PathwayPathwaysReceptorProteinsMechanismsRegulationProcessesPhosphorylationProteinBioenergeticsBiochemistryBiologicalTransmembraneImmunologyCellsCell2023CrucialInsulinEndocytosisMembranesOrganismDownstreamImmune ResponseResponsesKinaseActivationExtracellular signalApoptosisEnablesResponseCholesterolTranscriptionDorsalRoleImportantExperimental
Pathway20
- The canonical TGFβ signalling pathway involves ligand-dependent assembly of a heteromeric receptor complex, receptor-kinase activation and subsequent phosphorylation and activation of SMAD proteins, which are transcriptional regulators that consequently accumulate in the nucleus. (nature.com)
- Such continuous sensing of signal intensity might involve cycling of receptors through the endocytic pathway. (nature.com)
- An in-depth understanding of the pleiotropic cellular functions that can be evoked by TGFβ superfamily signalling will depend on a more quantitative knowledge of temporal and spatial characteristics of the pathway. (nature.com)
- and transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway. (nih.gov)
- The pheromone signalling pathway of baker's yeast belongs to a class of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signalling pathways, which in eukaryotes commonly play a key role in the transmission and translation of extracellular stimuli into intracellular responses such as cell differentiation, proliferation or stress responses. (mpg.de)
- That the pheromone signalling pathway of yeast contains negative feedback regulations could be seen as clear indication of selection for increased accuracy. (mpg.de)
- Surprisingly, however, both theoretical and experimental analyses of the signalling pathway showed that its accuracy could be easily further improved by increasing the sensitivity of one of the negative feedbacks. (mpg.de)
- The pheromone signalling pathway (shown schematically on the left) possesses multiple positive and negative feedbacks that are induced at varying stimulation strength. (mpg.de)
- The discrepancy disappears when the energy investment in the operation of the signalling pathway is also considered. (mpg.de)
- We were able to show that the core of the MAPK signalling pathway, the phosphorylation cycle, has measurable fitness costs. (mpg.de)
- When these are taken into account, and the accuracy of the signal transduction is weighed against the energetic costs of the signalling pathway operation, the naturally observed design appears optimal,' explains Alexander Anders, first author of the current publication. (mpg.de)
- The ↑[Ca 2+ ] i activates a signaling cascade that involves, sequentially, calcium-calmodulin, nitric oxide synthase, guanylyl cyclase, and protein kinase G. This signal transduction pathway enables Cl − to pass through vesicular channels and act as a counterion for the transport of H + , so that the vesicles of secretogogue-stimulated cells become acidic. (jneurosci.org)
- Additional studies used a well-characterised Ca 2+ transport pathway to generate cellular Ca 2+ signals, and examined their ability to trigger autophagy. (open.ac.uk)
- Cell signaling in plant development usually involves a receptor (i.e. for a hormone or light molecule) and a signal transduction pathway, which concludes with a cellular response that is relevant to the plants development. (hightimes.com)
- In response to the signal transduction pathway (initiated by the presence of plant hormones or PGRs), repressor proteins for example are then broken down and the "stop breaks" are removed. (hightimes.com)
- In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, this pathway also regulates the redirection of free amino acids to protein synthesis via the mTOR-signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)
- We primarily focus on a intracellular signaling pathway known as the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (or UPR mt ), which allows cells to monitor the function of the entire cellular pool of mitochondria and adapt transcription accordingly. (umassmed.edu)
- The activation continues through a series of proteins in a signaling pathway. (medlineplus.gov)
- As a result, the kinase and the downstream signaling pathway are constantly turned on (constitutively activated). (medlineplus.gov)
- In the poster section, Joanna Shisler (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [UIUC], Urbana) reported that the modified virus, Ankara, activates nuclear factor κB through the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal–regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, possibly facilitating the host immune response. (cdc.gov)
Pathways18
- Figure 2: Core signalling in the mammalian TGFβ-SMAD pathways. (nature.com)
- Diverse signal recognition receptors and signal transduction pathways were defined which regulate cellular functions, metabolism and development. (mdpi.com)
- Furthermore, these pathways are essential for cellular dynamics and build a highly regulated cellular signalling network. (mdpi.com)
- However, dysregulations of these signalling pathways are also causes for pathophysiological processes and diseases. (mdpi.com)
- Therefore, the understanding of the diverse signalling molecules, signal recognition mechanisms and signal transduction pathways is fundamental for the insight into physiological and pathophysiological processes. (mdpi.com)
- CaR stimulation leads to the activation of multiple signal transduction pathways. (jneurosci.org)
- This study was designed to identify signaling pathways and crucial proteins involved in the pathological mechanism of KBD compared with osteoarthritis (OA). (nature.com)
- KEGG pathways enrichment and PPI network indicate four major pathways, including extracellular matrix -receptor interaction, focal adhesion, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Protein kinase B (Akt), and Ras signaling pathways were involved in the degeneration of cartilage. (nature.com)
- In conclusion, our results demonstrated that compared with OA, the differential abundance proteins and signaling pathways may contribute to the occurrence and development of joint damage in KBD. (nature.com)
- To understand this we need to take a look at signal transduction pathways, hang in there! (hightimes.com)
- Plants make extensive use of signal transduction pathways throughout their life. (hightimes.com)
- Signal transduction pathways work in sequences of biochemical reactions. (hightimes.com)
- PGRs increase yields by cellular expansion through signal transduction pathways. (hightimes.com)
- This effect was associated with decreased activation of pathways linked to neurotrophin and glutamate receptor signaling. (researchgate.net)
- cAMP is an important secondary messenger in signal transduction pathways activated in response to several types of extracellular signals. (genscript.com)
- cGMP is an important secondary messenger in signal transduction pathways. (genscript.com)
- These signaling pathways are important in many cellular processes such as cell growth and division (proliferation) or maturation (differentiation). (medlineplus.gov)
- The class Ia PI3-kinase plays a pivotal role in signal transduction pathways linking insulin with many of its specific cellular responses, including GLUT4 vesicle translocation to the plasma membrane and the inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3. (lu.se)
Receptor7
- We also demonstrated that the depletion of ORP2 inhibited EC angiogenic signaling by reducing the activating phosphorylation of the principal angiogenic receptor, VEGFR2, and several of its downstream targets. (helsinki.fi)
- In addition, nuclear accumulation of active nuclear SMAD complexes is dynamically maintained in strict accordance with the degree of receptor activation at any time of signalling. (nature.com)
- Ligands of the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily of growth factors initiate signal transduction through a bewildering complexity of ligand-receptor interactions. (nature.com)
- Ho YJ, Burden LM, Hurley JH: "Structure of the GAF domain, a ubiquitous signaling motif and a new class of cyclic GMP receptor. (wheaton.edu)
- This subclass comprises research and experimental development in intracellular signaling, signal transduction, receptor and membrane biology. (ubc.ca)
- Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a member of a family of structurally related cytokines, is a neutrophil chemotactic cytokine that can signal through the CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptor. (genscript.com)
- Receptor tyrosine kinases transmit signals from the cell surface into the cell through a process called signal transduction. (medlineplus.gov)
Proteins5
- Sharma's research was primarily focused in the areas of calmodulin-regulated systems and myristoylation of cellular proteins. (wikipedia.org)
- Genes in module tan were involved in cellular lipids/steroid biosynthesis and metabolism, and lots of hub genes (FDPS, ERLIN1, DHCR24, and PTGES3) within this module encode proteins that happen to be the essential intermediates in cholesterol and sterol biosynthesis/metabolism (370). (estrogen-receptor.com)
- GO analysis shows that the differential abundant proteins are associated with cell junction and signal transducer activity from extracellular to intracellular. (nature.com)
- Membrane proteins play a key role in the cell's energy metabolism and in its signalling and communication with its environment. (lu.se)
- The lectures address the three different main types of membrane proteins and associated cellular processes: transport and transporters, signal transduction and receptors, bioenergetics and photosynthetic and respiratory proteins. (lu.se)
Mechanisms2
- Sharma has also co-edited a book on signal transduction mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
- oncogene activation, mechanisms of signal transduction, and genetic linkage analysis. (cdc.gov)
Regulation2
- They have important roles in the regulation of cellular functions both in the adult organism and during embryogenesis. (nature.com)
- Transport (turquoise), ribosome (blue), cellular homeostasis (brown), regulation of signal transduction (pink) and amino acid metabolism (yellow) which were the fundamental functions that retain the typical activities of cells (32). (estrogen-receptor.com)
Processes4
- In addition, many of them take part in integral cell signaling processes. (helsinki.fi)
- Here, we characterize its functions in carbohydrate and TG metabolism in hepatocytes (HCs), examine its involvement on subcellular transport of cholesterol in endothelial cells (ECs) and assess the role of ORP2 in key cell signaling processes in both HCs and ECs. (helsinki.fi)
- The scope of the special issue is to summarize and enlarge the knowledge in signalling processes and networks in diverse cells and tissues. (mdpi.com)
- Therefore, authors are invited to submit original research and review articles which address the progress and current standing of cellular signalling processes. (mdpi.com)
Phosphorylation1
- In normal cells, glucose participates in cellular energy production through glycolysis as well as through its complete catabolism via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
Protein2
- For this purpose, WIN 55,212-2 was injected in pregnant wistar rats from gestation day 5 to 20 and a detailed analysis of the levels of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as of the signaling molecules extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and alpha-calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (alpha-CaMKII) was carried out in adult offspring. (researchgate.net)
- More recently, we've turned our attention to an intracellular signaling network dubbed the unfolded protein response (UPR). (gene.com)
Bioenergetics1
- Taken together, this study identifies ORP2 as a novel nexus interconnecting cellular bioenergetics and signaling to cell anabolic reactions. (helsinki.fi)
Biochemistry1
- Later he moved to the Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Calgary, Alberta and made several discoveries in the areas of signal transduction. (wikipedia.org)
Biological3
- As described previously, studies into cold-sensitive fibers were elusive in defining the biological basis for cold signaling. (nih.gov)
- In biological systems, random fluctuations of signals always lead to background noise, which can impede cell communication. (mpg.de)
- Using both C. elegans and mammalian models, we have significant progress in understanding the signal transduction mechanism as well its biological roles. (umassmed.edu)
Transmembrane1
- It is a crucial enzyme in transmembrane signaling. (hmdb.ca)
Immunology1
- Cellular reactions in immunology, structure of antibodies and antigens, and laboratory determination of immune functions. (cuny.edu)
Cells3
- Signal transduction in cells: precise or economical? (mpg.de)
- Precise signaling is crucial for the fitness of every living organism: whether during development or while communicating with a possible mating partner, only accurate transmission of received signals enables cells to trigger appropriate responses. (mpg.de)
- The principles found to be important are that biology reveals that brains, hearts and cells use electromagnetic signals, charged ions, voltage-gated ion channels, ion regulated gap junctions, all of which can be interfered with by external electromagnetic fields in subtle but vital ways in relation to health. (whale.to)
Cell2
- Autophagy is a catabolic process that is important for degradation of cellular components, and for cell survival, and has also been associated with pathological disorders and tumour growth. (open.ac.uk)
- Cell proliferation involves the replication of all cellular contents with the required energy for this to happen. (hindawi.com)
20231
- Signal transduction and targeted therapy 2023 0 0. (cdc.gov)
Crucial1
- Signal duration and signal magnitude are crucial determinants of the outcome of TGFβ superfamily signalling, in particular in early embryonic patterning, in which TGFβ superfamily ligands act as morphogens that elicit distinct responses in a dose-dependent fashion. (nature.com)
Insulin1
- A single bout of RE increased intracellular signaling (i.e., phosphorylations) and expression of mRNAs for insulin-like growth factor-I system components and myogenic markers (e.g., cyclin D1, myogenin). (nih.gov)
Endocytosis1
- are used for studying signal transduction, cytoskeletal functions, endocytosis, and molecular pathogenesis of infectious and other diseases ( 1 ), human or animal infections caused by this organism have not been reported. (cdc.gov)
Membranes2
- Lipids are distributed in a highly heterogeneous manner between different cellular membranes. (helsinki.fi)
- Cette sous-classe comprend la recherche et le développement expérimental en signalisation intracellulaire, transduction des signaux, biologie des récepteurs et des membranes. (ubc.ca)
Organism1
- Study of function at cellular, systemic, and organismic level, with emphasis on the integrated organism and associated control systems. (cuny.edu)
Downstream1
- Thus, SMADs both transmit the signal into the nucleus and execute the downstream effects by directly regulating target-gene transcription. (nature.com)
Immune Response1
- Immune Response at the Cellular and Molecular Level. (cdc.gov)
Responses3
- Signalling then converges to nuclear accumulation of transcriptionally active SMAD complexes and gives rise to a plethora of specific functional responses in both embryos and adult organisms. (nature.com)
- Training protocols apply sequential bouts of resistance exercise (RE) to induce the cellular and molecular responses necessary to produce compensatory hypertrophy. (nih.gov)
- This study was designed to 1) define the time course of selected cellular and molecular responses to a single bout of RE and 2) examine the effects of interbout rest intervals on the summation of these responses. (nih.gov)
Kinase1
- In addition, the results showed that LGP suppressed Ras homolog family member A and phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase 3β signal transduction. (spandidos-publications.com)
Activation1
- The activation of autophagy absolutely required the presence of extracellular Ca 2+ , and was not due to cellular stress. (open.ac.uk)
Extracellular signal1
- How are these quantitative aspects of the extracellular signal regulated? (nature.com)
Apoptosis1
- It is a common regulator of ion channel conductance, glycogenolysis, and cellular apoptosis. (genscript.com)
Enables1
- One of the questions addressed by researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, headed by biophysicist Victor Sourjik, is: What enables reliable transmission of signals in the "noisy" cellular environment? (mpg.de)
Response3
- On the basis of these observations it has been suggested that tenascin-C and tenascin-R may be relevant in determining the cellular response after injury in the adult rodent central nervous system. (researchgate.net)
- and cellular response to forskolin. (mcw.edu)
- Dr. Jacobs described Vaccinia viruses deficient in E3L, a regulator of the cellular antiviral response and noted their potential for the production of improved vaccines. (cdc.gov)
Cholesterol1
- Cellular cholesterol content material is controlled below strict homeostasis by a feedback regulatory method (41). (estrogen-receptor.com)
Transcription1
- In occurs through the inhibition of DNA binding of cognate cis- hematopoiesis there exist several lineage branch points with regulatory motif while in the other case DNA binding is unaffected identified key transcription factors and external signals [3-5]. (lu.se)
Dorsal2
- However, in the mid- to late 1990s, a number of laboratories interested in cold transduction began to use primary cultures of either dorsal root (DRG) or trigeminal (TG) ganglia neurons as in vitro models of sensory afferents. (nih.gov)
- Evidence for an intriguing hypothesis explaining the biphasic signal required for specifying the two dorsal tissue types in D. melanogaster . (nature.com)
Role1
- An equally important challenge is understanding the functional role of signal strength and duration. (nature.com)
Important2
- Our work suggests that cost-benefit trade-off in information transfer must have been important in the evolution of cellular signalling systems. (mpg.de)
- The cellular kinetics of particular cancers is an important consideration in the design of antineoplastic drug regimens and may influence the dosing schedules and timing intervals of treatment. (msdmanuals.com)
Experimental1
- New cellular cryopreservatives, without toxicity, have been described in the experimental scientific literature, such as the substances L-proline and trehalose. (bvsalud.org)