning and delivery of radiation therapy. (massgeneral.org)
  • Cases (n = 98) were obtained from Texas Children's Hospital and MD Anderson Cancer Center. (cdc.gov)
  • We successfully developed two biomarker models that accurately classified strains according to genotype with an overall accuracy of 85.8-100% depending upon the model and sample preparation method used. (unl.edu)
  • Genotyping of cytomegalovirus (CMV) is useful to examine potential differences in the pathogenicity of strains and to demonstrate coinfection with multiple strains involved in CMV disease in adults and congenitally infected newborns. (eur.nl)
  • However, in a study of 523 patients with Alzheimer's disease at a single specialist centre, a visual presentation (also labelled posterior cortical atrophy) was reported in 5% of the cohort (Snowden et al. (ucl.ac.uk)
  • Multiplicative interactions between the GRS and physical activity on BMI were tested in linear and logistic regression models in each cohort, with adjustment for age, age(2), sex, study center (for multicenter studies), and the marginal terms for physical activity and the GRS. (lu.se)
  • Therefore, evaluating introduced trait donors for adaptation, through genotype × environment interaction (GEI) analysis is crucial in breeding for quality traits. (cgiar.org)
  • Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and genotype plus genotype × environment interaction (GGE) biplot analyses were used for stability analysis. (cgiar.org)
  • The difference in production conditions between highly bio-secure breeding (B) and commercial production environments (C) can lead to genotype-by-environment interaction (G × E) in broiler chicken [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
  • Conclusions: This study provides an initial assessment of the interaction between ambient levels of chlorinated solvents and potentially relevant genotypes on childhood M/PNET risk. (cdc.gov)
  • Veterans Affairs Medical Center clinical research unit. (nih.gov)
  • No clear association of specific genotypes with clinical outcome was observed. (eur.nl)
  • The factors attributing to the high growth are, the accessibility of a wide range of reagents, the increasing demand for reagents owing to the increasing genotyping test volumes across the globe, and the relatively smaller capital investment required to adopt reagents and kits for genotyping in pharmaceuticals and diagnostic centers. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • The Lyda Hill Cancer Prevention Center provides cancer risk assessment, screening and diagnostic services. (mdanderson.org)
  • Nous recommandons l'utilisation de la méthode immunoenzymatique dans les études épidémiologiques en Iraq, ainsi que pour confirmer le diagnostic chez les patients présentant des symptômes cliniques caractéristiques de la giardiase mais dont les résultats par microscopie directe sont négatifs. (who.int)
  • The increasing incidence of genetic diseases and rising awareness of personalized medicine, growing importance of genotyping in drug development, and the increasing demand for bioinformatics solutions in data analysis are also expected to promote market growth in the coming years. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • The CCL3L1-CCR5 genotypes favoring CD4(+) T cell recovery are similar to those that blunted CD4(+) T cell depletion during the time before HAART became available (pre-HAART era), suggesting that a common CCL3L1-CCR5 genetic pathway regulates the balance between pathogenic and reparative processes from early in the disease course. (anthropogeny.org)
  • After completing a B.A. in Biology, Dr. Scheet worked on the Human Genome Project at the Genome Center at Washington University in St. Louis, performing Sanger sequencing and informatics. (mdanderson.org)
  • The objectives of this study were to examine the distribution of oncogenic HPV genotypes in biopsies with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia stage 3 or more severe lesions (CIN3+) at the beginning of HPV vaccination programmes and to compare sociodemographic and behavioural factors of women with CIN3+ with women in the Swiss general population. (uzh.ch)
  • Here we discuss the challenges and implications emerging from a modular protein landscape for a better understanding of complex genotype-phenotype patterns. (rsc.org)
  • Altered gene expression and PTSD symptom dimensions in World Trade Center responders. (cdc.gov)
  • If the measured theta is above tAB (tBB does not exist) then tBB is estimated as the median of tBB for all SNPs in the reference genotype set and linear interpolation is performed as in Peiffer et al. (lu.se)
  • HapMap samples may be genotyped incorrectly for certain SNPs. (lu.se)
  • They found that hydroxyurea and chronic transfusions best lowered retinopathy rates among all genotypes. (medscape.com)
  • Unit of Cancer Epidemiology/Belgian Cancer Centre, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium. (bvsalud.org)
  • Two centers were enrolled: Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre and Hospital São Vicente de Paulo. (scielo.br)
  • Establish processes to minimize delays from initial specimen collection to submission of the isolate for genotyping. (cdc.gov)
  • A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to June 2018 in all hemodialysis centers in Kinshasa. (bvsalud.org)
  • 127 patients hémodialisés chroniques ont subis des tests sérologiques à la recherche des anticorps anti-VHC dans plusieurs centres de Kinshasa de février à juin 2018. (bvsalud.org)
  • I am now employed at the Center for Environmental and Climate Research (CEC) and have my research group at the Department of Biology in the Ecology Building. (lu.se)
  • Taxonomical and functional composition of strawberry microbiome is genotype-dependent. (c3m-nice.fr)
  • Effect modification by genotype on the association between the use of gas for cooking and bronchial responsiveness was assessed within each participating country, and estimates combined using meta-analysis. (bmj.com)
  • however, there have been no human studies assessing the modifying effects of these genotypes on the association between chlorinated solvents and childhood M/PNET risk. (cdc.gov)
  • Hepatocellular Carcinomas from Iran: Evidence study of lung cancer among European asphalt carcinoma among postmenopausal women in the for Lack of Association between HBV Genotype workers. (who.int)
  • It is unclear if the genotypes equally associate with IBK or if one is more likely to be isolated from IBK lesions. (unl.edu)
  • The lipidation states of apolipoproteins and Aβ peptides in the brain differ depending on APOE genotype and cognitive diagnosis. (nih.gov)
  • The large share of this segment can be attributed to the increasing use of genotyping to predict the efficiency of drugs during drug development and the growing need to understand the adverse effects of drugs. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • In addition to maintaining the GenBank nucleic acid sequence database, the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides analysis and retrieval resources for the data in GenBank and other biological data made available through the NCBI web site. (nih.gov)
  • Furthermore, the stratification analysis revealed that patients with the rs6586250 TT genotype and carriers with 1-5 risk genotypes exhibited statistically significant associations with increased Wilms tumor risk in specific subgroups. (jcancer.org)
  • Genotypes for the p53 codon 72 polymorphism (Pro/Arg) were obtained for 264 POAG patients and 400 controls from the U.S. and in replication studies for 308 POAG patients and 178 controls from Australia (GIST). (wvu.edu)
  • The p53-PRO/PRO genotype was more frequent in the U.S. POAG patients with early visual field defects in the paracentral regions compared with those in the peripheral regions or control group (p = 2.7×10−5). (wvu.edu)
  • These results suggest that the p53 codon 72 PRO/PRO genotype is potentially associated with early paracentral visual field defects in primary open-angle glaucoma patients. (wvu.edu)
  • We report on a cluster of five case-patients infected with H1 genotype, who used an airport on 31 July 2016. (who.int)
  • Twenty-two (17.3 %) patients were positive for anti-HCV antibodies, ranging from 0 % to 52.9 % in different centers. (bvsalud.org)
  • justifiant de ce fait une meilleure prise en charge de ces patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • La présente étude détermine la prévalence de l'infection par le virus de l'hépatite C en en determinant les génotypes ainsi que les facteurs y associés dans ce groupe de patients. (bvsalud.org)
  • Genotypes from the sex-identification SNP showed 95% agreement with the field sex identification across 113 samples. (usgs.gov)
  • Submitting the first available isolate minimizes the amount of time for programs to receive genotyping results. (cdc.gov)
  • My thesis investigated how different genotypes contribute to biotransformation capacity in wild populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) carrying high loads of PCBs in their tissues. (lu.se)
  • Procedure: We conducted a case-only study to evaluate census tract-level exposure to chlorinated solvents and the risk of childhood M/PNET in the context of detoxification and DNA repair genotypes. (cdc.gov)
  • Since 2003, JCVI (and through legacy organization, TIGR) has been providing these important services as a contractor under what was previously referred to as the NIAID Microbial Genome Centers program. (jcvi.org)
  • The practices are based on the collective expertise of the members and their knowledge of the peer-reviewed literature on genotyping. (cdc.gov)
  • However, guidance on use of genotyping to improve TB control practices remains relevant. (cdc.gov)
  • Dr. Spiro and the team at JCVI continue to work closely with NIAID, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), and the global scientific community to monitor and better understand the evolution of the current virus with the goal of anticipating and developing new and better therapeutics, diagnostics and vaccines to this constantly mutating viral threat. (jcvi.org)
  • Multiple gB and gH genotypes were detected in 36% and 33% of the plasma samples, respectively. (eur.nl)
  • DBS of congenitally infected newborns (n = 41) were tested using 9 μl of dried blood, and genotypes were detected in 81% (gB) and 73% (gH) of the samples, with gB3 being the most prevalent genotype. (eur.nl)
  • 1. No genotype has been assigned to any cluster (AA, AB, BB) for all HapMap samples. (lu.se)
  • 2. Only one genotype is present across all HapMap samples. (lu.se)
  • In the case of all HapMap samples having an AA genotype, only tAA and rAA can be defined. (lu.se)
  • 4. Only AA and BB are present as genotypes in the HapMap samples. (lu.se)
  • 5. Genotyping failure in the HapMap samples. (lu.se)
  • The increasing demand for pharmacogenomics in the drug discovery and development process and recommendations from the FDA to include genotyping and pharmacogenomics studies in the course of drug discovery have contributed to the growth of this market segment. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • All of these have greatly helped increase the applications and convenience of DNA sequencing, allowing physicians to focus on high-level decision-making such as identifying and prioritizing drug targets through various genotyping studies. (marketsandmarkets.com)
  • These models provide a practical tool to enable studies of genotype associations with disease, allow for epidemiological studies at the sub-species level, and can be used to enhance disease prevention strategies. (unl.edu)
  • Studies on genotyping of CMV in dried blood spots (DBS) are rare and have been hampered by the small amount of dried blood available. (eur.nl)
  • This consensus document is a product of the Outbreak Detection Working Group (ODWG)1, a multi-agency work group of federal, state, local, and academic partners with expertise in TB control and genotyping. (cdc.gov)
  • Supporting evidence for these activities can be found in TB control recommendations and guidelines, TB training materials, and the 2004 TB Genotyping Guide2. (cdc.gov)
  • The International Cooperation Center for Tobacco Control was designated as the Knowledge Exchange Hub (KH) of the Secretariat of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) on International Cooperation, based in Uruguay. (who.int)