• During prolonged incubation in stationary phase Escherichia coli undergoes starvation-induced differentiation, resulting in highly resistant cells. (harvard.edu)
  • To begin with, cells that overproduced GTAs survived better during long-term incubation in stationary phase. (asmblog.org)
  • The bacteria should be in exponential to early stationary phase. (apsnet.org)
  • Bacteria dynamically regulate cell size and growth to thrive in changing environments. (nature.com)
  • In such environments, cell size and growth are regulated by trade-offs between prioritization of biomass accumulation or division, resulting in decoupling of single-cell growth rate from population growth rate. (nature.com)
  • As a result, it remains unclear how cells sense changes in the environment and dynamically regulate division and growth in response. (nature.com)
  • To understand the dynamics of bacterial growth physiology and size control in dynamic nutrient environments, we have developed a coarse-grained proteome sector model which connects gene expression to growth rate and division control, and accurately predicts the cell-level E. coli response to nutrient perturbations in both exponential and stationary phase seen in experimental data 5 , 25 . (nature.com)
  • In this study, we determined whether TTO is effective against Staphylococcus aureus in biofilms and how TTO activity is affected by the S. aureus growth phase. (nih.gov)
  • These data show that TTO efficiently kills S. aureus in the stationary growth phase and within biofilms and is therefore a promising tool for S. aureus eradication. (nih.gov)
  • In this exponential growth phase, lots of food available, so cell division by binary fission rapidly takes place. (docbrown.info)
  • Cells in log phase, or exponential growth, take up DNA with much better efficiency. (bitesizebio.com)
  • [10] [11] A cell that switches to the biofilm mode of growth undergoes a phenotypic shift in behavior in which large suites of genes are differentially regulated . (wikipedia.org)
  • Authors showed that a fraction from D. tertiolecta CCMP364 containing 95% of violaxanthin displayed 50% growth inhibition on the MCF7 breast cancer cell line at a concentration of 11.7 μg/mL. (frontiersin.org)
  • Beyond that observation, even our most basic assumptions on how cells work when growing must be reassessed for growth-arrested cells. (ucsb.edu)
  • Are growth-arrested populations homogeneous or are they driven by rare events in single cells? (ucsb.edu)
  • The phase of a culture of microorganisms or animal and plant cells cultured @I03153@ that follows the exponential growth phase and in which there is little or no growth. (iupac.org)
  • Three Staphylococcus aureus strains (303, 18Z and TG), exhibiting various patterns of survival within abscesses, were significantly more sensitive to the bactericidal activity of oleic acid during the log phase of growth than at other stages of the growth cycle. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Strains 303 and 18Z became more sensitive to mono-olein during the log phase of growth, but strain TG was very resistant to mono-olein throughout the growth cycle. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • However, all three S. aureus strains exhibited significant increases in membrane fluidity during the log phase of growth, but upon entering the stationary phase membrane fluidity again decreased. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Being able to control the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_growth bacterial growth cycle] and inducing a premature stationary phase will create the possibility to spend more time producing, using less nutrients for biomass and more for desired production. (igem.org)
  • Stationary phase is nothing more than a stop in an increase of cell numbers by cell death being equal to cell growth. (igem.org)
  • Viable cells produce a pheromonal factor which is necessary for such resuscitation, and this system represents the first example of an autocrine bacterial growth factor or cytokine. (dbkgroup.org)
  • 2000. Culturability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells isolated from murine macrophages: a bacterial growth factor promotes recovery. (dbkgroup.org)
  • The optimum temperature and pH for both enzyme production and cell growth was at 40ºC and pH 11, respectively. (ejbiotechnology.info)
  • Alkaline protease secretion was coherent with the growth pattern, started at beginning of the exponential phase and reached maximal in mid stationary phase (36 h). (ejbiotechnology.info)
  • Simple leachates of coal were toxic to cells, and coal samples from a mine in which the workers had a very high incidence of coal workers pneumoconiosis (CWP) inhibited cell growth much more than coal from other mines. (cdc.gov)
  • Eukaryotic cell line obtained in a quiescent or stationary phase which undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor. (bvsalud.org)
  • Viability studies demonstrate that Aup1p is required for efficient survival of cells in prolonged stationary phase cultures, implying a pro-survival role for mitophagy under our working conditions. (huji.ac.il)
  • In rich medium with high amino acid content further incubation of cultures at high cell density leads to the generation of a population of cells no longer able to form colonies. (harvard.edu)
  • Cells taken from stationary phase cultures often have larger lysosomes which contain additional paracrystalline layers. (cellimagelibrary.org)
  • Current understanding of mammalian cell cultures lies in the association of their metabolic behaviour to their antibody production output. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Coal samples from mines in Pennsylvania and Utah were placed in contact with cultures of continuous line mouse cells (L-929) and continuous line normal and primary human cells. (cdc.gov)
  • In this lag phase the bacteria are copying their DNA and synthesising the necessary proteins in order to facilitate the binary fission - this mode of cell division. (docbrown.info)
  • [2] [3] The cells within the biofilm produce the EPS components, which are typically a polymeric conglomeration of extracellular polysaccharides , proteins , lipids and DNA . (wikipedia.org)
  • α-crystallin is a member of the small heat shock protein family, which helps in maintaining and thickening of the cell wall and in providing stability to proteins that allow the bacteria to survive under harsher conditions 7 . (nature.com)
  • Animal cell technology is an area of rapid expansion and one that produces a wide range of high-value products, including vaccines, recombinant proteins, drugs for cardiovascular, respiratory and immune diseases, and monoclonal antibodies. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Water 2H and 17O spin relaxation is used to study water dynamics in the hydration layers of two small peptides, two globular proteins and in living cells of two microorganisms. (lu.se)
  • Mammalian cells are currently the preferred expression system for high-value bio-pharmaceutical products, in particular, monoclonal antibodies. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The technique, written into an algorithm, is developed through initial application to a structured model for mammalian cells. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The toxicity of coal to mammalian cells and the effect of coal particle size were determined. (cdc.gov)
  • All clinical strains tested were killed by TTO both as planktonic cells and as biofilms. (nih.gov)
  • The minimum biofilm eradication concentration was usually two times higher than the minimum bactericidal concentration, yet it was never higher than 1% v/v. The fastest killing of biofilm occurred during the first 15min of contact with TTO and was not influenced by increasing TTO concentration above 1% v/v. Planktonic stationary phase cells exhibited decreased susceptibility to TTO compared with exponential phase cells. (nih.gov)
  • The microbial cells growing in a biofilm are physiologically distinct from planktonic cells of the same organism, which, by contrast, are single cells that may float or swim in a liquid medium. (wikipedia.org)
  • Microbes form a biofilm in response to a number of different factors, [9] which may include cellular recognition of specific or non-specific attachment sites on a surface, nutritional cues, or in some cases, by exposure of planktonic cells to sub-inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics . (wikipedia.org)
  • Autophagy is a catabolic membrane-trafficking process that occurs in all eukaryotic cells and leads to the hydrolytic degradation of cytosolic material in the vacuolar or lysosomal lumen. (huji.ac.il)
  • It is soluble, but membrane associated, and forms complexes at the cell pole during stationary phase. (llu.edu)
  • Some studies indicate that the antibacterial mechanism of the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) relays on their ability to penetrate the bacterial cell wall, causing direct and indirect lipidic peroxidation, which damages the cell membrane, disrupts the DNA replication, and repairs and inhibits the respiratory protein 4,5 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Alcohols seem to block cells in an early phase of starvation-induced differentiation, most likely by interfering with processes important for regulation of sigma(s) such as cell density signals and sensing the nutrient content of the medium. (harvard.edu)
  • Notably, several laboratory conditions - such as stationary phase or nutrient depletion - are relevant to study non-growing microbes, and such studies have recently gained in popularity. (ucsb.edu)
  • Phenotype annotations for a gene are curated single mutant phenotypes that require an observable (e.g., "cell shape"), a qualifier (e.g., "abnormal"), a mutant type (e.g., null), strain background, and a reference. (yeastgenome.org)
  • Accumulation of L1334 in the cell wall of Myc11 resulted in a rough cell morphology phenotype as compared to the smooth wild-type M. smegmatis phenotype. (suny.edu)
  • Aggregate of microorganisms in which cells that are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) adhere to each other and/or to a surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • A biofilm comprises any syntrophic consortium of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • Prokaryotes like bacteria can replicate themselves by this simple cell division process of binary fission . (docbrown.info)
  • The mean cell division time is the average time it takes for one bacteria cell to divide in two (by binary fission). (docbrown.info)
  • During the initial lag phase there is no cell division i.e. no reproduction of the bacteria. (docbrown.info)
  • They can be found very early in Earth's fossil records (about 3.25 billion years ago) as both Archaea and Bacteria, and commonly protect prokaryotic cells by providing them with homeostasis, encouraging the development of complex interactions between the cells in the biofilm. (wikipedia.org)
  • The note highlights the use of RETSCH mills for applications such as cell disruption of yeasts, microalgae, and bacteria, homogenization of soft and tough samples like sputum or liver, cryogenic grinding, and pulverization of forensic samples. (selectscience.net)
  • Lysosomes can vary in size and shape, and function to break down food particles, destroy bacteria and viruses that enter the cell, and to recycle cellular components as organelles age. (cellimagelibrary.org)
  • In Gram-negative bacteria this machinery spans the entire periplasm and connects the inner (IM) and outer membranes (OM), mediating DNA binding on the cell surface and subsequent translocation through the periplasm into the cell. (elifesciences.org)
  • On the translocation of bacteria and their lipopolysaccharides between blood and peripheral locations in chronic, inflammatory diseases: the central roles of LPS and LPS-induced cell death Integr Biol 7, 1339-1377. (dbkgroup.org)
  • Active species of oxygen naturally occur in aerobic cells and have both intracellular and extracellular sources. (wikipedia.org)
  • The population balance framework is used to capture cell cycle effects while a single-cell model takes account of some features of intracellular metabolism. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Results showed that in cultured human-derived retinal pigment epithelial ARPE-19 cells , the extract of Chlorella zofingiensis and its nutritional ingredient astaxanthin exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the formation of endogenous N ε -carboxymethyllysine (CML), a key AGE representative, through the suppression of intracellular oxidative stress. (rsc.org)
  • Binary fission involves prokaryotes with a single chromosome (its not the same as mitosis in eukaryotic cells. (docbrown.info)
  • Figures 272 (upper) and 273 (lower) from Chapter 8 (Lysosomes) of 'The Cell, 2nd Ed.' by Don W. Fawcett M.D. Lysosomes in the basal region of epithelial cells from the cauda epididymis of the rabbit. (cellimagelibrary.org)
  • The viability loss is due to some component of spent medium, active at high pH and high cell density, and can be prevented either by keeping the pH close to neutrality, by washing off the nonsalt components of the medium, or by keeping the saturating cell density low. (harvard.edu)
  • Exposure to short-chain n-alcohols within a specific time window in stationary phase also prevents viability loss, in an rpoS-dependent fashion. (harvard.edu)
  • Models of animal cell culture systems have a wide range of potential applications, such as analysis and prediction of experimental results, optimisation of culture conditions for prolonged viability, and perhaps most importantly, the investigation of fundamental metabolic processes and their subsequent elucidation. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Data from electric particle analysis, light diffraction and flow cytometry analysis provide information on changes in cell morphology. (upc.edu)
  • L1334 was purified from Myc11 grown to the stationary phase for identification. (suny.edu)
  • This is a major difference between E. coli and yeast transformations: while E. coli is relatively delicate, and requires a heat-shock of less than a minute to take up DNA, the cell wall makes yeast more hardy and resistant to shock. (bitesizebio.com)
  • Using yeast in log phase is only important if you need really high transformation efficiency (2 hybrid or library screening). (bitesizebio.com)
  • For routine transformations we dilute yeast 1:5 and grow 2-3 hours before transforming (not quite log phase). (bitesizebio.com)
  • Abstract In this work we report that carnitines, in particular acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC), are able to prolong the chronological aging of yeast cells during the stationary phase. (wellnessresources.com)
  • We also demonstrate that ALC attenuates mitochondrial fission in aged yeast cells, indicating a correlation between its protective effect and this process. (wellnessresources.com)
  • Acetyl-L-carnitine protects yeast cells from apoptosis and aging and inhibits mitochondrial fission. (wellnessresources.com)
  • Flow cytometry offers rapid, reliable and sensitive measurements of single cell interactions with Leishmania in unstained or phenotypically defined cell populations following staining with one or more fluorochromes. (umd.edu)
  • In particular by exploiting flow cytometry to analyse the properties of individual cells we have been able to obtain conditions in which the resuscitation of dormant cells (of Micrococcus luteus ) definitely occurs, and where an increase in plate count at constant total count due to regrowth of viable cells can be excluded. (dbkgroup.org)
  • Several recent reports suggest that mitophagy is a selective process that targets damaged mitochondria, whereas other studies imply a role for mitophagy in cell death processes. (huji.ac.il)
  • The integration of these three research tools represents a unique, novel, and interdisciplinary approach to addressing the complicated research and industrial problem of model-based control and optimisation of mammalian cell culture processes. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • For production scale processes, the time to disrupt the cells and the reproducibility of the method become more important factors. (wikidoc.org)
  • Additionally, once the cells are disrupted, it is often essential to protect the desired product from normal biological processes (e.g. proteases) and from oxidation or other chemical events. (wikidoc.org)
  • They are bipolar cells, because they have 2 sets of processes, or fibers, that extend from opposite ends of the cell bodies. (medscape.com)
  • The data indicate that RRG-1 controls vegetative cell integrity, hyperosmotic sensitivity, fungicide resistance, and protoperithecial development through regulation of the OS-4/OS-5/OS-2 MAPK pathway. (llu.edu)
  • Cells entering the stationary phase showed diminished sensitivity to the fatty acid. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Interestingly, we found that Aup1p localizes to the mitochondrial intermembrane space and is required for efficient mitophagy in stationary phase cells. (huji.ac.il)
  • The book has been divided into four main sections representing the different facets of E. coli applications, which include disease, biotechnology, environmental engineering and innovative approaches to detection, and lastly its physiology and cell biology. (intechopen.com)
  • In-depth models can be utilised as tools in predictive cell biology. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • It is clear that the biological behaviour of cells is of such complexity that any model, to be robustly predictive, must be sufficiently structured and detailed in terms of the captured biology. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Pasteur Institute-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Rome "La Sapienza" Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy. (wellnessresources.com)
  • Besides, transformability of the REG19 cells was saturated in the presence of 100 ng dimeric plasmid or 3000 ng chromosomal DNA. (nih.gov)
  • J. Prothmann, S. Palmer, C. Turner, M. Sandahl, Separation of monomeric and dimeric phenolic compounds in lignosulphonate lignin on different stationary phases using ultrahigh-performance supercritical fluid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. (lu.se)
  • It is important to keep the bacterial cells on ice throughout the procedure to increase the electroporation efficiency. (apsnet.org)
  • 6 . Pipet 60 µl of bacterial cells into a 0.5 ml microfuge tube with 100-500 ng of plasmid pRK415 or pUCP26 DNA and mix gently. (apsnet.org)
  • 7. Pipet bacterial cells and the DNA suspension into an electroporation cuvette and electroporate. (apsnet.org)
  • 10. Resuspend the bacterial cells in 200 µl of NBY broth per microfuge tube. (apsnet.org)
  • Cell disruption''' is a method or process for releasing biological molecules from inside a cell. (wikidoc.org)
  • Choice of disruption method== The production of biologically-interesting molecules using cloning and culturing methods allows the study and manufacture of relevant molecules.Except for excreted molecules, cells producing molecules of interest must be disrupted. (wikidoc.org)
  • The killing rate for stationary phase cells was also less affected by increasing TTO concentration than that for exponential phase cells. (nih.gov)
  • Remove a 5 µl aliquot and determine the cell concentration by dilution plating. (apsnet.org)
  • This indicates that the rpoX gene is involved in biofilm formation and stress response but the effects are controlled by colony phase variation in V. alginolyticus . (hindawi.com)
  • Based on this, we wanted to identify this protein in V. alginolyticus ZJ-51 and study whether it has a role in biofilm formation and stress response in the two colony phase variants. (hindawi.com)
  • Subpopulations of cells within the biofilm differentiate to perform various activities for motility, matrix production, and sporulation, supporting the overall success of the biofilm. (wikipedia.org)
  • Chromatography, called a physical separation method in which the components of a mixture are separated by differences in their distribution between two phases, one of which is static stationary phase while the other mobile phase moves through it in a particular direction, is a mainstay of forensic procedures and evaluations. (ringstilsoldout.com)
  • The development of stress resistance, a hallmark of stationary-phase cells, is affected following alcohol treatment, as is the response to extracellular factors in spent medium. (harvard.edu)
  • The phage-infected cells demonstrated impaired function of the oxidative and the glutamate-dependent acid resistance systems. (lu.se)
  • cDNAs that resulted in poor expression in initial attempts will be moved into different expression vectors, or into eucaryotic expression systems such as COS and MEL (murine erythroleukemia) cells. (secsg.org)
  • Unexpectedly, they come from studying the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus , long used as a model organism for understanding cell differentiation and the cell cycle, but not known to produce GTAs. (asmblog.org)
  • They then confirmed that these genes produced GTA particles that were released by the bacterium and transferred genetic material to recipient cells. (asmblog.org)
  • These downregulated genes are normally part of the host stress response mechanisms that protect the bacterium during conditions of acid stress and stationary phase transition. (lu.se)
  • DNA repair enzymes include endonuclease IV, induced by oxidative stress, and exonuclease III, induced in the stationary phase and in starving cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • RETSCH offers a range of mills and grinders for pulverization, cell disruption, and homogenization of biological samples. (selectscience.net)
  • Disruption of cells, when hundreds or even thousands of liters of material are being processed in a production environment, presents a different challenge. (wikidoc.org)
  • In general, the cell disruption method is closely matched with the material that is desired from the cell studies. (wikidoc.org)
  • What purification methods will be used following cell disruption? (wikidoc.org)
  • Thus, when the cells are disrupted, it is important to consider what components are present in the disruption media so that efficient purification is not impeded. (wikidoc.org)
  • Due to the cost and relative effort to grow these cells, there is often only a small quantity of cells to be processed, and preferred methods for cell disruption tend to be a manual mechanical homogenizer, nitrogen burst methods, or ultrasound with a small probe. (wikidoc.org)
  • Laboratory-scale methods == === Enzymatic method === The use of enzymatic methods to remove cell walls is well-established for preparing cells for disruption, or for preparation of [[protoplast]]s (cells without cell walls) for other uses such as introducing cloned DNA or subcellular organelle isolation. (wikidoc.org)
  • Normally this is induced by the limitation of available nutrients or by means of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorum_sensing quorum sensing] in response to high cell density. (igem.org)
  • With this knowledge, a culture can be created that can respond by limited cell death in response to an added molecule that mimics the response to high cell density. (igem.org)
  • The cytoplasm begins to divide and new separate cell walls begin to form. (docbrown.info)
  • Emission measurements during different work tasks using both portable and stationary time-resolved instruments. (lu.se)
  • This is not to say that cells from a stationary culture can't be transformed - only that your successful transformation rate will be much lower. (bitesizebio.com)
  • Your best bet is to use cells that are growing rapidly at the time of transformation. (bitesizebio.com)
  • as a result, the current industrial control of hybridoma cell culture is still fundamentally manual. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Our research programme sets out to integrate modelling, experiment design and validation, and control and optimisation into a single framework that would lead to increased productivity, regulated product quality, and reduced costs for mammalian cell culture systems. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The authors conclude that cell culture techniques are very useful for studying environmental toxicants. (cdc.gov)
  • Within this work, and considering the discussed background, another D. tertiolecta clone (CCMP 1320) was selected and tested against several cancer cell lines, and a bioactivity-guided fractionation approach allowed to identify the source of the biological activity observed within the extracts of this green alga. (frontiersin.org)
  • Rapidly growing L- cells were the most sensitive and stationary phase primary human cells were the least sensitive to the toxic chemicals in coal. (cdc.gov)
  • Cerebral endothelial cells are more resistant to ischemia than are neurons and neuroglial cells. (medscape.com)
  • E. coli]]), more force is required to efficiently disrupt the cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • The fibers of the cochlear nerve originate from an aggregation of nerve cell bodies in the spiral ganglion, located in the modiolus of the cochlea. (medscape.com)
  • Furthermore, it is unclear if bacterial size modulation is simply a byproduct of the complex cellular response to changing environmental conditions, or if it serves as an adaptive mechanism employed by the cell to improve fitness in time-varying environments. (nature.com)
  • From the mean division time you can work out how many times a cell will divide in a given time and therefore how many cells will be produced in that time. (docbrown.info)
  • Suppose a bacterial cell has a mean division time of 15 minutes. (docbrown.info)
  • C and harvested after entering stationary phase, at which time the Trc promoter is maximally induced. (secsg.org)
  • In the present study, for the first time, protective effects of three microalgal strains, including their extracts and active compounds, against both endogenous and exogenous AGEs in cell -based models were investigated. (rsc.org)
  • Volume or sample size of cells to be disrupted=== If only a few microliters of sample are available, care must be taken to minimize loss and to avoid cross-contamination. (wikidoc.org)
  • The released phage-like particles then carry the encapsulated small fragments of host dsDNA to other cells. (asmblog.org)
  • The producer cell then lyses and releases GTA particles into the supernatant that can then transfer wild-type DNA to recipient cells to be used for recombination to fix deleterious mutations or strand breaks. (asmblog.org)
  • Frontispiece: Transmission electron micrograph of filtered supernatant showing spherical particles from C. crescentus ΔrogA cells in stationary phase. (asmblog.org)
  • Ordinarily, the use of gas chromatography in a laboratory setting involves passing a mixture through a series of phases. (ringstilsoldout.com)
  • 12 Previous work from our laboratory has demonstrated the antiglycative capacities of some microalgal samples in cell -free systems. (rsc.org)
  • After ultracentrifugation to remove cell debris, the supernatant is passed through a TALON (Clontech) metal chelate column, washed with column equilibration buffer, and eluted with buffer containing 300mM imidazole. (secsg.org)
  • Population balance models capture the heterogeneity but little structure with which to differentiate the cells due to the computationally intense nature of their solution while single-cell models are good at describing structure but cannot describe heterogeneity. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Aup1p is highly similar to a family of protein phosphatase homologs in animal cells that are predicted to localize to mitochondria based on sequence analysis. (huji.ac.il)
  • [2] [3] These adherent cells become embedded within a slimy extracellular matrix that is composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). (wikipedia.org)
  • OS-2-phosphate levels are elevated in wild-type cells exposed to NaCl or fludioxonil, but they are nearly undetectable in Δ rrg-1 strains. (llu.edu)
  • In the parent cell , the large jumbled rings of DNA and the smaller plasmid rings are replicated to provide enough genetic material for two cells. (docbrown.info)
  • The main objective of the project is to study the effects of hyperosmotic pressure on the antibody production process in the GS-NS0 cell line, with particular attention to the antibody production mechanism. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • There is no significant difference in cell water dynamics between mesophilic and halophilic organisms, despite the high K+ and Na+ concentrations in the latter. (lu.se)
  • Water in living cells behaves as expected from studies of simpler model systems, the only difference being a larger fraction of secluded (strongly perturbed) hydration sites associated with the supramolecular organization in the cell. (lu.se)
  • The cytoplasm divides in two, so each of the two ' daughter' cells has its own cell wall AND its own single copy of the jumbled ring of DNA. (docbrown.info)
  • The parent cell becomes enlarged with a greater volume of cytoplasm and the two bundles of DNA separate and move to opposite ends ('poles') of the enlarged cell. (docbrown.info)