Cellular checkpoint protein rad9 cell cycle checkpoint gene. Medical search. Frequent questions

B-Raf is a member of the Raf kinase family of growth signal transduction protein kinases. (rafinhibitors.com)
Compared to HL60 cells, the tyrosine phosphorylation level in K562 cells was markedly increased, suggesting that the increase in tyrosine phosphorylation is due to BCR ABL tyrosine kinase activity, which was confirmed by the expression of BCR ABL shown only in K562 cells. (rafinhibitors.com)
Emerging evidence indicate that the mammalian checkpoint kinase ATM induces transcriptional silencing in cis to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through a poorly understood mechanism. (elifesciences.org)
In addition, we investigated several cell cycle-related proteins and found that co-knockdown of hTopBP1 and hMYH significantly diminished cell cycle arrest due to compromised checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) activation. (biomedcentral.com)
eukaryotic translational initiation aspect-2 kinase 3 (Benefit), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) and activating transcription aspect 6 (ATF6) thus activating these protein. (cgp60474.com)
Long term and extreme ER tension induced -cell apoptosis is certainly connected with c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation [9], [15]. (cgp60474.com)
The SAD1/RAD53 protein kinase controls multiple checkpoints and DNA damage-induced transcription in yeast. (academicinfluence.com)
The presence of replication stress activates the DNA damage response and downstream checkpoint proteins including ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related kinase (ATR), checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), and WEE1-like protein kinase (WEE1), which trigger cell cycle arrest while protecting and restoring stalled replication forks. (bmj.com)

This gene product is highly similar to S. pombe rad9, a cell cycle checkpoint protein required for cell cycle arrest and DNA damage repair in response to DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
The protein products of several rad checkpoint genes of Schizosaccharomyces pombe (rad1 + , rad3 + , rad9 + , rad17 + , rad26 + , and hus1 + ) play crucial roles in sensing changes in DNA structure, and several function in the maintenance of telomeres. (elsevierpure.com)
When the mammalian homologue of S. pombe Rad9 was inactivated, increases in chromosome end-to-end associations and frequency of telomere loss were observed. (elsevierpure.com)
abstract = "The protein products of several rad checkpoint genes of Schizosaccharomyces pombe (rad1+, rad3+, rad9+, rad17+, rad26+, and hus1+) play crucial roles in sensing changes in DNA structure, and several function in the maintenance of telomeres. (elsevierpure.com)
Human Rad 9 ( hRad9 ) was originally identified as a structural homologue of yeast schizosaccharomyces pombe rad 9 , which can partially rescue the sensitivity of rad 9 null yeast to hydroxyurea, radiation damage and the associated checkpoint defects [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
This complex is believed to be involved in cellular responses to DNA damage, possibly by associating with Rad17 and several components of the PCNA-loading heteropentamer, replication factor C. Human Rad1 exhibits significant homology to Rad1 from S. pombe, and its expression in yeast rad1 mutants has been shown to partially restore radiation resistance and G2 checkpoint activity. (biossusa.com)

This complex is recruited by checkpoint protein Rad17 to the sites of DNA damage, which is thought to be important for triggering the checkpoint-signaling cascade. (wikipedia.org)
The S. cerevisiae checkpoint protein Rad17, the orthologue of human Rad1, forms a homocomplex in response to treatment with DNA damaging agents, and the complex is required for yeast survival after exposure to genotoxic agents [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

It forms a checkpoint protein complex with Rad1 and Hus1. (wikipedia.org)
This is also known as the Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 or 9-1-1 complex. (wikipedia.org)
It is not clear whether Rad1, Rad9 and Hus1 also have distinct functional activities independent of the heterotrimeric form. (biomedcentral.com)
Human Rad1 is a component of a heterotrimeric PCNA like complex that also contains the Rad9 and Hus1 proteins. (biossusa.com)
Moreover, we observed that hMYH was essential for the accumulation of hTopBP1 on damaged DNA, where hTopBP1 interacts with hRad9, a component of the Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 complex. (biomedcentral.com)

The accumulation of hTopBP1 on chromatin and its subsequent interaction with hRad9 lead to cell cycle arrest, a process mediated by Chk1 phosphorylation and ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) activation. (biomedcentral.com)
The ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) signaling cascade is an important pathway involved in the checkpoint control mechanism [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The Rad1 protein, evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans, exists in cells as monomer as well as a component in the 9-1-1 protein complex. (biomedcentral.com)
Rad1 plays crucial roles in DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint control, but its contribution to carcinogenesis is unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
To determine whether Rad1 functions to maintain genomic stability and prevent tumor development, we generated Mrad1 mutant mice by gene targeting. (biomedcentral.com)

The BH3 motif, located in the N-terminal of the protein, inhibits Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins that produce the anti-apoptotic activity in the mitochondria, thereby promoting cell death. (wikipedia.org)

Rad9 was originally found in budding yeast cells but a human homolog has also been found and studies have suggested that the molecular mechanisms of the S and G2 checkpoints are conserved in eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)

As a result, ATR and ATM recruit various proteins to the damage site to stop the progression of the cell cycle before division. (wikipedia.org)
Upon arrival at the damage site, CHK-2 is phosphorylated by ATR and released from the damage site to bind to its targets that inhibit the cell cycle progression. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, Rad-9, either as a free floating protein or part of the 9-1-1 complex, interacts with the rest of the proteins that are part of the base excision repair process, guiding its progression through the various stages. (wikipedia.org)
A major conclusion from these data is that, contrary to one of the current views on tumorigenesis, inactivation of one allele of a tumor suppressor gene is enough to contribute to tumor progression. (aacrjournals.org)
Eukaryotic cells have developed exquisite mechanisms that monitor and coordinate cell cycle progression with repair of DNA damage to maintain genome integrity. (biomedcentral.com)
Once activated by DSBs, ATM/Tel1 and ATR/Mec1 promote DSB repair, delay cell cycle progression or trigger the elimination of genetically unstable cells by inducing cell death. (elifesciences.org)
In the presence of errors or damage during DNA replication, cell cycle checkpoint nodes and repair machinery work in concert to retard cell cycle progression until sufficient repair has been achieved. (bmj.com)

Rad-9 has been implicated with most DNA repair mechanisms, and plays a key role as it interacts with multiple proteins within each pathway. (wikipedia.org)
Interestingly, Wnt Pathway we found a significant increase in tyrosine phosphorylation at the corresponding molecular weight of hTERT in K562 cells compared to HL60 cells. (rafinhibitors.com)
This was supported by our finding that the levels of tricarboxylic Estrogen Receptor Pathway acid cycle intermediates change divergently upon hyper activation of Bcr Abl: the intracellular concentrations of fumarate and malate were increased whereas the citrate and isocitrate levels were decreased. (rafinhibitors.com)
In mammalian cells, inhibiting the transcription of genes around a double-strand DNA break depends on a signaling pathway that is activated whenever DNA damage is detected. (elifesciences.org)
Human DNA topoisomerase II-binding protein 1 (hTopBP1) plays an important role in DNA replication and the DNA damage checkpoint pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, hTopBP1 constitutes an important part of the ATR signaling pathway and acts as a molecular bridge that associates the independently recruited 9-1-1 and ATR-ATRIP complexes, thereby leading to checkpoint activation [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
ER stress cross-talks to the mitochondrial or intrinsic death pathway via p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis (Puma) and JNK-dependent upregulation of the Death protein (DP5) [27]. (cgp60474.com)

Maintaining genomic integrity is of utmost importance to eukaryotic cells, which have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to ensure speed, accuracy, and an adequate pool of nucleotide and replication factors as well as high-fidelity repair pathways to correct errors occurring during DNA replication. (bmj.com)

Also, it has known interaction in the following repair mechanisms: nucleotide excision repair (NER), DNA interstrand cross-links resistance, and homologous recombination (HR) Normally, cells possess many checkpoints and repair mechanisms to fix the DNA and regain proper function before mitosis. (wikipedia.org)
Homologous recombination' is one of the main mechanisms used by cells to repair DNA double-strand breaks. (elifesciences.org)
The proteins involved in homologous recombination have to work around other processes that go on inside the nucleus, such as the transcription of DNA in genes into RNA molecules. (elifesciences.org)

Activation of ATR phosphorylates a number of downstream proteins that coordinate the cell cycle checkpoint. (biomedcentral.com)

However, when DNA damage is too extensive for the repair mechanism, cells can activate apoptosis to trigger cellular death. (wikipedia.org)
Because the effect of haploinsufficiency for one protein is relatively small, we hypothesize that predisposition to cancer could be a result of the additive effect of heterozygosity for two or more genes, critical for pathways that control DNA damage signaling, repair or apoptosis. (aacrjournals.org)
Keratinocytes isolated from Mrad1 +/- mice had significantly more spontaneous DNA double strand breaks, proliferated slower and had slightly enhanced spontaneous apoptosis than Mrad1 +/+ control cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The effects of heterozygous deletion of Mrad1 on proliferation and apoptosis of keratinocytes is different from those resulted from Mrad9 heterozygous deletion (from our previous study), suggesting that Mrad1 also functions independent of Mrad9 besides its role in the Mrad9-Mrad1-Mhus1 complex in mouse cells. (biomedcentral.com)
However, in established cancer cells, such DNA repair system may prevent further DNA damage in their progeny and decrease in apoptosis resulting in enhancement of tumor growth. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, in addition to its checkpoint control function, hRad9 may play a role in regulating apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
JNK1 shRNA expressing INS1 cells demonstrated elevated apoptosis and cleaved caspase 9 and 3 in comparison to nonsense shRNA expressing control INS1 cells when subjected to palmitate and high blood sugar associated with elevated CHOP appearance, ROS development and mRNA appearance. (cgp60474.com)
JNK2 shRNA expressing INS1 cells didn't influence palmitate and high blood sugar induced apoptosis or ER tension markers, but increased appearance in comparison to non-sense shRNA expressing INS1 cells mRNA. (cgp60474.com)
Finally, JNK3 shRNA expressing INS1 cells didn't induce apoptosis in comparison to nonsense shRNA expressing INS1 cells when subjected to palmitate and high blood sugar but showed elevated caspase 9 and 3 cleavage connected with elevated and mRNA appearance. (cgp60474.com)
These data claim that JNK1 protects against palmitate and high glucose-induced -cell apoptosis connected with decreased ER and mitochondrial tension. (cgp60474.com)
In proinflammatory cytokine-induced -cell apoptosis JNK activation is quite transient and rapid [20]. (cgp60474.com)

We have also demonstrated previously overexpression of Rad9 mRNA in a number of primary breast tumors and the increased Rad9 mRNA was correlated with an increased risk of local recurrence and tumor proliferation, suggesting that Rad9 is an oncogene in breast cancer [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Dynamic IRE1 splices X-box binding proteins-1 (Xbp)-1 mRNA, translating into a dynamic transcription aspect sXbp-1 that induces ER chaperones and ER-associated proteins degradation. (cgp60474.com)

Cell cycle checkpoint control protein RAD9A is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAD9A gene.Rad9 has been shown to induce G2 arrest in the cell cycle in response to DNA damage in yeast cells. (wikipedia.org)

Molecular and cellular biology , 26 (5), 1850-1864. (elsevierpure.com)
To further examine the role of hRad9 in breast cancer cells, we now report on the histologic expression of the hRad9 protein and its different molecular forms in primary breast cancer and normal tissues. (biomedcentral.com)

Normally, structural damage of DNA by endogenous and environmental agents is followed by replication checkpoint arrest at the G2/M transition in order to allow for repair before proceeding in the cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)

Thus, what is found in yeast cells are likely to be similar in human cells. (wikipedia.org)

hRad9 is a nuclear protein that interacts with hRad1 and hHus1 to form a hetero-trimeric complex (the 9-1-1 complex) which is then loaded onto DNA [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Cells have a number of DNA repair mechanisms that are frequently active as a result of various exposures to radiation, carcinogens, and reactive oxygen species in the body. (wikipedia.org)
The results show that cells having low levels of both ATM and RAD9 proteins are more sensitive to transformation by radiation, have different DNA double-strand break repair dynamics and are less apoptotic when compared with wild-type controls or those cells haploinsufficient for only one of these proteins. (aacrjournals.org)
This telomere instability correlated with enhanced S- and G 2 -phase- specific cell killing, delayed kinetics of γ-H2AX focus appearance and disappearance, and reduced chromosomal repair after ionizing radiation (IR) exposure, suggesting that Rad9 plays a role in cell cycle phase-specific DNA damage repair. (elsevierpure.com)

It is likely that increased Rad9 expression is needed for proliferation of tumor cells by mechanisms such as getting beyond (tolerating) oncogene-induced replicative stress and enhancing DNA repair capability. (biomedcentral.com)

Loss of function of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and DNA damage processing genes has been implicated in the development of many types of cancer, but for the vast majority of cases, there is no link to specific germ line mutations. (aacrjournals.org)
The loss of proper response to DNA damage leads to genomic instability such as gene mutations, incomplete replication and the loss or gain of chromosomes to future generations. (biomedcentral.com)

Previous research has reported that forming a double-strand break in the DNA reduces the levels of transcription for the genes that surround the break, but it was not clear how this occurred. (elifesciences.org)
One of the next challenges will be to see if the resection process makes any contribution to changes in the transcription of genes that surround a double-strand break in mammals as well. (elifesciences.org)
ATF4 activates the transcription of C/EBP homologous proteins (CHOP), considered to mediate palmitate-induced -cell loss of life [10], [11]. (cgp60474.com)
Activated ATF6 mediates transcription of genes encoding ER chaperone proteins also. (cgp60474.com)

In these events, specialized protein kinases ATR and ATM recognize damaged DNA and recruit various proteins to the impaired sites. (wikipedia.org)

Here we show that in Saccharomyces cerevisiae a single DSB causes transcriptional inhibition of proximal genes independently of Tel1/ATM and Mec1/ATR. (elifesciences.org)
In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , the telomere-associated protein Ndj1 is required for bouquet formation. (biorxiv.org)

If Rad9 is mutated there may be other pathways or mechanisms in DNA repair that can compensate for a loss of function. (wikipedia.org)
In the last several years, heterozygosity leading to haploinsufficiency for proteins involved in DNA repair pathways was shown to play a role in genomic instability and carcinogenesis after DNA damage is induced. (aacrjournals.org)
In the last few years, mounting evidence suggests that heterozygosity leading to haploinsufficiency for proteins involved in DNA repair pathways plays a role in genomic instability and carcinogenesis. (aacrjournals.org)

Together, these findings provide evidence of roles for mammalian Rad9 in telomere stability and HR repair as a mechanism for promoting cell survival after IR exposure. (elsevierpure.com)
Nup2 is a nonessential nucleoporin that functions in nuclear transport, boundary activity, and telomere silencing in mitotically dividing cells. (biorxiv.org)

Knockdown of Rad9 in prostate tumor cells correlates with reduction of tumorigenicity in nude mice [ 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

This way, Rad9 serves as an adaptor protein that fosters the interactions between key proteins that serve in the cell cycle control system to ensure the integrity of DNA before mitosis phase occurs. (wikipedia.org)
Any obstacles encountered by cells in this process can lead to 'replicative stress' ( Figure 1 ), 1 which may be overcome by replicative stress response proteins, but deficiencies in this response result in accumulated errors in DNA replication and loss of genomic integrity, which lead to cell death. (bmj.com)
The cellular response to DNA damage involves an intricate network of enzymes responsible for sensing, signaling, and repairing damaged DNA, as well as the regulation of cell cycle checkpoints that collectively maintain genomic integrity 2 . (nature.com)

To further determine whether BCR ABL phosphorylates Raf Inhibitors hTERT, we treated K562 cells with 1 M Gleevec, and evaluated the phosphorylation status of hTERT. (rafinhibitors.com)

Human DNA topoisomerase II-binding protein 1 (TopBP1) and its orthologs play important roles in DNA replication and checkpoint control [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

These are extremely hazardous for a cell, because if left unrepaired, DSBs can have pathological consequences, such as cell death, or drive cells to genomic instability and tumor development. (nature.com)

Small molecule inhibitors designed to target the DNA damage sensors, such as inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), ATR, CHK1 and WEE1, impair smooth cell cycle modulation and disrupt efficient DNA repair, or a combination of the above, have demonstrated interesting monotherapy and combinatorial activity, including the potential to reverse drug resistance and have entered developmental pipelines. (bmj.com)

As shown in Figure 4c, Gleevec treatment resulted in almost complete inhibition of hTERT phosphorylation at tyrosine residues compared to control cells. (rafinhibitors.com)
On the contrary, enhanced glycolysis could be linked to the cell death observed 48 hours after imatinib withdrawal as inhibition of glycolysis by 2 deoxyglucose completely rescued cells from imatinib withdrawal induced death. (rafinhibitors.com)
A significant, although incomplete, inhibition of cell death was also observed upon partial deprivation of glutamine from the medium and inhibition Celastrol of glutaminase activity using the glutaminase inhibitor 6 diazo 5 oxo l norleucine. (rafinhibitors.com)
These genetic aberrations may cause loss of growth inhibition in normally quiescent cells and result in carcinogenesis [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
It was also recently shown that PARP-1 is a sensor of unligated Okazaki fragments during DNA replication 16 and cells deficient in ribonucleotide excision repair are sensitized to PARP inhibition 17 . (nature.com)

Unrepaired DNA lesions can lead to cell death, gene mutation and cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
One of the oxidative DNA lesions frequently generated upon exposure of cells to reactive oxygen species (ROS) is 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

The M. leprae genome contains 1614 open reading frames coding for functional proteins, and 1310 pseudogenes corresponding to 41% of the genome, approximately. (bvsalud.org)

To demonstrate that the decrease in tyrosine phosphorylation of hTERT was not due to reduced hTERT expression level, western blot was performed and we did not observe a difference in hTERT expression level in Gleevec treated K562 cells compared to control cells. (rafinhibitors.com)

Obese and diabetic topics have raised plasma degrees of nonesterified essential fatty acids (NEFAs) and hyperglycemia, that are believed to trigger reduced insulin synthesis and impaired blood sugar responsiveness in pancreatic -cells, termed glucolipotoxicity [2] also, [3]. (cgp60474.com)
Each origin is initiated by a combination of regulatory proteins that prepare the chromatin for replication before synthesis (S)-phase entry. (bmj.com)

Several PAR-binding modules orchestrate the relocation of DDR-associated factors in addition to the accumulation of intrinsically disordered proteins through an intracellular liquid demixing mechanism 11 , 12 . (nature.com)

M. leprae is an obligate intracellular microorganism with a marked Schwann cell tropism and is the only human pathogen capable of invading the superficial peripheral nerves. (bvsalud.org)

Gleevec inhibits hTERT nucleoli translocation in K562 BCR ABL positive cells It is known that phosphorylation of hTERT is important for its nuclear translocation. (rafinhibitors.com)

To address this issue, primary mouse cells, haploinsufficient for one or two proteins, ATM and RAD9, related to the cellular response to DNA damage were examined. (aacrjournals.org)
The ER tension response, also called the unfolded proteins response (UPR), is certainly a complicated signaling network initiated to revive regular ER homeostasis by lowering protein fill and increasing proteins folding capability. (cgp60474.com)
and other important immune-response genes. (gsea-msigdb.org)

This protein is found to possess 3' to 5' exonuclease activity, which may contribute to its role in sensing and repairing DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)

Another conclusion from most of the cases is that animals or cells haploinsufficient for the specified proteins have higher transformation rates after DNA damage is induced, but when their DNA is not significantly damaged by exogenous sources, tumor development rates are the same as for their wild-type counterparts. (aacrjournals.org)

DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp. (gsea-msigdb.org)

As the expression level of hTERT was similar in both cells, the result suggested that hTERT could be presumably phosphorylated by BCR ABL. (rafinhibitors.com)
As an initial approach to examine the cellular program induced by TNF in Tregs versus Tcon cells, we employed microarray gene expression analysis at 2 and 24 hrs following TNF treatment. (gsea-msigdb.org)

Previous research has suggested that Rad9 is not necessary to repair DNA, but it does not mean it can still play a role in DNA damage repair. (wikipedia.org)
DNA damage caused by these genotoxins can be efficiently fixed by DNA repair in cooperation with cell cycle checkpoints. (biomedcentral.com)
Breaks that form across both strands in a DNA double helix are considered the most dangerous type of DNA damage, and can cause a cell to die or become cancerous if they are not repaired accurately. (elifesciences.org)
Strategies that increase replicative stress while lowering cell cycle checkpoint thresholds may allow unrepaired DNA damage to be inappropriately carried forward in replicating cells, leading to mitotic catastrophe and cell death. (bmj.com)

Besides the existence of 9-1-1 heterotrimer in K562 and 293 human cells, a significant amount of hRad1 also exists in monomeric form, but monomeric hRad9 and hHus1 were not detectable in a study by Karnitz's group [ 10 ] and in our unpublished experiments in 293 human cells. (biomedcentral.com)
This nuclear protein existed in hyperphosphorylated forms which may be those of the hRad9-hRad1-hHus1 complex. (biomedcentral.com)

hRad9 is a cell cycle checkpoint gene that is up-regulated in breast cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
Localisation of hRad9 protein were performed on paired tumor and normal breast tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
Increased hRad9 protein was observed in breast cancer cells nucleus compared to non-tumor epithelium. (biomedcentral.com)
Finding of hyperphosphorylated forms of hRad9 in the nucleus of cancer cells is in keeping with its function in ameliorating DNA instability, whereby it inadvertently assists tumor growth. (biomedcentral.com)
It also contains a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) that targets the hRad9 protein into the nucleus [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
hTopBP1 and hMYH were involved in ATR-mediated Chk1 activation, moreover, both of them were associated with ATR and hRad9 which known as checkpoint-involved proteins. (biomedcentral.com)

Rad-9 has been implicated to have a number of key interactions with mismatch repair protein complexes MLH1, MSH2, MSH3, and MSH6. (wikipedia.org)
Through its interactions with other proteins via its BRCT domains, hTopBP1 performs diverse functions [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

For instance, Rad-9 acts as an activator for many vital proteins that are responsible for the base excision repair process. (wikipedia.org)
Our conclusions are that under stress conditions, the efficiency and capacity for DNA repair mediated by the ATM/RAD9 cell signaling network depend on the abundance of both proteins and that, in general, DNA repair network efficiencies are genotype-dependent and can vary within a specific range. (aacrjournals.org)
It is believed that this complex is important for the function of these three proteins in DNA repair as well as activation of cell cycle checkpoints. (biomedcentral.com)
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are particularly dangerous for cells, since their inefficient or inaccurate repair can result in deletions and chromosomal translocations that can lead to cancer and/or severe developmental abnormalities in humans. (elifesciences.org)

Anatomy23

Organisms7

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs116

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Phenomena and Processes91

Information Science3

Health Care3

Kinase8

Pombe6

Rad172

Hus15

Ataxia telangi2

Rad13

Anti-apoptotic1

Homolog1

Progression7

Pathway7

Eukaryotic cells1

Homologous recombination3

Downstream1

Apoptosis11

MRNA2

RAD9A1

Molecular2

Replication checkpoint1

Yeast1

Interacts1

Radiation3

Proliferation1

Mutations2

Transcription4

Kinases1

Cerevisiae2

Pathways3

Telomere2

Correlates1

Integrity3

Phosphorylates1

Roles1

Genomic instability1

Inhibitors1

Inhibition5

Lesions2

Genome1

Control1

Synthesis2

Mechanism1

Intracellular1

Inhibits1

Response3

Repairing DNA damage1

Tumor development1

Heat shock protein1

Expression2

Damage4

HRad12

HRad96

Interactions2

Repair4