• Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF4G1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma has been shown to interact with MKNK1, EIF4A1, EIF4E, MKNK2 and PABPC1. (wikipedia.org)
  • The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex. (mcw.edu)
  • Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is a cellular target for cadmium toxicity. (cdc.gov)
  • Surprisingly, accurate detection of human mtDNA transcription initiation sites (TIS) in the heavy and light strands revealed a novel conserved transcription pausing site near the light strand TIS, upstream to the transcription-replication transition region. (biorxiv.org)
  • First, the general TFs (GTFs), including preinitiation complex components TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIID, TFIIE, TFIIF, and THIIH, are the primary protein factors that are required for the initiation of transcription from the TATA box (or TATA element), then elongation is executed by RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II) [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)
  • Molecular mechanisms of the initiation of transcription from TATA box have been well known as the most essential nuclear events in mammalian cells. (intechopen.com)
  • Phosphorylated STATs form homo- or hetero-dimers, enter the nucleus and working coordinately with other transcriptional co-activators or transcription factors lead to increased transcriptional initiation. (nih.gov)
  • Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase I requires the formation of a complex composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and three TBP-associated factors (TAFs) specific for RNA polymerase I. This complex, known as SL1, binds to the core promoter of ribosomal RNA genes to position the polymerase properly and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. (avivasysbio.com)
  • Specialized cell structures called ribosomes are the cellular organelles that actually synthesize the proteins (RNA transcription). (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, the subcellular distribution of mitochondria can affect the cellular transcriptome and transcription rates. (hindawi.com)
  • MAPK pathways refer to various cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. (springer.com)
  • This includes gene, protein and metabolic networks, cellular architecture and intracellular dynamics, cell communication and motility, cell division and differentiation, tissue formation and organogenesis, tissue and organ functions, changes in population characteristics as a consequence of interaction of organisms with their physical environment, with individuals of their own species, and with organisms of other species. (nih.gov)
  • Mutation in the cellular machinery controlling growth or differentiation is an example of the type of genetic change that occurs in initiation 5 . (bvsalud.org)
  • function of proliferative responses provoked in the induction cell products favor immediate type hypersensitivity reactions, phase of contact allergy, the murine local lymph node assay serving as growth and differentiation factors for mast cells and (LLNA), has been accepted as a stand-alone method for skin eosinophils, the cellular effectors of the clinical manifestations of sensitization testing (NIH, 1999). (cdc.gov)
  • The current understanding of aGVHD pathogenesis can be summarized as (1) initial tissue damage induced by the conditioning regimen followed by the denudation of auto- and alloantigens accompanied by massive inflammatory cytokine secretion ("cytokine storm") activating APCs, (2) auto- and alloantigen presentation mediated by APCs together with the costimulatory signaling prime donor's cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their proliferation, and (3) the migration of activated cellular effectors toward GVHD target tissues. (hindawi.com)
  • Hinck's lab has identified a family of cellular proteins that help regulate cell proliferation and migration and act as breast tumor suppressors. (ucsc.edu)
  • von Kleist M, Metzner P, Marquet R, Schütte C (2012) HIV-1 Polymerase Inhibition by Nucleoside Analogs: Cellular- and Kinetic Parameters of Efficacy, Susceptibility and Resistance Selection. (plos.org)
  • while Stats 3 and 5 are involved in promoting cell cycle progression and cellular transformation and preventing apoptosis. (nih.gov)
  • Cytokines released during infection, inflammation, and immune responses can inhibit cancer initiation and progression. (thomasnet.com)
  • Thus, host responses to cellular stress can influence various stages of cancer development and progression. (thomasnet.com)
  • Three steps are described in the development of cancer namely initiation, promotion and progression. (bvsalud.org)
  • This review presents a complex summary of GVHD pathogenesis with focus on references considering basic biological processes such as DNA damage response and cellular senescence. (hindawi.com)
  • This review summarizes the updated GVHD pathogenesis linking GVHD with biological processes such as DNA damage response (DDR) and cellular senescence (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
  • The CPG field is one area of study that sets the standard on how basic cellular neurophysiology determines biological function. (degruyter.com)
  • This led to that community's initiation and substantial control of the funding for biological research and a persisting mind-set. (the-scientist.com)
  • the precise biological context at which cellular transformation is initiated, remains elusive. (lu.se)
  • Moreover, mitochondria control cell death through apoptosis and supply Ca 2+ and metabolites required for cellular homeodynamics [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes were determined as the cellular effectors of GVHD, and the key role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in T-lymphocyte activation was established during the following years [ 11 , 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Here, we review cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in axonal ion channel modulation and examine how changes to ion channel function affect AP initiation, AP propagation, and the release of neurotransmitter. (frontiersin.org)
  • Viewing these cellular mechanisms of neuromodulation from a functional perspective may assist in extending these findings to theories of neural circuit function and its neuromodulation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Cellular mechanisms of neuromodulation of axonal ion channels. (frontiersin.org)
  • In summary, our results support distinct functions of Tsc1 and Tsc2 in cellular signaling as the two genes affect ciliary length control and HH signaling via different mechanisms. (springer.com)
  • In contrast to its normal counterparts, the initiated cell can escape from cellular control mechanisms when responding to external or intercellular signals 5 . (bvsalud.org)
  • The AAA-ATPase (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) valosin-containing protein (VCP), is essential for many cellular pathways including but not limited to endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), DNA damage responses, and cell cycle regulation. (portlandpress.com)
  • Due to its abundance and versatile function, VCP participates in many cellular pathways including ERAD, endolysosomal trafficking, selective autophagy, cell cycle regulation, and DNA damage signaling [ 1 ]. (portlandpress.com)
  • Consequently, the transition to flowering is under strict genetic and environmental control [ 1 ], with floral initiation being induced by both external (photoperiod- and vernalization-dependent) and internal pathways (autonomous, age- and gibberellin-dependent) [ 2 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Primary cilia are sensory organelles that coordinate multiple cellular signaling pathways, including Hedgehog (HH), Wingless/Int (WNT) and Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) signaling. (springer.com)
  • Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) K. Drage Request for Comments: 6050 Alcatel-Lucent Category: Informational November 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721 A Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Extension for the Identification of Services Abstract This document describes private extensions to the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) that enable a network of trusted SIP servers to assert the service of authenticated users. (faqs.org)
  • Introduction This document describes private extensions to the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) that enable a network of trusted SIP servers to assert the service, possibly subject to the user being entitled to that service. (faqs.org)
  • Call agents communicate to the media gateway using protocols such as MGCP or the Session Initiation Protocol. (layersapp.com)
  • Active mTORC1 phosphorylates the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein-1 (4E-BP1) and 40S ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) to promote protein synthesis [ 3 , 4 ]. (springer.com)
  • The pathway involved is a generic cellular pathway, a branch of the unfolded protein response (UPR) that controls protein synthesis at the level of initiation of translation. (europa.eu)
  • In contrast, in many cancerous cell lines and tumors, where growth factor dysregulation is frequently at the heart of cellular transformation, the STAT proteins (in particular Stats 1, 3 and 5) are persistently tyrosine phosphorylated or activated. (nih.gov)
  • Cells express a pool of thousands of different proteins that need to be tightly controlled for proper cellular structure, organization, and function. (hindawi.com)
  • The release of cytokines is stimulated by a variety of cellular stress responses, including carcinogen-induced injury, infection, and inflammation. (thomasnet.com)
  • if immediate recombination does not occur, these can manifest as some type of molecular, cellular, or organic system alteration. (cdc.gov)
  • Rag-1 and Rag-2 and initiation of Ig recombination events [7]. (lu.se)
  • Like initiation, conversion requires genetic alterations in which cellular growth is further deregulated and thus proceeds uncontrolled 5,29 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Occupational exposures involving crystalline silica and multiwalled carbon nanotubes were also studied in relation to genetic damage and initiation of disease processes. (cdc.gov)
  • Knowledge of the site of action potential initiation is essential for understanding how synaptic input is converted into neuronal output. (nature.com)
  • Axonal ion channels are important for many aspects of neuronal function, from the initiation and propagation of APs to the release of neurotransmitter ( Figure 1A ). (frontiersin.org)
  • These ideas were conceived at a time when cellular neurophysiology, as practiced now, was not available. (degruyter.com)
  • Disruption of key interactions in the post-splitting complex impairs cellular homeostasis. (nature.com)
  • Additionally, the structure of a native post-splitting complex reveals ABCE1 to be part of the 43S initiation complex, suggesting a coordination of termination, recycling, and initiation. (nature.com)
  • As a center for excellence in immunotherapies, the CCI drives scientific innovation in cellular and gene immunotherapies, and has established the infrastructure necessary to accelerate the development of new treatments and the translation of this research into early phase clinical trials. (chronicle.com)
  • TCDD for every step of the mechanism described for 2,3,7,8-TCDD carcinogenesis in humans including receptor binding, gene expression, protein activity changes, cellular replication, oxidative stress, promotion in initiation-promotion studies and complete carcinogenesis in laboratory animals. (who.int)
  • Recognition of viral infection by the innate immune system occurs through the cytoplasmic recognition of cellular receptors of viral nucleic acids. (medscape.com)
  • Previous studies have shown that the lowest-threshold site for initiation of action potentials is in the axon. (nature.com)
  • APs are initiated in the axon initial segment (AIS), a cellular compartment enriched with voltage-gated ion channels and GPCRs ( Figure 1B ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Here we use recordings from visualized rat cerebellar Purkinje cell axons to localize the site of initiation to a well-defined anatomical structure: the first node of Ranvier, which normally forms at the first axonal branch point. (nature.com)
  • Initiation of action potentials in the Purkinje cell model. (nature.com)
  • The Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology strives to develop new knowledge through basic research about the function of living organisms with focus on the molecular and cellular levels of all branches of life - bacteria, plants, and animals. (umich.edu)
  • Figure 1: Direct measurement of the initiation site during spontaneous action potential firing. (nature.com)
  • Although the phases of cellular reprogramming are well characterized, details of the rejuvenation processes are poorly defined. (biorxiv.org)
  • In these cases, the function of cytokines is to stimulate host responses thus controlling cellular stress and minimizing cellular damage. (thomasnet.com)
  • Therefore, maintenance of mitochondria activity is necessary for the proper cellular function and survival. (hindawi.com)
  • NIS) data for children born during 2010-2013 to describe households, and accounted for the complex sampling design of breastfeeding initiation, exclusivity through 6 months and NIS ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Guidelines from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institutes of Health, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (CDC/NIH/IDSA) emphasize early HIV detection and the supervised administration of ART to maintain cellular immunity before reaching advanced stages of disease. (medscape.com)
  • Figure 2: The action potential initiation site corresponds to the first branch point. (nature.com)
  • The conferment of beneficial-pluripotency related traits via in vivo partial cellular reprogramming (IVPR) significantly extends lifespan and restores aging phenotypes in mouse models. (biorxiv.org)
  • One study found significantly reduced incidence of OI after ART initiation, from 15.1 infections per 100 person-years in the 6 months before starting ART to 2.2 infections per 100 person-years after 9 to 15 months of treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Despite overall increases in breastfeeding rates for black and of breastfeeding initiation and duration compared to other white infants over the last decade, racial disparities persist. (cdc.gov)
  • The scope of the systems covered ranges from cellular to tissue, organ, systems studies, and up to populational dynamics. (nih.gov)
  • NIGMS supports basic biomedical research that contributes to the understanding of fundamental cellular and physiological principles. (nih.gov)
  • This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) invites grant applications proposing exploratory research projects focused on further development and validation of emerging technologies offering novel capabilities for targeting, probing, or assessing molecular and cellular features of cancer biology for basic, clinical, or epidemiological cancer research. (nih.gov)
  • Technologies proposed for development may be intended to have widespread applicability but must be focused on improving molecular and/or cellular characterizations of cancer. (nih.gov)
  • In this review, we discuss the functional cross talk of proteostasis and mitostasis in cellular homeodynamics and the impairment of mitochondrial quality control during ageing, cancer, and neurodegeneration. (hindawi.com)
  • After flowering initiation, the action of LFY and AP1 , as well as CAULIFLOWER ( CAL ) results in the upregulation of genes that control floral organ identity [ 20 - 23 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Questions on breastfeeding were added to prevalence among white infants minus prevalence among black the survey in 2001 and have since been used for national infants) in breastfeeding initiation between white and black breastfeeding surveillance. (cdc.gov)