Cellular homeostasis glucose transporter type 2. Medical search. Frequent questions

Accumulated evidence from genetic animal models suggests that the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, has a key role in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
The brain modulates various aspects of metabolism, such as food intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production and glucose/fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. (nature.com)
Here we comprehensively review the above topics, discussing the main findings related to the role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism. (nature.com)
Altered expression of these receptors can result in elevated blood glucose levels and affect lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
Epigenetic modification of these genes may lead to "metabolic programming" of the fetus and result in long-term changes in metabolism and energy homeostasis. (wikipedia.org)
The peptide hormone insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is critical for maintaining normal blood glucose levels and acts to regulate cellular metabolism and growth by facilitating glucose uptake by peripheral tissues. (diabetesjournals.org)
Of the numerous lipid classes implicated in eliciting lipotoxicity, sphingolipid: ceramides are among the most deleterious as they modulate signaling pathways involved in regulating glucose metabolism, triglyceride synthesis, apoptosis, and fibrosis. (frontiersin.org)
Glucose is removed from ASL in proximal airways via facilitative glucose transporters, down a concentration gradient generated by intracellular glucose metabolism. (ersjournals.com)
Glucose removal is determined by cellular glucose uptake and metabolism ( fig. 1 ) [ 4 , 12 - 14 ]. (ersjournals.com)
The emergence of these findings, suggesting a direct control of cellular metabolism by tumorigenic pathways, has helped fuel explosive growth in this area of cancer research. (aacrjournals.org)
Paralleling the emergence of targeted therapeutics in cancer treatment, a variety of experimental approaches has led to the conclusion that tumors bearing some specific genetic alterations may lead them to be uniquely sensitive to agents deregulating their cellular metabolism. (aacrjournals.org)
it improves glucose metabolism and thereby reduces diabetic complications. (lifespan.io)
Glucose is the major substrate for ATP synthesis through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), whereas intermediary metabolism through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle utilizes non-glucose-derived monocarboxylates, amino acids, and alpha ketoacids to support mitochondrial ATP and GTP synthesis. (molvis.org)
Our goals were twofold: 1) to characterize the gene expression, protein expression, and activity of key synthesizing and regulating enzymes of energy metabolism in the whole mouse retina, retinal compartments, and/or cells and 2) to provide an integrative analysis of the results related to function. (molvis.org)
Confocal studies showed differential cellular and compartmental distribution of isozymes involved in glucose, glutamate, glutamine, lactate, and creatine metabolism. (molvis.org)
In a paper published in Metabolism, Kardassis lab reveals a novel role of the nuclear receptor HNF4A in glucose homeostasis and in the liver-α-cell axis in mice. (forth.gr)
Compounding the problem of replicating human type 2 diabetes in mice without knowing its fundamental causes is the difficulty that mice differ in many respects from humans, including in functions related to glucose metabolism. (independentsciencenews.org)
The importance of interspecies differences in studying human type 2 diabetes in mice is exemplified by examining the rate-limiting step in human glucose metabolism, which is insulin-dependent glucose uptake into skeletal muscle. (independentsciencenews.org)
Glucose metabolism also decreased the total amount of cellular glutathionylated proteins and increased the cellular glutathione redox ratio (GSH/GSSG). (omicsdi.org)
We have recently shown that overnight exposure of INS-1E insulinoma cells to palmitate in the presence of high glucose causes defects in both mitochondrial energy metabolism and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). (omicsdi.org)
Cellular energy metabolism is a highly regulated process that involves the conversion of nutrients into usable energy in the form of ATP. (alliedacademies.org)
Energy metabolism is governed by intricate signaling pathways that sense nutrient availability, energy demands, and cellular stress. (alliedacademies.org)
This article explores the pathways of cellular signaling in energy metabolism, highlighting their physiological roles and implications in pathological conditions. (alliedacademies.org)
The insulin signaling pathway is a central regulator of energy metabolism, particularly in the context of glucose homeostasis. (alliedacademies.org)
Sirtuins, a family of NAD+-dependent deacetylases, have emerged as critical regulators of cellular energy metabolism. (alliedacademies.org)
In animals, açai supplementation and exercise led to benefits in exercise tolerance and improvements in several hemodynamic parameters, as well as significant improvements in liver markers and glucose metabolism. (bvsalud.org)

The actions of the proteins that control the uptake, storage, and distribution of zinc, the zinc transporters, are under intense investigation due to their emerging role in type 2 diabetes. (hindawi.com)
In addition, it reduced glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis and glycolysis, and led to defective TG synthesis and storage in HCs. (helsinki.fi)
It did this by suppressing hepatic (liver) gluconeogenesis and improving cellular glucose uptake, thus lowering serum insulin. (thenutritiondebate.com)
Since the mid-1960s, it has been known that there are energy-dependent, sodium-coupled glucose transporter (SGLT) and energy-independent, facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT) pathways for glucose uptake in the lung [ 1 ], and that glucose can permeate the alveolar epithelial barrier [ 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)
After intracellular conversion into 11 C-serotonin and uptake into secretory vesicles by vesicular monoamine transporter 2 or biodegradation by monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) into 11 C-5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid ( 11 C-HIAA), the tracer is rapidly excreted into the urine. (snmjournals.org)
Methods and results: Levels of the glucose transporters SGLT-2 and GLUT-2, as well as glucose uptake, glucose production, and key proteins of the insulin pathways, namely insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and PI3K/AKT pathway were analysed. (faksignaling.com)
EC (5-20 µM) and DHBA (20 µM) reduced both renal glucose uptake and production. (faksignaling.com)
Conclusion: EC and DHBA regulate the renal glucose homeostasis by modulating both glucose uptake and production, and strengthen the insulin signalling by activating key proteins of that pathway in NRK-52E cells. (faksignaling.com)
In diabetes, there is a marked increase in renal glucose uptake, which might be accompanied by the upregulation of SGLT- 2 and glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) levels, and the renal gluconeogenesis is enhanced because of the deregulation of rate-limiting gluconeogenic enzymes [2, 4, 5]. (faksignaling.com)
Conversely, it activates enzymes involved in ATP-generating processes, such as fatty acid oxidation (e.g., carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, CPT1) and glucose uptake (e.g., translocation of GLUT4). (alliedacademies.org)
These cell surface proteins impinge on the vast majority of all cellular functions by mediating nutrient uptake, preserving ion homeostasis and initiating complex signaling cascades in response to extracellular cues. (cell-stress.com)

The risk of cancers appears to be increased in both type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
Exosomes have previously been associated with a number of endocrine disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, disorders of the reproductive system and cancer. (spandidos-publications.com)
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) a magic enzyme: it's role in diabetes mellitus and glucose homeostasis, interactions with fluroquionlones. (scielo.br)
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease throughout the world in which there is persistently high blood glucose level from the normal range. (scielo.br)
Type 2 diabetes (diabetes mellitus) is the fastest-growing disease in the United States, currently affecting approximately 26 million Americans, and estimated to quadruple in prevalence to affect one-third of Americans by 2050 (CDC 2011a). (independentsciencenews.org)

The kidneys play an important role in glucose homeostasis. (medscape.com)
Kidneys play a major role in glucose homeostasis. (faksignaling.com)
Therefore, it is the need of the day to properly understand functions and mechanisms of GSK-3, especially its role in glucose homeostasis via effects on glycogen synthase. (scielo.br)

However, this effect was reversed by exposure to a low glucose concentration, suggesting that GLUT2 facilitates the homeostasis of key cellular pathways in proximal tubule cells by preventing glucose toxicity. (bvsalud.org)
Glucose diffuses into ASL via paracellular pathways at a rate determined by paracellular permeability and the transepithelial glucose gradient. (ersjournals.com)
The Abu-Remaileh Lab is interested in identifying novel pathways that enable cellular and organismal adaptation to metabolic stress and changes in environmental conditions. (stanford.edu)
Since these signaling pathways affect virtually all aspects of cellular life, changes in the plasma membrane proteome appear ideally suited to contribute to the cellular adaptation to stress. (cell-stress.com)
While certain aspects of stress-elicited adaptive programs such as the heat shock response or the oxidative stress response are very well studied, the contribution of other cellular pathways including endocytosis to cellular adaptation is still elusive. (cell-stress.com)
Elucidating the function of the mutated gene, ALMS1 , is critical for the development of specific treatments and may uncover pathways relevant to a range of other disorders including common forms of obesity and type 2 diabetes. (springer.com)

In this review, we intend to provide a perspective on ceramides and ceramide metabolites in the maintenance of adipose tissue homeostasis and how adipose tissue ceramides contribute to the development of metabolic diseases. (frontiersin.org)

Given the low plasma concentration of zinc and its importance in cellular signaling, it is essential that the availability and distribution of "free" zinc (free zinc is used to differentiate zinc involved in cell signaling from zinc that tightly bound to protein and therefore thermodynamically unavailable) are tightly controlled [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Failure to maintain an optimal circulating blood glucose concentration results in diabetes, a disease with varying etiologies. (diabetesjournals.org)
More water than glucose is reabsorbed resulting in an increase in the glucose concentration in the urine along the tubule. (medscape.com)
As plasma glucose concentration increases, there is concordant increase in the filtered load of glucose. (medscape.com)
In health individuals this equates to a blood glucose concentration of approximately 200mg/dL (11mmol/L), which is believed to be threshold for the appearance of glucosuria. (medscape.com)
Energy-dependent ion transporters maintain concentration gradients. (medscape.com)
14 Taurine is taken up by cells via taurine transporters that are highly sensitive to intracellular taurine concentration. (jomes.org)
Recent evidence suggests that sera from patients with glycogen-storage disease Ia are able to more efficiently promote scavenger receptor class B type I-mediated cellular cholesterol efflux and that an increased antioxidant effect of these sera is directly related to the increased urate concentration. (medscape.com)
To maintain cellular function, the body has elaborate mechanisms that maintain blood H + concentration within a narrow range-typically 37 to 43 nEq/L (37 to 43 nmol/L) with a pH of 7.43 to 7.37, where pH = −log [H + ]. Ideally, H + is 40 nEq/L (40 nmol/L) and pH = 7.40. (msdmanuals.com)

The synthesis, secretion, and action of insulin are dependent on zinc and the transporters that make this ion available to cellular processes. (hindawi.com)
Transgenic mice in which Hnf6 expression is maintained in postnatal islets ( pdx1 PB Hnf6 ) show overt diabetes and impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) at weaning. (diabetesjournals.org)
Several neurotransmitter systems present in the central nervous system, such as the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, are expressed also in the islets of Langerhans ( 1 , 2 ), and serotonin in particular has been implicated in insulin secretion ( 3 , 4 ) and β cell proliferation during pregnancy ( 5 ). (snmjournals.org)
Regarding Type 1 diabetes(T1D), animal/islet-cell studies found that GABA promotes insulin secretion, inhibits α-cell glucagon and dampens immune inflammation, while GAD immunization may also preserve β-cells. (nature.com)
In vitro experiments found that isolated human islets treated with GABA receptor blockade have decreased insulin secretion at physiologic glucose concentrations 18 . (nature.com)
Further, GABA-deficient islets did not show appropriate glucagon inhibition in response to increasing glucose concentrations in vitro 22 , suggesting that GABA is directly involved in the suppression of glucagon secretion in pancreatic alpha cells. (nature.com)
Glutathionylation state of uncoupling protein-2 and the control of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. (omicsdi.org)
In regard to preventing insulin release, ROS activates uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), a mitochondrial inner membrane protein that negatively regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. (omicsdi.org)
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 is not involved in palmitate-induced impairment of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in INS-1E insulinoma cells and is not needed for the amplification of insulin release. (omicsdi.org)
Furthermore, we knocked down UCP2 in spheroid INS-1E cell clusters (pseudoislets) to test whether or not UCP2 regulates insulin secretion during prolonged glucose exposure. (omicsdi.org)
so did the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), which also decreased insulin secretion induced by glucose plus caffeine. (omicsdi.org)
Inhibitory ryanodine or NAC did not affect insulin secretion induced by glucose plus carbachol, which engages inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors. (omicsdi.org)
Incubation of islets with H2O2 in basal glucose increased insulin secretion 2-fold. (omicsdi.org)

Additional genes that have been shown, either by in vitro or in vivo studies, to be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms include leptin, SOCS3, glucose transporter (GLUT)-4, POMC, 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 and corticotrophin releasing hormone. (wikipedia.org)
Interestingly, EC and DHBA did not modify the levels of SGLT-2 and GLUT-2, and modulated the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase via AKT leading to a diminished glucose production. (faksignaling.com)
In humans, this step is facilitated by glucose transporter 4 (GLUT 4) protein and requires the action of the CHC22 protein. (independentsciencenews.org)
Thus, attempts to apply mouse glucose transport studies to humans are impeded due to species differences in the GLUT 4 trafficking pathway. (independentsciencenews.org)

High fructose diets promote insulin resistance and glucose intolerance which increases the rate of hepatic lipogenesis. (ggim.in)
1] Two of the patients had almost total deficiency of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase, whereas the remaining 4 had normal enzyme activity. (medscape.com)
Because free glucose is the product of the hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase reaction, either type leads to accumulation of liver glycogen, accompanied by fasting hypoglycemia. (medscape.com)

Oxysterol binding protein-related protein 2 (ORP2) belongs to a ubiquitously expressed and conserved family of LTPs, the oxysterol binding protein (OSBP)-relate proteins. (helsinki.fi)
The GSK-3, that is the key enzyme is normally showing its actions by various mechanisms that include its phosphorylation, formation of protein complexes, and other cellular distribution and thus it control and directly affects cellular morphology, its growth, mobility and apoptosis of the cell. (scielo.br)
PML is a protein that regulates important cellular decisions about life or death. (forth.gr)
Recent study at IMBB, published in Cell Death and Disease revealed that CISD-1, an iron sulfur cluster binding protein implicated in the pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative disorder Wolfram Syndrome type 2, modulates longevity and proteostasis by engaging autophagy and the mitochondrial intrinsic apoptosis pathway. (forth.gr)
For example, Vassilopoulos and colleagues 2009 reported that mice do not possess the protein that in humans mediates transport of circulating glucose into cells by means of membrane-bound vesicles. (independentsciencenews.org)
Here we report experiments designed to test the involvement of mitochondrial uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) in these glucolipotoxic effects. (omicsdi.org)
Insulin signaling pathway activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), which phosphorylates and activates Akt (also known as protein kinase B). Akt regulates glucose transport by promoting the translocation of glucose transporters, such as GLUT4, to the plasma membrane. (alliedacademies.org)
AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of cellular energy status. (alliedacademies.org)
These assist with protein folding and, thereby, help to keep the cellular protein machinery functional in spite of adverse thermal conditions. (cell-stress.com)
the amyloidogenic protein is typed using a variety of immunohistologic and biochemical techniques. (msdmanuals.com)

glycogen-storage disease type Ia (GSD Ia) designates the true enzyme defect, and glycogen-storage disease type Ib (GSD Ib) designates the intracellular transport defect. (medscape.com)
The Niemann-Pick group of diseases can be subclassified into two categories: (1) those with a primary deficiency in acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) activity (ie, types A and B) and (2) those with defective intracellular processing and transporting of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol (ie, type C). (medscape.com)

They also have high glycogen, glucose and trehalose levels and develop insulin resistance in their fat bodies (but not ovaries). (bvsalud.org)
Remarkably, females on a high-sugar diet supplemented with a separate source of water have mostly normal fertility and glucose levels, despite persistent obesity, high glycogen and trehalose levels, and fat body insulin resistance. (bvsalud.org)
These findings demonstrate that a high-sugar diet affects specific processes in oogenesis independently of insulin resistance, that high glucose levels correlate with reduced fertility on a high-sugar diet, and that obesity alone does not impair fertility. (bvsalud.org)
Insulin resistance is where the pancreas makes more insulin to help push glucose into cells…and the insulin level stays high a long time. (thenutritiondebate.com)
The eventual development of full-blown type 2 diabetes is signaled by overt hyperglycemia resulting from a combination of insulin resistance and dysfunction of insulin-producing pancreatic ß-cells. (independentsciencenews.org)

It produces glucose by gluconeogenesis. (medscape.com)
The key enzymes of gluconeogenesis are phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase). (medscape.com)
Gluconeogenesis in the kidneys exceeds renal glucose consumption. (medscape.com)
Importantly, the gluconeogenesis is a differentiated function of the renal cortex that also contributes to the glucose homeostasis, as well as to the insulin modulatory effects [2]. (faksignaling.com)
Additionally, insulin signaling inhibits gluconeogenesis, the process of glucose production from non-carbohydrate sources, in the liver. (alliedacademies.org)

The cell, in this instance, must depend on anaerobic glycolysis (making energy from glucose without oxygen). (lifespan.io)
The combined results indicate that glycolysis is regulated by the compartmental expression of hexokinase 2, pyruvate kinase M1, and pyruvate kinase M2 in photoreceptors, whereas the inner retinal neurons exhibit a lower capacity for glycolysis and aerobic glycolysis. (molvis.org)
During cellular respiration, one glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvate molecules in a process called glycolysis. (ggim.in)
However, glucose-6-phosphate is also the substrate for glycolysis and produces lactate. (medscape.com)

Substantial evidence indicates that the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, is primarily responsible for the regulation of energy homeostasis. (nature.com)
Integration of peripheral metabolic signals andthe central nervous system maintains energy homeostasis. (nature.com)
In addition to its remarkable pharmacologic actions, the physiological roles of FGF21 include the maintenance of energy homeostasis in the body in conditions of metabolic or environmental stress. (e-dmj.org)

To investigate the renal pathogenesis of FBS, SLC2A2 expression was ablated in mouse kidney and HK-2 proximal tubule cells. (bvsalud.org)
To investigate whether targeting proximal tubule glucose influx can limit glycogen accumulation and correct symptoms in vivo, we treated mice with the selective SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin. (bvsalud.org)
The glucose transporters expressed in the renal proximal tubule ensure that less than 0.5 g/day (range 0.03-0.3 g/d) is excreted in the urine of healthy adults. (medscape.com)
As the rate of glucose entering the nephron rises above 260-350mg/1.73m 2 /min (14.5-19.5mmol/1.73m 2 /min), the excess glucose exceeds the reabsorptive capacity of proximal tubule and is excreted in the urine (i.e. glucosuria). (medscape.com)
The main site for glucose reabsorption is the early S1 segment of the proximal tubule and this process is largely mediated by the high-capacity transporter sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) [2]. (faksignaling.com)

The regulation of nutrient partitioning is arranged by complex interactions between hormones [i.e., insulin, growth hormone (GH), Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and glucocorticoids] aiming to favor glucose supply for milk synthesis that involves insulin action and the somatotropic axis [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The homeostatic regulation of cellular ATP is achieved by the coordinated activity of ATP utilization, synthesis, and buffering. (molvis.org)

At the cellular level, total zinc concentrations of human cells are 200-300 μ M [ 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
Renal glucosuria is the excretion of glucose in the urine in detectable amounts at normal blood glucose concentrations in the absence of any signs of generalized proximal renal tubular dysfunction due to a reduction in the renal tubular reabsorption of glucose. (medscape.com)
Here, we consider a newly identified role for pulmonary glucose transport in maintaining low airway surface liquid (ASL) glucose concentrations and propose that this contributes to lung defence against infection. (ersjournals.com)
These processes vary between species but universally maintain ASL glucose at 3-20-fold lower concentrations than plasma. (ersjournals.com)
ASL glucose concentrations are increased in respiratory disease and by hyperglycaemia. (ersjournals.com)
This is in contrast to conditions in the gut and kidney, where luminal glucose concentrations regularly exceed plasma glucose concentrations [ 6 , 7 ]. (ersjournals.com)
ASL glucose concentrations are the net result of diffusion of glucose from blood and interstitial fluid across the respiratory epithelium into the ASL, and removal of glucose from ASL by epithelial glucose transport processes. (ersjournals.com)
Current model of the mechanisms controlling glucose concentrations in the surface liquid lining the airway and distal lung epithelium. (ersjournals.com)
It is well established that PP cows often exhibit symptoms similar to type 2 diabetes (T2DM), including elevated plasma free fatty acid concentrations and decreased sensitivity of tissue to the presence of insulin which plays a major role in the development of many metabolic disorders [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Highly coordinated interactions between the brain and peripheral metabolic organs are critical for the maintenance of energy and glucose homeostasis. (nature.com)
It is a common metabolic disorder that is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia coupled with reduced life expectancy resulting from debilitating disease states that include heart disease, stroke, peripheral neuropathy, and renal disease [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Dapagliflozin reduced glycogen accumulation and improved metabolic acidosis and phosphaturia in the animals by normalizing the expression of Napi2a and NHE3 transporters. (bvsalud.org)
The presence of various types of adipocytes (white, brown, and beige) characterized by the number/size of lipid droplets, mitochondrial density, and thermogenic capacity, further highlights how intricate is the communication of these cell-types with other metabolic tissues to sense nutrients. (frontiersin.org)
This results in a spectrum of cellular dysfunction, that underlies various metabolic diseases. (frontiersin.org)
5 , 6 Taurine is involved in a number of metabolic processes, including osmoregulation, membrane stabilization, modulation of cellular calcium level, and detoxification. (jomes.org)
Lysosomes are membrane-bound compartments that degrade macromolecules and clear damaged organelles to enable cellular adaptation to various metabolic states. (stanford.edu)
Lysosomal function is critical for organismal homeostasis-mutations in genes encoding lysosomal proteins cause severe human disorders known as lysosomal storage diseases, and lysosome dysfunction is implicated in age-associated diseases including cancer, neurodegeneration and metabolic syndrome. (stanford.edu)
By developing novel tools and harnessing the power of metabolomics, proteomics and functional genomics, our lab will define 1) how the lysosome communicates with other cellular compartments to fulfill the metabolic demands of the cell under various metabolic states, 2) and how its dysfunction leads to rare and common human diseases. (stanford.edu)
The pre-diabetes stage includes impairment of fasting glucose and glucose tolerance, often evolving into a specific metabolic syndrome that includes abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and elevated fasting blood glucose. (independentsciencenews.org)

Heterozygosity for mutations suggest a role of nongenetic factors or other genes involved in renal glucose transport. (medscape.com)
stream endstream MicroRNA-33 and the SREBP host genes cooperate to control cholesterol homeostasis. (skanestugan.se)
download history Thanks and genes Activation include the acid of and precursor between targets with exciting regulated students and SRC-phosphorylated types. (erik-mill.de)

This review summarized the associations between various types of diabetes and cancers and updated available evidence of underlying mechanisms between diabetes and cancers. (frontiersin.org)
However, the underlying mechanisms between various types of diabetes and cancers have not yet been summarized. (frontiersin.org)
It helps to maintain glucose homeostasis by at least two mechanisms. (medscape.com)
Understanding of mechanisms underlying lung glucose homeostasis could identify new therapeutic targets for control of ASL glucose and prevention and treatment of lung infection. (ersjournals.com)
Our understanding of the role of glucose transport in the lung and the mechanisms that regulate glucose movement across the human lung epithelium lags far behind that of the gut and kidney. (ersjournals.com)

However, much subsequent research in this area was focused on the role of pulmonary SGLT transport as a modifier of lung liquid volume [ 3 , 4 ], and the effects of starvation and diabetes on glucose transport [ 1 , 5 ]. (ersjournals.com)
In this regard, inhibitors of SGLT-2 have been demonstrated to increase glycosuria and reduce hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes [3, 4]. (faksignaling.com)

Because of their expanding roles in the endocrine regulation of homeostasis and stress, and their involvement in human pathophysiology, exosomes are now the epicenter of a new field, termed 'exosomics' ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The depletion of ORP2 led to dysregulated transcriptional regulation of lipogenesis in both of the studied cell types. (helsinki.fi)
16 0 obj MiR-33 contributes to the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. (skanestugan.se)
Similar immutable barriers to the use of mice to study human type 2 diabetes exist at every level from gene structure and gene regulation to disease manifestations and phenotypes. (independentsciencenews.org)
Collectively, our findings indicate that the glutathionylation status of UCP2 contributes to the regulation of GSIS, and different cellular sites and inducers of ROS can have opposing effects on GSIS, perhaps explaining some of the controversy surrounding the role of ROS in GSIS. (omicsdi.org)

The article "Differential expression of the glucose transporter gene glcH in response to glucose and light in marine picocyanobacterial" by Moreno-Cabezuelo et al. (peerj.com)

Renal glucosuria has also been reported in patients with acute pyelonephritis in the presence of a normal blood glucose level. (medscape.com)

It plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and supporting various physiological functions. (alliedacademies.org)

Multiple immunological abnormalities have been reported in T1D patients including autoantibody production against the insulin molecule, the 65 kD isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), various islet antigens, and the zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) as well as decreased regulatory T cell (Treg) capacity to suppress T-cell mediated destruction of the islets of Langerhans 3 . (nature.com)

Plasma levels of glucose, leptin and insulin are elevated in males. (jax.org)

In humans, zinc is found in all body tissues and secretions contributing to approximately 2-4 g of total zinc in the adult body [ 18 , 19 ] and is therefore the most abundant trace metal in tissue next to iron of which there is approximately 4 g localized mostly in blood [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
That's got to be one of the reasons that the medical establishment transitioned a few years ago from the Fasting Blood Sugar to the A1c as a diagnostic tool for Pre-diabetes and Type 2 Diabetes. (thenutritiondebate.com)
I had to stop taking these other 2 anti-diabetes oral meds completely to avoid hypos (dangerously low blood sugars), but have continued for the last 14 years on the quarter-dose Metformin. (thenutritiondebate.com)
My blood sugar control, as measured by fasting blood glucose, improved overnight and very dramatically. (thenutritiondebate.com)
we have energy (glucose from carbs) flowing in our blood (with the transporter hormone insulin) from food by mouth , digested and circulating in our blood but not yet taken up by your cells . (thenutritiondebate.com)
Fenugreek seeds have been used as an oral insulin substitute, and seed extracts have been reported to lower blood glucose levels. (drugs.com)
In the realm Low Blood Sugar Symptoms blood sugar level 111 of pharmaceutical products, simvastatin and high blood sugar they often use the other way around glucose instead of dextrose just to trim down the confusion. (ggim.in)
Talking with your doctor or health care team about when and how to use blood sugar level 111 What Is Type 1 Diabetes a glucagon emergency kit. (ggim.in)
Sources of glucose include most of the low blood sugar levels and migraine carbohydrates that we consume. (ggim.in)
Glucose transporter 1 in the hypothalamic glial cells simvastatin and high blood sugar mediates glucose sensing to regulate glucose production in vivo. (ggim.in)
The usual homeostatic mechanism cannot halt the rapid drop in blood glucose levels that normally occurs during the first several hours after birth (reflecting consumption of maternal glucose), and the decrease continues. (medscape.com)
This decrease in circulating glucose can be precipitous, resulting in no measurable blood level. (medscape.com)
The accumulation of lactic acid in blood can cause true acidosis with a large anion gap, a characteristic of glycogen-storage disease type I. (medscape.com)
This causes a continuing drop in blood glucose levels and explains the absence of ketone bodies. (medscape.com)

Samples are mixed with a cocktail of biotinylated detection antibodies (Step 1) and then incubated with the array membrane which is spotted in duplicate with capture antibodies to specific target proteins (Step 2) . (rndsystems.com)
Cellular identity is determined by the transcriptional profile which comprises the subset of mRNAs, and therefore proteins, being expressed by a cell at a given point in time. (silverchair.com)
Exosomal markers include microRNAs like miR-21 and miR-141, plus various proteins that belong in functional groups such as tetraspanins (CD9, CD63 and CD81), heat shock proteins (Hsp70, Hsp73 and Hsp90) and membrane transporters (GTPases) ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The plasma membrane is not only the first point of encounter for many types of environmental stress, but given the diversity of receptor proteins and their associated molecules also represents the site at which many cellular signal cascades originate. (cell-stress.com)
The plasma membrane can be envisioned as a central compartment in the cellular adaptation to diverse stress conditions as it shapes the interactions between cells and their environment by harboring an elaborate complement of transmembrane proteins, e.g. transporters, channels, receptors, or adhesion proteins. (cell-stress.com)

Defective crosstalk between the brain and peripheral organs contributes to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. (nature.com)

Two means of glucose transport are noted: facilitative and secondary active transport. (medscape.com)

In insulin-dependent peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle, adipose, and liver, zinc ions play a role in insulin-induced glucose transport and glycemic control [ 9 - 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
The liver loses its capacity as a glucose-homeostatic organ because of a fundamental inability to release free glucose. (medscape.com)

While this form of gene silencing is extremely important in development and cellular differentiation, aberrant DNA methylation can be detrimental and has been linked to various disease processes, such as cancer. (wikipedia.org)
Both transcription factor-based reprogramming and directed differentiation approaches ultimately exploit transcription factors to influence cellular identity. (silverchair.com)
Reprogramming techniques continue to evolve as we learn more about the developmental and molecular cues which govern cellular differentiation and identity. (silverchair.com)
In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling , cellular differentiation , and cell death , as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth . (wikipedia.org)
MIM:613135), a inter-cellular differentiation reported by base power of return and precursor( Kurian et al. (familie-vos.de)

Consequently the affinity of the transporters for glucose along the tubule increases to allow for complete reabsorption of glucose from the urine. (medscape.com)
indeed, renal glucose reabsorption has been considered to have a pathophysiological role in diabetes [1]. (faksignaling.com)

ORP2 has been implicated to participate e.g. in triacylglycerol (TG) and cholesterol homeostasis, and in cell adhesion, migration and proliferation. (helsinki.fi)

[10] Mitochondrial biogenesis is in turn temporally coordinated with these cellular processes. (wikipedia.org)

Glycogen storage disease XI, also known as Fanconi-Bickel syndrome (FBS), is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the SLC2A2 gene that encodes the glucose-facilitated transporter type 2 (GLUT2). (bvsalud.org)
FRG is a rare disorder due mainly to mutations in the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 gene ( SGLT2 ) that are responsible for the majority of cases. (medscape.com)
Although the pattern of inheritance that best fits FRG is one of co-dominance, increased glucose excretion was not observed in all individuals with similar or identical mutations. (medscape.com)
Muscle strength is normal between attacks but, after a few years, some degree of fixed weakness develops in certain types of PP (especially primary PP). All forms of primary PP (except Becker myotonia congenita [MC]) are either autosomal dominant inherited or sporadic (most likely arising from point mutations). (medscape.com)
More than 80 discrete mutations have been identified for both types Ia and Ib. (medscape.com)
The differences in the clinical courses of types A and B suggest that the mutations are different. (medscape.com)

Metformin helps normalize glucose levels and therefore may slow changes in PhAge. (lifespan.io)

The kidneys produce between 2.0-2.5umol of glucose/kg/min thereby contributing about 20-25% of circulating glucose. (medscape.com)
Homeostasis of body fluids is preserved primarily by the kidneys. (msdmanuals.com)

ORP2 was also found to facilitate cholesterol transport between the late endosomes/lysosomes (LE/LY) and plasma membrane (PM) and to interact with the related LE/LY cholesterol transporter ORP1L. (helsinki.fi)
The matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane is also negatively charged, and this allows metformin to accumulate inside mitochondria in quantities 1000 times greater than outside the cell [2]. (lifespan.io)

Here, we discuss how transcription factors, and their unique position as the gatekeepers of cellular identity, are exploited in cell reprogramming protocols by exploring work focusing on one reprogramming paradigm - the transdifferentiation of hepatocytes to pancreatic beta cells (β-cell). (silverchair.com)

0.01 mM and plasma glucose 0.19 mM [ 3 ]. (ersjournals.com)
On d 7 and 14 PP plasma glucose was higher in BBR2- and BBR4-treated than in CTRL. (biomedcentral.com)
The normal example SLC6A3 is the integrated synthase cell-cell DAT which is the fatty computer of majority( DA) from the Respiratory glucose specifically into glycosaminoglycans, not pinching the plasma of DA( Broer & Gether 2012, Schweikhard & Ziegler 2012). (familie-vos.de)
Diagnosis is by measuring plasma glucose. (msdmanuals.com)

Altogether, our results indicated an improved glucose and insulin status along with the modulation of the somatotropic axis and glucose and insulin response to IVGTT in dairy goats supplemented with 2 and 4 g/d BBR. (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, the modulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin signalling by the mentioned compounds on renal proximal tubular NRK-52E cells was investigated. (faksignaling.com)

Measuring real-time oxygen consumption in siRNA-transfected INS-1E cells, we show that deleterious effects of palmitate on the glucose sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration and on the coupling efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation are independent of UCP2. (omicsdi.org)

The endocrine system coordinates functioning between different organs through hormones, which are chemicals released into the bloodstream from specific types of cells within endocrine (ductless) glands. (msdmanuals.com)

stream ATP-binding cassette transporters and HDL suppress hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. (skanestugan.se)

abstract = "Lipids are distributed in a highly heterogeneous manner between different cellular membranes. (helsinki.fi)

Cells have to cope with challenging changes in their environment such as alterations in osmolarity, ion homeostasis, redox state, oxygen or nutrient supply, or exposure to ionizing radiation or potentially toxic substances. (cell-stress.com)

Additionally, defects at the insulin signalling are thought to affect the renal glucose homeostasis and, therefore, to contribute to the hyperglycaemia [4]. (faksignaling.com)

Exosomes are small lipid bilayer-surrounded extracellular vesicles released from cells into the extracellular space or biological fluids ( 1 , 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
These results suggest that downregulation of Hnf6 expression in β-cells during development is essential to achieve a mature, glucose-responsive β-cell. (diabetesjournals.org)
Blue cells = expressed in wild-type. (jax.org)
The highest density was observed for CD45+ cells, followed by CD3+ cells, CD8+ cells, and PD-1+ cells (Table 2). (tech-strategy.org)
Therefore, the mean count number in omental lesions of stromal CD8+ and CD3+ cells was almost 2 times higher. (tech-strategy.org)
For over 50 years, glucose has been recognised to cross the lung epithelial barrier and be transported by lung epithelial cells. (ersjournals.com)
In immortalised human airway cells (line H441) with 10 mM glucose in the basolateral medium, apical ASL glucose was 0.24±0.07 mM [ 10 ]. (ersjournals.com)
In primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) with 16.6±0.4 mM glucose in the basolateral medium, ASL glucose was 2.2±0.5 mM [ 11 ]. (ersjournals.com)
[20] This finding has led to general acceptance of the endosymbiotic hypothesis - that free-living prokaryotic ancestors of modern mitochondria permanently fused with eukaryotic cells in the distant past, evolving such that modern animals, plants, fungi, and other eukaryotes are able to respire to generate cellular energy . (wikipedia.org)
The Classical download by which undigested response cells are secreted has likely increased but it is removed imported to differ via cellular RNA-RNA or reaction emissions. (familie-vos.de)
Consequently, treatments aimed at improving glucose homeostasis in renal cells are considered critical for optimal management of diabetes type 2 and to prevent, retard or treat associated renal complications. (faksignaling.com)
Some hormones exert an effect on cells of the organ from which they were released (paracrine effect), some even on the same cell type (autocrine effect). (msdmanuals.com)

Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a non-essential amino acid mainly obtained through diet in humans. (jomes.org)
2 , 3 Taurine is considered a non-essential amino acid in rodents, an essential amino acid in cats, and a conditionally essential amino acid in humans. (jomes.org)

Pregnancy, parturition, and the onset of lactation represent an enormous physiological and hormonal challenge to the homeostasis of dairy animals, being a risk for their health and reproduction. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy22

Organisms9

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs86

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment14

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes43

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Metabolism26

Uptake11

Diabetes mellitus5

Role in glucose homeostasis3

Pathways6

Adipose tissue1

Concentration9

Secretion13

GLUT4

Hepatic3

Protein10

Intracellular2

Insulin resistance5

Gluconeogenesis5

Glycolysis4

Energy homeostasis3

Proximal tubule5

Synthesis2

Concentrations9

Metabolic10

Genes3

Mechanisms5

SGLT2

Regulation5

Response to glucose1

Normal blood glucose1

Various physiological functions1

Islets1

Leptin1

Blood14

Proteins5

Defective1

Facilitative1

Liver2

Differentiation5

Reabsorption2

Cholesterol homeostasis1

Processes1

Mutations6

Levels1

Kidneys2

Membrane2

Pancreatic1

Plasma4

Modulation2

Mitochondrial1

Endocrine1

Hematopoietic1

Abstract1

Redox1

Hyperglycaemia1

Cells12

Humans2

Physiological1