Cells to create any cell genetically cloned from adult cells clone cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

The Catholic Church has always held that stem-cell research and therapies are morally acceptable, as long as they don't involve the creation and destruction of human embryos. (archstl.org)
Some prohibit only cloning for reproductive purposes and allow the creation of cloned human embryos for research, whereas others prohibit the creation of cloned embryos for any purpose. (who.int)
A year before Dolly, he successfully cloned two lambs (Megan and Morag) whose cells were taken from sheep embryos. (yahoo.com)
In humans, a major roadblock in achieving successful SCNT leading to embryonic stem cells has been the fact that human SCNT embryos fail to progress beyond the eight-cell stage. (news-medical.net)
They derived several human embryonic stem cell lines from these cloned embryos whose DNA was an exact match to the adult cell that donated the DNA. (news-medical.net)
The somatic cell and the oocyte is then fused (f) and the embryos is allowed to develop to a blastocyst in vitro (g). (biomedcentral.com)
Currently, the efficiency for nuclear transfer is between 0-10%, i.e., 0-10 live births after transfer of 100 cloned embryos. (biomedcentral.com)
I've been working with mammalian embryos for over 40 years, with some work in my lab specifically focusing on various methods of cloning cattle and other livestock species. (wptv.com)
Sometimes the process of cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer still produces abnormal embryos, most of which die. (wptv.com)
The recent desperation to clone human embryos may be seriously undermining accepted ethical principles of medical research, with potentially profound wider consequences. (lifeissues.net)
It is further speculated that those who support human embryonic stem cell research are also seeking human embryos for the purposes of human cloning. (all.org)
The broth induces individual cells to 'forget' their specialised function and develop as embryos rather than as part of a root or stem. (newstimenow.com)
In the ongoing debate about cloning human embryos for research, and about destroying them in order to harvest their stem cells, it is important to keep some basic facts in mind. (actionlife.org)
A year before Dolly, he successfully cloned two lambs (Megan and Morag) whose cells were taken from sheep embryos.University of EdinburghDolly's successful birth in 1996 marked the first time a mammal was successfully cloned from an adult cell. (sp1ndex.com)
The main issue as to whether or not human cloning is possible through the splitting of embryos began in 1993 when experimentation was done at George Washington University Medical Center in Washington D. C. There Dr. Jerry Hall experimented with the possibility of human cloning and began this moral and ethical debate. (benjaminbarber.org)
They attempted to create seventeen human embryos in a laboratory dish and when it had grown enough, separated them into forty-eight individual cells. (benjaminbarber.org)
Two of the separated cells survived for a few days in the lab developed into new human embryos smaller than the head of a pin and consisting of thirty-two cells each (Brownlee 24). (benjaminbarber.org)
Cloning embryos is different from the genetic process of in vitro fertilization, but still holds many similarities with it. (benjaminbarber.org)

The cloned sheep was, of course, genetically identical to the original adult sheep. (wikipedia.org)
The term "clone", from the Greek word for twig, denotes a group of identical entities. (who.int)
In sexual reproduction, clones are created when a fertilized egg splits to produce identical (monozygous) twins with identical genomes. (who.int)
Thus, the clone would be genetically identical to the nucleus donor only if the egg came from the same donor or from her maternal line. (who.int)
Beyond this scientific interest, the commercial concern in animal cloning focuses on replicating large numbers of genetically identical animals, especially those derived from a progenitor that has been modified genetically. (who.int)
The lamb's cloning was the first time scientists were able to coax a mature adult cell into behaving like a cell from a newly fertilized embryo in order to create a genetically identical animal. (wgnradio.com)
By transferring adult cell DNA into an embryonic stem cell, it is possible to create a line of immortal embryonic cells that are able to develop into any type of adult cell, genetically identical to the donor. (news-medical.net)
Somatic cell cloning (cloning or nuclear transfer) is a technique in which the nucleus (DNA) of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated metaphase-II oocyte for the generation of a new individual, genetically identical to the somatic cell donor (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
The endgame was never meant to be armies of genetically identical livestock: Rather, researchers continue to refine the techniques and combine them with other methods to turbocharge traditional animal breeding methods as well as gain insights into aging and disease. (wptv.com)
When the one-cell embryo duplicates its genetic material, both cells of the now two-cell embryo are genetically identical. (wptv.com)
When they in turn duplicate their genetic material, each cell at the four-cell stage is genetically identical. (wptv.com)
Even while clones are genetically identical, their phenotypes - the characteristics they express - will be different. (wptv.com)
In a similar way, identical twins, which each carry the same DNA information, are constructed virtually alike as far as their physical characteristics are concerned. (creation.com)
However, identical twins (whether occurring naturally, or as in the recent media report of 'human cloning', from manipulation during in vitro fertilization procedures) result from a 'doubling up' of the DNA information at a very early stage of development in the womb. (creation.com)
Whereas, cloning à la Dolly means using the DNA information from an adult creature to direct the development through to birth of a genetically identical, though younger, individual. (creation.com)
Thus, if John Wesley had had a cloned offspring, there is no reason that the child would necessarily become a Christian, let alone a great evangelist - any more than an identical twin of Wesley would. (creation.com)
The process involves creating numerous identical twins, rather than creating an exact genetic match of either the mother or father. (hoaxes.org)
Japanese researchers also announce the successful cloning of eight identical calves. (hoaxes.org)
A type of cloning that occurs naturally is when identical twins are born ("What Is Cloning? (bartleby.com)
Organism cloning (also called reproductive cloning) refers to the procedure of creating a new multicellular organism, genetically identical to another. (wisdomanswer.com)
It is a method that involves the production of a group of identical cells or organisms that all derive from a single individual (Grolier 220). (benjaminbarber.org)
The second method of cloning a human involves taking cells from an already existing human being and cloning them, in turn creating other individuals that are identical to that particular person. (benjaminbarber.org)

Cloning - Dolly the sheep was the first mammal ever cloned from adult animal cells. (wikipedia.org)
Dolly was the first successful cloning of a mammal from an adult somatic cell, demonstrating the viability of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (yahoo.com)
Dolly's successful birth in 1996 marked the first time a mammal was successfully cloned from an adult cell. (yahoo.com)
Polly, born in 1997, was the first genetically modified cloned mammal. (yahoo.com)
It's been 20 years since scientists in Scotland told the world about Dolly the sheep , the first mammal successfully cloned from an adult body cell. (wptv.com)
A technological 'world first' happened when Scottish scientists recently performed the world's first true 'cloning' of a mammal. (creation.com)
The resulting egg was implanted in the womb of a third sheep, and the result was Dolly, the first clone of a mammal. (usf.edu)
Dolly, the first mammal to be genetically cloned from adult cells, poses for the camera in 1997 at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland. (usf.edu)

Scientists were initially interested in somatic-cell nuclear transfer as a means of determining whether genes remain functional even after most of them have been switched off as the cells in a developing organism assume their specialized functions as blood cells, muscle cells, and so forth. (who.int)
This observation led to the belief that the DNA in specialised cells was 'fixed' and could not be used to produce a new organism. (ed.ac.uk)
Each cell in a sheep (or a human) - bone cells, liver cells, and so on, contains all the DNA information required to 'spell out' the development of the complete adult organism. (creation.com)
Such 'adult' cloning means one can first see what the adult organism is like before cloning. (creation.com)
A clone is an organism that is a genetic copy of an existing one. (who.int)
Microenvironment -The molecules and compounds such as nutrients and growth factors in the fluid surrounding a cell in an organism or in the laboratory, which are important in determining the characteristicsof the cell. (cellmedicine.com)
XI - embryonic stem cells: embryonic cells that are capable of modifying the cells of any organism tissue. (hinxtongroup.org)
… "embryo" means a human organism during the first 56 days of its development following fertilization or creation, excluding any time during which its development has been suspended, and includes any cell derived from such an organism that is used for the purpose of creating a human being. (hinxtongroup.org)
The science fiction definition of "clone" suggests that the cloned organism would be an exact genetic copy of another creature-human or beast-created in the laboratory by any of a number of means. (all.org)
There are differences-so much so that despite the "exact copy" claim, the cloned organism is actually unique genetically. (all.org)
Scientists now know that every gene is made up of some combin-ation of four bases-adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine-whose sequence and amount determine the nature of the organism. (newstimenow.com)
Cloning or clone reproduction is an in vitro process of obtaining multiple copies of the same organism using molecular biological and genetic engineering techniques. (wisdomanswer.com)
The new organism thus produced is genetically distinct from all other human beings and has embarked upon its own distinctive development. (actionlife.org)
This is cloning, a process in which the body cell that donated the replacement nucleus supplies the chromosomes of the new human organism. (actionlife.org)
Whether the new organism is produced by fertilization or by cloning, each new human organism is a distinct entity. (actionlife.org)

Dolly's creation was part of a broader project by scientists to create genetically modified sheep that could produce therapeutic proteins in their milk. (wgnradio.com)
The therapeutic potential of cloned human cells has been demonstrated by another study using human oocytes to reprogram adult cells of a type 1 diabetic. (news-medical.net)
Although attempts have not yet been made to create a therapeutic transplant from embryonic stem cells, the methods have been developed to allow the creation of functional, mature cells using human cell cloning technology. (news-medical.net)
This led to the development of therapeutic cloning as a source for genetically matching replacement cells for patients with degenerative diseases. (ed.ac.uk)
However, therapeutic cloning depends on the availability of human eggs, which are in very limited supply. (ed.ac.uk)
5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
Finally, and inexorably, a true professional scientist poses clearly challenging questions to his research colleagues, and to the scientific enterprise in general, about the dubious "scientific" justification for the current rush to clone human beings - for both "therapeutic" and for "reproductive" purposes. (lifeissues.net)
But he is equally concerned about the unethical aspects inherent in the rush to perform " therapeutic " human cloning research, including the abuses to all vulnerable human patients who would be required to participate in clinical trials. (lifeissues.net)
Yet, human embryonic stem cell research has thus far been unsuccessful in the quest to develop any therapeutic treatments. (all.org)
What's the difference between therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning? (wisdomanswer.com)
Therapeutic cloning produces embryonic stem cells for experiments aimed at creating tissues to replace injured or diseased tissues. (wisdomanswer.com)
Gene cloning, also known as DNA cloning, is a very different process from reproductive and therapeutic cloning. (wisdomanswer.com)

The nucleus of an adult somatic cell (such as a skin cell) is removed and transferred to an enucleated egg, which is then stimulated with electric current or chemicals to activate cell division. (who.int)
However, an animal created through this technique would not be a precise genetic copy of the source of its nuclear DNA because each clone derives a small amount of its DNA from the mitochondria of the egg (which lie outside the nucleus) rather than from the donor of cell nucleus. (who.int)
Wilmut set off a global discussion about the ethics of cloning when he announced that his team at the university's Roslin Institute for animal biosciences had cloned a lamb using the nucleus of a cell from an adult sheep. (wgnradio.com)
The cloning method is based on the fact that cytoplasmic factors in mature, metaphase II oocytes are able to reset the identity of a transplanted adult cell nucleus to an embryonic state. (news-medical.net)
In this process, researchers remove the genetic material from an egg and replace it with the nucleus of some other body cell. (wptv.com)
They put the nucleus of one (mammary) cell from an adult sheep, A, containing its DNA information, into an egg cell from another sheep, B, which first had its nucleus (with its DNA) removed. (creation.com)
Dolly is not the first reported mammalian clone, but the first one which involved neither forced 'twinning' of an embryo, or implanting an embryonic nucleus. (creation.com)
DNA -Deoxyribonucleic acid, a chemical found primarily in the nucleus of cells. (cellmedicine.com)
Ten decades of spectacular discoveries in biology have shown us that life can arise only from life, that the nucleus governs the cell through the molecular mechanism of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and that the amount of DNA and its structure determine not only the nature of the species but also the characteristics of individuals. (newstimenow.com)
Eighteen years ago, scientists in Scotland took the nuclear DNA from the cell of an adult sheep and put it into another sheep's egg cell that had been emptied of its own nucleus. (usf.edu)
In sexual reproduction the new individual gets half of its chromosomes from the nucleus of the sperm cell and half from the nucleus of the egg cell. (actionlife.org)
Instead, an egg has its nucleus removed and replaced by a nucleus from another type of cell-a body cell. (actionlife.org)

Elaboration of an international convention against reproductive cloning of human beings has been under consideration in the United Nations since December 2001 when the subject was included in the agenda of the fifty- sixth session as a supplementary agenda item at the request of France and Germany. (who.int)
2. Over the years, the international community has tried without success to build a consensus on an international convention against the reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
3. Creating awareness among ministries of health in the African Region will provide them with critical and relevant information on the reproductive cloning of human beings and its implications to the health status of the general population. (who.int)
7. The WHO Regional Committee for Africa is invited to review this document for information and guidance concerning reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
3. Media reports on nuclear transfer are usually about one form, reproductive nuclear transfer, also known as reproductive cloning of human beings . (who.int)

General Assembly the following year,3 and the World Medical Association's Resolution on Cloning, endorsed in 1997, have confronted the issue but lack binding legal force. (who.int)
WHA50.37 of 1997 argues that human cloning is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)

It became a hot topic in 1996 when Dolly the sheep was cloned via a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. (archstl.org)
In this fashion, mice or other laboratory animals that exhibit particular traits can be created for specialized studies, or herds of farm animals (such as goats, sheep or cows) can be created that produce pharmaceutically useful proteins in their milk. (who.int)
Ian Wilmut, the cloning pioneer whose research was critical to the creation of Dolly the Sheep, has died, the Roslin Institute at the University of Edinburgh said Monday. (wgnradio.com)
LONDON (AP) - Ian Wilmut, the cloning pioneer whose work was critical to the creation of Dolly the Sheep in 1996, has died at age 79. (wgnradio.com)
Sir Ian Wilmut, the scientist who led the team that cloned Dolly the sheep in 1996, has died at 79. (yahoo.com)
He strived to create modified sheep that would produce milk with proteins that could treat human diseases. (yahoo.com)
Specifically, many wondered: If they're doing sheep now, how long until they clone humans? (yahoo.com)
His team spliced the host's genes with a human gene to create a sheep that would produce a protein missing from people with hemophilia. (yahoo.com)
This has led to a lot of interest in SCNT, which is best known as the method used to pioneer whole animal cloning technology, such as Dolly the sheep. (news-medical.net)
However, his results and improved methods inspired researchers at The Roslin Institute to use nuclear transfer to clone sheep and produce Dolly the Sheep, the first animal to be cloned from an adult cell. (ed.ac.uk)
Dolly was an exact genetic copy of that sheep - a clone. (wptv.com)
She lived to six and a half years, when she was eventually put down after a contagious disease spread through her flock, infecting cloned and normally reproduced sheep alike. (wptv.com)
This one cell could then start to grow and divide in the womb of another sheep, C, as if it were a fertilized egg. (creation.com)
Notice that you need the machinery in the egg cell from B to express the information from sheep A. Thus, Jurassic Park's becoming a reality would require not just a complete, uncorrupted batch of dino DNA, but also a live egg from a female dinosaur! (creation.com)
Biologist are already cloning plants and even sheep! (newstimenow.com)
In the 18 years since researchers cloned a sheep, scientists have found another way to produce cloned human cell lines. (usf.edu)
It also means that finally getting the sheep technology to work with cells from adult humans may not turn out to be a turning point for this technology, after all. (usf.edu)

Dolly also spurred questions about the potential cloning of humans and extinct species. (wgnradio.com)
Even those who focused more on the natural world than supernatural ones worried about the potential for making "designer humans" or something out of The Island of Dr. Moreau . (yahoo.com)
Gurdon's results surprised the scientific community and stirred talk of the possibility of cloning other animals, including humans. (ed.ac.uk)
Review of Critical Article: Cobbe, 'Why the apparent haste to clone humans? (lifeissues.net)
See Neville Cobbe, "Why the apparent haste to clone humans? (lifeissues.net)
The Ethical Debate Concerning Cloning In the year that has elapsed since the announcement of Dolly's birth, there has been much discussion of the ethical implications of cloning humans. (bartleby.com)
However, the idea of cloning humans is a highly charged topic. (bartleby.com)
Even those who focused more on the natural world than supernatural ones worried about the potential for making "designer humans" or something out of The Island of Dr. Moreau.While Dolly proved that cells could be used to create a copy of the animal they came from, Wilmut's next experiment proved that they could also be altered. (sp1ndex.com)
Cloning humans has recently become a possibility that seems much more feasible in today's society than it was twenty years ago. (benjaminbarber.org)
It is not known when or how cloning humans really became a possibility, but it is known that there are two possible ways that we can clone humans. (benjaminbarber.org)
There is no doubt that many problems involving the technological and ethical sides of this issue will arise and will be virtually impossible to avoid, but the overall idea of cloning humans is one that we should accept as a possible reality for the future. (benjaminbarber.org)
Cloning humans is an idea that has always been thought of as something that could be found in science fiction novels, but never as a concept that society could actually experience. (benjaminbarber.org)
Common answers to the puzzling questions about humans and cloning are still trying to be answered today, and scientists and the public are eager to learn all they can about cloning. (benjaminbarber.org)

But there was no way to easily know all the characteristics of the animal that would result from a cloned embryo or fetus. (wptv.com)

This was the first successful reprogramming of human somatic cells into embryonic stem cells using a cloning technique, SCNT. (news-medical.net)
Cloning by nuclear transfer using mammalian somatic cells has enormous potential application. (biomedcentral.com)
Dolly demonstrated that adult somatic cells also could be used as parents. (wptv.com)

As a result, the need to be able to directly reprogram adult cells developed. (ed.ac.uk)

Wilmut, a trained embryologist, later focused on using cloning techniques to make stem cells that could be used in regenerative medicine. (wgnradio.com)
Wilmut moved to the University of Edinburgh the following decade, focusing on using cloning to make stem cells for regenerative medicine. (yahoo.com)

Scientists found that the precise arrangement (or sequence) of nitrogen bases A, C, G. and T on the DNA strand is the recipe that codes for the manufacture of specific chemical compounds, namely proteins. (faqs.org)
Dolly's creation prompted other scientists to clone animals including dogs, cats, horses and bulls. (wgnradio.com)
In recent years, scientists have proposed bringing back the woolly mammoth by using a mix of gene editing and cloning. (wgnradio.com)
Dolly was an important milestone, inspiring scientists to continue improving cloning technology as well as to pursue new concepts in stem cell research. (wptv.com)
1. Cloning is an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. (who.int)
Scientists are creating huge computer banks to store the vast accumulation of gene-sequencing data being developed in laboratories around the world. (newstimenow.com)
So ideally scientists would like to be able to extract DNA from the cells of older people - not just cells from infants - to create therapies for adult diseases. (usf.edu)
In principle, scientists could produce a series of cell lines that would allow a close match for the majority of would-be cell recipients - just as transplant surgeons currently seek a close match for organ donors. (usf.edu)
These scientists experimented eagerly in aims of learning how to clone human. (benjaminbarber.org)
Since the onset of modern biotechnology, scientists have made discoveries leading to the development of new techniques for animal agriculture. (nationalacademies.org)

In 2006, Shinya Yamanaka and Kazutoshi Takahashi successfully reprogrammed specialised cells into induced pluripotent (iPS) cells. (ed.ac.uk)
More than 10 different cell types have been used successfully as "parents" for cloning. (wptv.com)
Researchers at the University of Hawaii announce that mice have been successfully cloned from adult cells. (hoaxes.org)
On the other hand, research involving adult stem cells has not only been around for a long time, it has also been used successfully for decades! (all.org)

Plant cloning, such as the use of plant tissue culture techniques, is an asexual reproduction of plants to produce duplicates from one plant specimen. (wisdomanswer.com)
Is cloning asexual reproduction? (wisdomanswer.com)
Clones are cells that have come from asexual reproduction or a parent cell. (wisdomanswer.com)
What's the difference between Clone reproduction and asexual reproduction? (wisdomanswer.com)
The key difference between asexual reproduction and clone reproduction is the setting of the process. (wisdomanswer.com)

What was special about Dolly is that her "parents" were actually a single cell originating from mammary tissue of an adult ewe. (wptv.com)

The Church also supports research and therapies using adult stem cells, which are cells that come from any person who has been born - including umbilical cord blood, bone marrow, skin and other organs. (archstl.org)
These cells have been sought after as potential therapies for diseases ranging from heart disease to Parkinson's to cancer. (news-medical.net)
But SCNT can also be used to clone human cells for transplant or other therapies. (news-medical.net)
Cell-based therapies -treatment in which stem cells are induced to differentiate into the specific cell type required to repair damaged or depleted adult cell populations or tissues. (cellmedicine.com)
Ethically, since eventually all such "research" will be applied to people, he cautions against the abuse of women "egg" donors, and against the premature use of vulnerable sick human patients for testing supposedly "patient-specific" stem cells in supposed "therapies", pointing to the obvious violations of standard international research ethics guidelines such clinical trials would necessarily entail. (lifeissues.net)

Researchers at the Oregon Regional Primate Center announced the birth of ANDi, the world's first genetically modified primate. (hoaxes.org)
Human cloning is a reality, with human cloning experiments now being conducted-not by fictional wild-eyed rebels, but by credentialed experts working in some of the world's most respected institutions, some of which are publicly funded with tax dollars. (all.org)

Though not understanding all the mechanisms involved, the Scottish researchers managed to 'trick' the information in one of a full-grown sheep's cells to 'switch on' again. (creation.com)
Texas A&M researchers announced that they had cloned a cat from the cumulus cell of an adult female cat. (hoaxes.org)
Oregon researchers announced the birth of Tetra, a rhesus macaque cloned by a process known as embryo splitting. (hoaxes.org)

Commonly a virus that has been altered to carry human DNA is used to deliver the healthy gene to the targeted cells of the patient. (wikipedia.org)
The technique required three elements: the gene to be transferred, a host cell in which the gene is to be inserted, and a vector for transferring the gene to the body. (faqs.org)
Suppose, for example, that one wishes to insert the insulin gene into a bacterial cell. (faqs.org)
2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
ANDI (whose name was created by spelling the capital letters of 'inserted DNA' backwards) had a gene for a jellyfish protein inserted in his DNA. (hoaxes.org)
The development of gene cloning, through recombinant DNA techniques and rapid DNA sequencing, has made it possible in recent years not only to discover and record how genes are put together but to manipulate the stuff of life itself-achievements which could not be imagined even a decade ago. (newstimenow.com)
The human gene pool may be altered in an irreversible manner by any of a variety of man-made catastrophes in the next few cen-turies. (newstimenow.com)

Retrieved on December 04, 2023 from https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/Cloning-Human-Cells.aspx. (news-medical.net)

That's why Father Pacholczyk, director of education at the National Catholic Bioethics Center in Philadelphia, said that the efforts to help people understand the immorality of embryo reserch, including human cloning, must focus on humanizing the issue and appreciating our own embryonic origins, not just on the desired results of embryonic or other types of stem-cell research. (archstl.org)
A decade later, cloning came to the forefront in Missouri with the narrow passage of Amendment 2, a ballot initiative in 2006 that constitutionally protects embryonic stem-cell research and human cloning. (archstl.org)
There are those in the government and scientific community who say more money must be spent on human embryonic stem cell research because it holds the most promise for helping people with conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. (all.org)
Alzheimer's researcher Ned Potter said, however, that human embryonic stem cell research would not help the Alzheimer's patient at all. (all.org)
Therefore, it is speculated that those who support human embryonic stem cell research are clamoring loudly for taxpayer dollars because private companies know human embryonic stem cell research is neither worth their time nor their money. (all.org)
While stem cell research and human cloning are complex topics, the facts are readily available. (all.org)

He said the legacy of Wilmut's work in cloning Dolly continues to be seen. (wgnradio.com)
While Dolly proved that cells could be used to create a copy of the animal they came from, Wilmut's next experiment proved that they could also be altered. (yahoo.com)
Polly was Wilmut's last cloning experiment. (yahoo.com)

The fact that the DNA of a fully differentiated (adult) cell could be stimulated to revert to a condition comparable to that of a newly fertilized egg and to repeat the process of embryonic development demonstrates that all the genes in differentiated cells retain their functional capacity, although only a few are active. (who.int)
When the genetic material within the living cells, i.e. genes are working properly, the human body can develop and function smoothly. (faqs.org)
Chemically synthesised DNA has been used to create functional genes and to produce specific mutant bacteria. (newstimenow.com)
Ideally he would like to screen millions of adults and choose just a hundred or so whose genes would make them good DNA donors. (usf.edu)
He'd like to see a library of cells created with those carefully chosen genes. (usf.edu)
to find regulatory genes of the achaete-scute complex (AS-C). The AS-C comprises four proneural genes that confer to cells the ability to become neuroblasts or sensory organ mother cells ( Campuzano and Modolell, 1992 , review). (biologists.com)

Cloning is an important process in Recombinant DNA technology. (wisdomanswer.com)

The adult cell nuclei were transferred into metaphase-II stage human oocytes, producing a karyotypically normal diploid embryonic stem cell line from each of the adult male donor cells. (news-medical.net)
Embryonic stem cell line -Embryonic stem cells, which have been cultured under in vitro conditions that allow proliferation without differentiation for months to years. (cellmedicine.com)
Human embryonic stem cell -A type of pluripotent stem cell derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. (cellmedicine.com)

Although many species produce clonal offspring in this fashion, Dolly, the lamb born in 1996 at a research institute in Scotland, was the first asexually produced mammalian clone. (who.int)

Many sources state that cloning is just simply an extension of in vitro fertilization, but the root of cloning goes further than that. (benjaminbarber.org)

That way when these so-called haploid cells come together at fertilization, they produce one cell with the full complement of DNA. (wptv.com)
In essence this form of cloning is an asexual method of reproduction, where fertilization or inter-gamete contact does not take place. (wisdomanswer.com)

Although these experiments were successful when Briggs and King used unspecialised cells, they found that they could not make cloned frogs when they used more specialised cells. (ed.ac.uk)
To assist with these experiments, he used ultraviolet light to destroy the egg cell's original DNA and to make the egg cell's membrane easier to penetrate. (ed.ac.uk)
While his tadpoles matured to fully functioning adult frogs at the time, subsequent experiments trying to clone frogs using fully adult cells only produced tadpoles that did not mature. (ed.ac.uk)
Dolly was the culmination of hundreds of cloning experiments that, for example, showed diploid embryonic and fetal cells could be parents of offspring. (wptv.com)

It is, however, important to distinguish the use of bST from other biotechnologies, such as transgenic or cloned animals. (nationalacademies.org)

Among the changes to CTCL classification were the addition of primary cutaneous acral CD8 + T-cell lymphoma as a new provisional entity. (medscape.com)

The bacteria, through the process of translation, create human insulin. (wikipedia.org)
The experiment by Robert Briggs and Thomas King suggested that the development of specialised cells was a one-way process that begins in the early stages of an embryo's development. (ed.ac.uk)
These developmental defects have been attributed to incomplete reprogramming of the somatic nuclei by the cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
Schematic diagram of the somatic cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
This continuous process allows a population of cells to increase in number or maintain its numbers. (cellmedicine.com)
Differentiation -The process whereby an unspecialized early embryonic cell acquires the features of a specialized cell such as a heart, liver, or muscle cell. (cellmedicine.com)
In this process, the cloned cell does not come from an adult. (hoaxes.org)
This process allows people to clone living things of any sort. (bartleby.com)
By using the plant tissue culture process, these clones can be produced in quick succession and with uniformity - making it simpler for producers to supply consistent quality products on-demand. (wisdomanswer.com)
This is part of the natural aging process that seems to happen in all cell types. (wisdomanswer.com)
The process has been difficult to do with human cells. (usf.edu)
They repeated the process - this time starting with the genetic material extracted from the skin cells of a much older man. (usf.edu)
What we show for the first time is that you can actually take skin cells, from a middle-aged 35-year-old male, but also from an elderly, 75-year-old male" and use the DNA from those cells in this cloning process, Lanza says. (usf.edu)

It was believed that the epigenetic signature and age-related changes such as shortened telomeres and oxidative DNA damage might hinder reprogramming of mature adult nuclei. (news-medical.net)

Cloning of human cells is a technology that holds the potential to cure many diseases and provide a source of exactly matched transplant tissues and organs. (news-medical.net)
Astrocyte -One of the large neuroglia cells of neural tissues. (cellmedicine.com)
If Extramacrochaetae par-ticipates in cell specification by dimerizing with basic-region-helix-loop-helix proteins, the variety of defects and tissues affected by the insufficiency of extramacrochaetae suggests that helix-loop-helix proteins are involved in many embryonic developmental processes. (biologists.com)

The year after Dolly's creation, U.S. President Bill Clinton imposed a ban on the use of federal funds for human cloning but stopped short of banning all cloning research. (wgnradio.com)
Dolly's birth set off a huge outpouring of ethical concern - along with hope that the same techniques, applied to human cells, could be used to treat myriad diseases. (usf.edu)

This breakthrough continues to fuel many of the advances that have been made in the field of regenerative medicine that we see today," he said. (wgnradio.com)

SCNT is a method of cloning mammalian cells that can be used to create personalized embryonic stem cells from an adult animal or human. (news-medical.net)
if a desirable animal was produced, they could thaw the frozen cells and make more copies. (wptv.com)
This property of plant cells has an advantage over Animal cell tissue culture. (wisdomanswer.com)
Detailed descriptions of methods used in animal cloning and biotechnology are provided in the report Animal Biotechnology: Science-Based Concerns (NRC, 2002). (nationalacademies.org)
The advent of techniques to propagate animals by nuclear transfer, also known as cloning, potentially offers many important applications to animal agriculture, including reproducing highly desired elite sires and dams. (nationalacademies.org)

Most natural cloning occurs in those species that produce their descendants asexually, that is, without combining the male and female genetic material. (who.int)
In 1958, Gurdon showed otherwise by making clones using specialised cells from the intestines of tadpoles of a different species ( Xenopus laevis ). (ed.ac.uk)
However, somatic cloning has been inefficient in all species in which live clones have been produced. (biomedcentral.com)
Because cattle are a species widely used for nuclear transfer studies, and more laboratories have succeeded in cloning cattle than any other specie, this review will be focused on somatic cell cloning of cattle. (biomedcentral.com)
it's highly variable, though, depending on the cell type used and the species. (wptv.com)
Not just bacteria, but also some of the plant, amphibian and reptile species reproduce in this way, by 'cloning' themselves without the need for both a mother and father. (creation.com)

Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, the technique by which Dolly was created, was first used 40 years ago in research with tadpoles and frogs. (who.int)
if it implants and the pregnancy goes to term, the resulting individual will carry the same nuclear genetic material as the donor of the adult somatic cell. (who.int)
One cloning technology that has been developed for mammalian and human cells is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (news-medical.net)
Briggs and King were the first to perform cloning by nuclear transfer using eggs and cells from the Northern Leopard Frog, Rana pipiens . (ed.ac.uk)
Gurdon used the technique of nuclear transfer to remove the DNA from a tadpole's intestinal cell and place it into an egg cell. (ed.ac.uk)
Various strategies have been employed to modify donor cells and the nuclear transfer procedure in attempts to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
Although the efficiency of nuclear transfer has been dramatically improved from the initial success rate of one live clone born from 277 embryo transfers [ 1 ], none of the aforementioned efforts abolished the common problems associated with nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
In contrast, Dolly was produced by what's called somatic cell nuclear transfer. (wptv.com)
By my calculations, Dolly was the single success from 277 tries at somatic cell nuclear transfer. (wptv.com)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a type of cloning that has to be done in a lab. (bartleby.com)
Writing in the journal Cell Stem Cell , they say they started with nuclear DNA extracted from the skin cells of a middle-age man and injected it into human eggs donated by four women. (usf.edu)

Genetic engineering is the altering of the genetic material of living cells in order to make them capable of producing new substances or performing new functions. (faqs.org)
These germ cells are the only ones in the body that have their genetic material all jumbled up and in half the quantity of every other kind of cell. (wptv.com)
instead of half the genetic material coming from a sperm and half from an egg, it all comes from a single cell. (wptv.com)
This mouse egg (top) is being injected with genetic material from an adult cell to ultimately create an embryo - and, eventually, embryonic stem cells. (usf.edu)

Embryonic germ cells -Cells found in a specific part of the embryo/fetus called the gonadal ridge that normally develop into mature gametes. (cellmedicine.com)
These cells give rise to the embryonic disk of the later embryo and, ultimately, the fetus. (cellmedicine.com)
… "human clone" means an embryo that, as a result of the manipulation of human reproductive material or an in vitro embryo, contains a diploid set of chromosomes obtained from a single - living or deceased - human being, fetus, or embryo. (hinxtongroup.org)

Every human being begins as a single-cell zygote, grows through the embryonic stage, then the fetal stage, is born and develops through infancy, through childhood, and through adulthood, until death. (actionlife.org)

Human CMV grows only in human cells and replicates best in human fibroblasts. (medscape.com)

Adult stem cell -An undifferentiated cell found in a differentiated tissue that can renew itself and (with certain limitations) differentiate to yield all the specialized cell types of the tissue from which it originated. (cellmedicine.com)
Bone marrow stromal cells -A stem cell found in bone marrow that generates bone, cartilage, fat, and fibrous connective tissue. (cellmedicine.com)
Mesenchymal stem cells -Cells from the immature embryonic connective tissue. (cellmedicine.com)
Obtaining stem cells from fatty tissue, bone marrow, or the umbilical cord after the birth of a baby, on the other hand, may be done ethically. (all.org)
What is the advantage of cloning plants using tissue culture? (wisdomanswer.com)
The technique of plant tissue culture involves micropropagation and plant cell culture. (wisdomanswer.com)
Plant tissue culture Totipotency is the ability of plant cells, where a cell can change to a meristematic state and can be differentiated into a whole plant. (wisdomanswer.com)
How are clones produced in plant tissue culture? (wisdomanswer.com)
and altering cell and tissue characteristics for biomedical research and manufacturing. (nationalacademies.org)

Immunotherapy is the new promising research avenue for cancer therapeutics, and involves harnessing the body's immune system to attack cancer cells. (cbhd.org)
There is only one way to obtain stem cells from a developing human embryo, and it involves killing the embryo. (all.org)
The first way involves splitting an embryo into several halves and creating many new individuals from that embryo. (benjaminbarber.org)

In SCNT they take the nucleolus out of an egg cell, replace it with the nucleolus of a somatic cell (body cell with two complete sets of chromosomes), and make the egg cell divide into a blastocyst ("What Is Cloning? (bartleby.com)
As a consequence, clones created from a cell taken from an adult might have chromosomes that are already shorter than normal, which may condemn the clones' cells to a shorter life span. (wisdomanswer.com)

Developmental defects, including abnormalities in cloned fetuses and placentas, in addition to high rates of pregnancy loss and neonatal death have been encountered by every research team studying somatic cloning. (biomedcentral.com)

The proteins arethe "work-horses" of the cells and are responsible for carrying out all the functions of the cell. (faqs.org)
The Drosophila Extramacrochaetae protein antagonizes the proneural function of the Achaete and Scute proteins in the generation of the adult fly sensory organs. (biologists.com)
As part of its charge, the committee was asked to prepare a subreport evaluating methods for detecting potential unintended compositional changes across the spectrum of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA), proteins, metabolites and nutrients that may occur in food derived from cloned animals that have not been genetically modified via genetic engineering methods. (nationalacademies.org)

It also occurs at regions of specialized cell-cell contact and/or cell recognition, like the epidermal part of the muscle attachment sites and the differentiating CNS. (biologists.com)

Although the simple use of the word 'clone' may have negative connotations, many people have resigned themselves to the idea of cloning cows that produce more milk or using a cloned mouse for use in controlled experimentation. (bartleby.com)

A third view says that cloning will provide for the possibility of improvement by giving birth to children who are free of birth defects, because when any two people create a child through sex there is the possibility for genetic defects. (bartleby.com)
There it was concluded that cloning is not something that can be done as of now, but it is quite a possibility for the future. (benjaminbarber.org)

Stem cells can reproduce themselves over a long period of time without changing. (all.org)

Another successful attempt at human SCNT was made using cells from two adult males. (news-medical.net)

A number of celltypes come from mesenchymal stem cells, includingchondrocytes, which produce cartilage. (cellmedicine.com)
They also have the capability to produce other types of specialized cells, such as brain cells, muscle cells, and lung cells, to name but a few. (all.org)
Unlike some movies, cloning in real life doesn't produce a full grown exact replica of someone. (bartleby.com)

This copy can be obtained from a natural source (like DNA in islets of Langerhans cells), or it can be manufactured artificially in the laboratory. (faqs.org)

The term applies not only to entire organisms but also to copies of molecules (such as DNA) and cells. (who.int)

Most of these efforts are focused on donor cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Suppose that the base sequence T-G-G-C-T-A-C-T on a DNA molecule carries the instruction "make insulin. (faqs.org)
DNA in the cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas would normally contain that base sequence since the islets are the regions in which insulin is produced in mammals. (faqs.org)
If a way could be found to insert the base sequence into the DNA of bacteria, for example, then those bacteria would be capable of manufacturing insulin. (faqs.org)
The resulting cells were pluripotent and could be differentiated into insulin-producing beta cells to restore the function of the pancreas in the donor. (news-medical.net)

The present report gives an overview of the terms and methods used in cloning and summarizes the debates in the General Assembly. (who.int)
In addition, the committee was charged with evaluating methods to detect potential, unintended, adverse health effects of foods derived from cloned animals. (nationalacademies.org)

Anatomy35

Organisms19

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs84

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment34

Phenomena and Processes84

Information Science4

Named Groups1

Health Care1

Embryos18

Identical22

Mammal8

Organism15

Therapeutic12

Nucleus12

Reproductive cloning of huma5

19972

Sheep17

Humans13

Embryo or fetus1

Somatic cells3

Reprogram adult cells1

Wilmut2

Scientists10

Successfully4

Asexual reproduction5

Mammary1

Therapies5

World's2

Researchers3

Gene7

20231

Stem-cell res6

Wilmut's3

Genes6

Recombinant1

Embryonic stem3

Mammalian clone1

Vitro fertilization1

Fertilization2

Experiments4

Transgenic1

Provisional1

Process13

Nuclei1

Tissues3

Dolly's2

Regenerative medicine1

Animal5

Species6

Nuclear11

Genetic material4

Fetus3

Fetal1

Human Cells1

Tissue9

Involves3

Chromosomes2

Abnormalities1

Proteins3

Occurs1

Cows1

Possibility2

Reproduce1

SCNT1

Produce3

Artificially1

Copies1

Donor cells1

Insulin4

METHODS2