GenesCellularKRASRole of proto-oncogenesTumorsKinasePathwaysMutationsOncogenicMammalianReceptorsApoptosisCycle ProteinsDifferentiationGuanine NucleoSequence HomologyInducesInhibitorTumor suppressorHrasActivationMutationEncodesExtracellularHER2Amino acidsMdm2ReceptorPeptidesProliferationUbiquitinationVertebrate oncogenesTumorigenesisKinasesFUSION PROTEINSNucleotideCyclinSiRNAEpithelial-MesenchymaActivateCancerRegulationGTPaseRegulate cellSarcomaAbnormalitiesProgressionSuppressorsHomologousMembraneGene Expression ProfilingTranscriptionTransformation
Genes41
- To identify genes that can functionally substitute for oncogenic RAS, we systematically expressed 15,294 open reading frames in a human KRAS-dependent colon cancer cell line engineered to express an inducible KRAS-specific shRNA. (nih.gov)
- Mammalian ras genes substitute for the yeast RAS gene, and their products activate adenylate cyclase in yeast cells, although the direct target protein of mammalian ras p21s remains to be identified. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
- Because mutations in genes encoding chromatin remodelling proteins have been implicated in KRAS-mediated PDAC, we investigated whether loss of chromatin remodeler ɑ-thalassemia, mental-retardation, X-linked (ATRX) affects oncogenic KRAS's ability to promote PDAC. (ox.ac.uk)
- By contrast, somatic alterations in the genes encoding Notch signaling components drive various types of human cancer, such as breast cancer, small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) ( 6 - 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- I. DISCOVERY OF ras GENES ras oncogenes were first recognized as the transforming genes of Harvey and Kirsten murine sarcoma viruses (Ha-MSV, Ki-MSV). (cshmonographs.org)
- The genes encoding p21 proteins are now referred to as ras genes (from rat sarcoma genes). (cshmonographs.org)
- In addition, Kevetrin increased expression of p53 target genes such as p21 (Waf1), an inhibitor of cell cycle progression. (shu.edu)
- Oncogenes are mutated genes that play a role in cancer formation. (alliedacademies.org)
- Everyone has genes that are known as protooncogenes when they are not altered. (alliedacademies.org)
- When protooncogenes are altered or amplification occurs as a result of DNA damage (such as carcinogen exposure), the proteins produced by these genes might affect the cell's development, proliferation, and survival, potentially leading to the creation of a malignant tumour. (alliedacademies.org)
- Proto-oncogenes are regular genes in our bodies that assist regulate cell division, growth, and even death rates. (alliedacademies.org)
- To begin with, mutations are important in transforming proto oncogenes to oncogenes and inactivating tumour suppressor genes. (alliedacademies.org)
- The discovery that oncogenes are mutated forms of normal cell genes (proto-oncogenes) drew attention to proto-oncogenes' roles in normal cells and the nature of the molecular changes that turn proto-oncogenes into oncogenes [ 2 , 3 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
- Completely unregulated expression of oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes has been studied extensively in tumour growth for centuries. (alliedacademies.org)
- This mechanism also applies to hematopoietic cells transformed by other HOX genes, including CDX2, which is highly expressed in a majority of acute myeloid leukemias, thus providing a molecular approach based on GSK-3 inhibitory strategies to target HOX-associated transcription in a broad spectrum of leukemias. (stanford.edu)
- Genes whose gain-of-function alterations lead to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. (edu.au)
- Ras genes are widely conserved among animal species and sequences corresponding to both H-ras and K-ras genes have been detected in human, avian, murine, and non-vertebrate genomes. (edu.au)
- Indeed, emerging evidence indicates that miRNAs function as a molecular rheostats that serve in fine-tuning cell signaling pathways [ 10 , 11 ], doing so by modulating the expression of large numbers of genes and, consequently, impacting the flux through essential regulatory nodes of vast signaling networks. (biomedcentral.com)
- The genes that have been identified to date have been categorized into two broad categories, depending on their normal functions in the cell. (cancerquest.org)
- Genes whose protein products stimulate or enhance the division and viability of cells. (cancerquest.org)
- This first category also includes genes that contribute to tumor growth by inhibiting cell death. (cancerquest.org)
- Genes whose protein products can directly or indirectly prevent cell division or lead to cell death. (cancerquest.org)
- The normal versions of genes in the first group are called proto-oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
- The mutated or otherwise damaged versions of these genes are called oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
- Numerous genes have been identified as proto-oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
- Many of these genes are responsible for providing the positive signals that lead to cell division. (cancerquest.org)
- As stated in the introduction to this section, the defective versions of these genes, known as oncogenes, can cause a cell to divide in an unregulated manner. (cancerquest.org)
- This is in contrast with tumor suppressor genes which must BOTH be defective to lead to abnormal cell division. (cancerquest.org)
- Despite the differences in their normal roles, these genes all contribute to unregulated cell division if they are present in a mutant (oncogenic) form. (cancerquest.org)
- Genes down-regulated in comparison of dendritic cells (DC) stimulated with Pam3Csk4 (TLR1/2 agonist) at 16 h versus DC cells stimulated with CpG DNA (TLR9 agonist) at 16 h. (gsea-msigdb.org)
- Genes in S. cerevisiae encoding proteins with domains homologous to the mammalian ras proteins. (wikidata.org)
- Genes, ras" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (wakehealth.edu)
- All genes of the family have a similar exon-intron structure and each encodes a p21 protein. (wakehealth.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Genes, ras" by people in Profiles. (wakehealth.edu)
- EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: One hundred colorectal cancer metastases were screened for mutations in 19 oncogenes, and further 61 metastases and 87 matched primary cancers were analyzed for genes with identified mutations. (ox.ac.uk)
- In addition, these alterations affect 3 principal categories of genes, as follows: proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. (medscape.com)
- This article briefly discusses tumor suppressor genes and then focuses on the role of proto-oncogenes in childhood cancer. (medscape.com)
- Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, whose products normally provide negative control of cell proliferation, contributes to malignant transformation in various cell types. (medscape.com)
- Like Rb protein, many of the proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes act at specific points in the cell cycle. (medscape.com)
- TP53 activates the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation (p21), and MDM2. (medscape.com)
- Another important class of tumor suppressor genes involved in cell cycle control and in the generation of human cancers is the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. (medscape.com)
Cellular16
- Guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulators (GDSs, or exchange factors), such as RALGDS, are effectors of Ras-related GTPases (see MIM 190020) that participate in signaling for a variety of cellular processes. (cancerindex.org)
- The oncogene identified was derived from a cellular genome, so KRAS, when found in a cellular genome, is called a proto-oncogene. (wikipedia.org)
- These proteins have different structures in their C-terminal region and use different mechanisms to localize to cellular membranes, including the plasma membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- The gene encodes for neurofibromin, which is a GTP-ase activating protein that downregulates cellular proto-oncogene, p21-ras. (medscape.com)
- The gene for Ha-MSV p21 was mapped to the region of viral DNA known to be of cellular origin. (cshmonographs.org)
- Additionally, scientists have found that this relationship is an important part of a number of complex cellular signaling cascade pathways, including Ras, β-catenin, myc, Rb, and many more. (shu.edu)
- This novel cancer model is consistent with the fact that, in human malignancies, all malignant cells carry the same beginning oncogenic genetic mutations, regardless of cellular heterogeneity within the tumour [ 1 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
- The Rho family of GTP-binding proteins has been implicated in the regulation of various cellular functions including actin cytoskeleton-dependent morphological change. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- Our studies have demonstrated that several of the proteins encoded by cellular oncogenes function in fundamental aspects of gene regulation. (stanford.edu)
- In addition, chemokines regulate plethora of biological processes of hematopoietic cells to lead cellular activation, differentiation and survival. (genome.jp)
- After receptor activation, the alpha- and beta-gamma-subunits of G protein dissociate to activate diverse downstream pathways resulting in cellular polarization and actin reorganization. (genome.jp)
- Proteins that are normally involved in holding cellular growth in check. (edu.au)
- This receptor is found in moderate levels on some normal cells and as the gene's name implies, it is involved in cellular responses to growth factors. (cancerquest.org)
- Autophagic activity dictates the cellular response to oncogenic RAS. (univ-paris5.fr)
- Taken together, our findings suggest that Runx2 modulates the commitment of progenitor cells to the osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages, and that Runx2 activity is inextricably linked to mechanisms that control cellular proliferation. (umassmed.edu)
- The human ETS (E26 Transformation-Specific) protein family is a diverse group of 27 known transcription factors that regulate such varied cellular processes as differentiation and apoptosis, but also appear to induce oncogenesis when mutated or aberrantly expressed [ 1 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
KRAS16
- In particular, the transcriptional coactivator YAP1 rescued cell viability in KRAS-dependent cells upon suppression of KRAS and was required for KRAS-induced cell transformation. (nih.gov)
- In non-small cell lung cancer, KRAS mutations have been shown to identify a group of patients that do not respond to EGFR targeted therapies and the identification of these mutations is thus clinically important. (nih.gov)
- We tested 3 different cell lines with known KRAS mutations and then examined the sensitivity of mutation detection with the cell lines using 189 bp and 92 bp amplicons spanning codons 12 and 13. (nih.gov)
- We then screened for KRAS mutations in 30 non-small cell lung cancer biopsies that had been previously sequenced for mutations in EGFR exons 18-21. (nih.gov)
- Known KRAS mutations in cell lines (A549, HCT116 and RPMI8226) were readily detectable using HRM. (nih.gov)
- Nine of the 30 non-small cell lung cancer biopsies had KRAS mutations detected by HRM analysis. (nih.gov)
- KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma virus) is a gene that provides instructions for making a protein called K-Ras, a part of the RAS/MAPK pathway. (wikipedia.org)
- It is called KRAS because it was first identified as a viral oncogene in the Kirsten RAt Sarcoma virus. (wikipedia.org)
- The gene product of KRAS, the K-Ras protein, was first found as a p21 GTPase. (wikipedia.org)
- There are two protein products of the KRAS gene in mammalian cells that result from the use of alternative exon 4 (exon 4A and 4B respectively): K-Ras4A and K-Ras4B. (wikipedia.org)
- KRAS acts as a molecular on/off switch, using protein dynamics. (wikipedia.org)
- KRAS upregulates the GLUT1 glucose transporter, thereby contributing to the Warburg effect in cancer cells. (wikipedia.org)
- citation needed] In turn, KRAS can bind to proteins of the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor (GEF) class (such as SOS1), which forces the release of bound nucleotide (GDP). (wikipedia.org)
- Subsequently, KRAS binds GTP present in the cytosol and the GEF is released from ras-GTP. (wikipedia.org)
- The hypothesis was that deletion of Atrx in pancreatic acinar cells will increase susceptibility to injury and oncogenic KRAS. (ox.ac.uk)
- We hypothesized that a hybrid nanoparticle system composed of human IgG and poloxamer-188, a stealth polymer, will efficiently deliver mutated KRAS siRNA to A549 cells, leading to an efficient knockdown of mutated siRNA while protecting the siRNA from serum nuclease. (mcw.edu)
Role of proto-oncogenes1
- The role of proto-oncogenes in normal cell growth and differentiation, as well as the idea that oncogene proteins could be used as new targets for cancer chemotherapy, are both current research topics that are direct outgrowths of Howard's important contributions to cancer research. (alliedacademies.org)
Tumors6
- In human lung tumors, combined activation of K-RAS and inactivation of RASSF1A is closely associated with the development of the most aggressive and worst prognosis tumors. (cancerindex.org)
- Phase III clinical trials of Rova‑T for patients with small‑cell lung cancer and a phase III clinical trial of nirogacestat for patients with desmoid tumors are ongoing. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Mdm2 is a proto-oncogene that is amplified in approximately 7% of cancers and is frequently seen in soft tissue tumors. (shu.edu)
- Tumors form often when oncogenic expression is induced by tissue-specific promoters in genetically modified mouse models, but they regress when the inducing stimulus is turned off, implying that oncogenes are cancer's Achilles' heel (allowing the body to target the disease). (alliedacademies.org)
- BACKGROUND: Epigenetic alterations have been implicated in the pathogenesis of solid tumors, however, proto-oncogenes activated by promoter demethylation have been sporadically reported. (duke.edu)
- Although genetic and epigenetic aberrations that occur in components of the central dogma clearly elicit disease development in humans, recent findings also point to a prominent role for non-protein-coding regions of the genome in regulating cell and tissue homeostasis, as well as in contributing to the formation of human tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
Kinase24
- Metformin (MTF) has been reported to target NLK (Nemo-like kinase) to inhibit non-small lung cancer cells. (cancerindex.org)
- This kinase is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression and G1/S transition. (cancerindex.org)
- This kinase, as well as CDK4, has been shown to phosphorylate, and thus regulate the activity of, tumor suppressor protein Rb. (cancerindex.org)
- Once it is allosterically activated, it recruits and activates proteins necessary for the propagation of growth factors, as well as other cell signaling receptors like c-Raf and PI 3-kinase. (wikipedia.org)
- Regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by protein kinases A and C in a cell-free system. (ox.ac.uk)
- Previously pp60v-src, cyclin A, p39mos, and maturation-promoting factor (composed of Cdc2 and cyclin B) have been shown to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and MAPK kinase (MEK) in cell-free extracts of Xenopus oocytes. (ox.ac.uk)
- Here we show that protein kinase C (PKC) is also able to stimulate MAPK in a Ras-dependent manner, but PKC is not necessary for signaling by pp60v-src. (ox.ac.uk)
- In addition, preincubation of extracts with cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) blocks stimulation of MAPK by cyclin, p21V12ras, PKC, or pp60v-src, by at least 50%, but stimulation by c-Mos is unaffected. (ox.ac.uk)
- Cell-cycle-regulated activation of Akt kinase by phosphorylation at its carboxyl terminus. (musc.edu)
- The p85 isoform of the kinase S6K1 functions as a secreted oncoprotein to facilitate cell migration and tumor growth. (musc.edu)
- Canonical Notch signaling activates the transcription of BMI1 proto‑oncogene polycomb ring finger, cyclin D1, CD44, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A, hes family bHLH transcription factor 1, hes related family bHLH transcription factor with YRPW motif 1, MYC, NOTCH3, RE1 silencing transcription factor and transcription factor 7 in a cellular context‑dependent manner, while non‑canonical Notch signaling activates NF‑κB and Rac family small GTPase 1. (spandidos-publications.com)
- In primary mammalian cells oncogenic induces premature senescence depending on an active MEK-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. (molecularcircuit.com)
- Relationship between Ras and Raf-1 qualified AP24534 prospects towards the sequential activation from the MAP kinase kinases (MAPKKs) MEK1 and MEK2 as well as the MAPKs extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2. (molecularcircuit.com)
- Proliferation is upregulated through two mechanisms: (1) ATP binding to the G-protein-coupled receptor P2Y2, commencing a kinase signaling cascade that activates the serine-threonine kinase Akt, and (2) the transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), leading to a series of protein signals that activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2. (encyclopedia.pub)
- B-Raf-dependent regulation of the MEK-1/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in PC12 cells and regulation by cyclic AMP. (wikidata.org)
- It has also been demonstrated that TGF-β induced cell cycle arrest can be partially attributed to the regulatory effects of TGF-β on both the expression and activity of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors [CDKI] such as p21 and p27. (biomedcentral.com)
- A signal transducing adaptor protein that links extracellular signals to the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM. (uchicago.edu)
- CIB1 contributes to oncogenic signalling by Ras via modulating the subcellular localisation of sphingosine kinase 1. (univ-paris5.fr)
- Oncogene Ras/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling targets histone H3 acetylation at lysine 56. (univ-paris5.fr)
- Costello syndrome: a Ras/mitogen activated protein kinase pathway syndrome (rasopathy) resulting from HRAS germline mutations. (univ-paris5.fr)
- The tumor suppressor DiRas3 forms a complex with H-Ras and C-RAF proteins and regulates localization, dimerization, and kinase activity of C-RAF. (univ-paris5.fr)
- My results indicate that KCNK3 internalizes in response to Protein Kinase C (PKC) activation, using a novel pathway that requires the phosphoserine binding protein, 14-3-3β, and demonstrates for the first time regulated KCNK3 channel trafficking in neurons. (umassmed.edu)
- Protein kinase Cd and c-Abl kinase are required for transforming growth factor ß induction of endothelial-mesenchymal transition in vitro. (jefferson.edu)
- The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p21 and p16 inhibit the activity of CDKs, such as CDK4. (medscape.com)
Pathways9
- What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
- It has been hypothesized that inactivation of the RASSF1A tumor suppressor facilitates K-RAS-mediated transformation by uncoupling it from apoptotic pathways such as the Hippo pathway. (cancerindex.org)
- Like other members of the ras subfamily of GTPases, the K-Ras protein is an early player in many signal transduction pathways. (wikipedia.org)
- These results suggest that independent pp60v-src and PKC pathways converge at Ras and that PKA acts to block MAPK activation by both Ras-dependent and -independent signals. (ox.ac.uk)
- In eukaryotic cells, protein transport through the secretory and endocytic pathways is mediated by vesicular intermediates. (embl.de)
- Stable monoubiquitinated form of wild type p53, accumulates in the cytoplasm and interacts with BAK or BAX proteins in mitochondria to induce apoptosis Thus Kevetrin activates both transcription dependent and transcription independent pathways to promote apoptosis. (shu.edu)
- Therefore oncogenic provokes premature senescence by activating the MEK-ERK and MKK3/6-p38 pathways in normal primary cells sequentially. (molecularcircuit.com)
- Our research focuses on developmental pathways that regulate hematopoietic cell growth and differentiation and are disrupted in the course of neoplastic transformation, particularly in leukemias and lymphomas. (stanford.edu)
- Over-expression of CKS1B activates both MEK/ERK and JAK/STAT3 signaling pathways and promotes myeloma cell drug-resistance. (uams.edu)
Mutations8
- The shorter 92 bp amplicon was more sensitive in detecting mutations than the 189 bp amplicon and was able to reliably detect as little as 5-6% of each cell line DNA diluted in normal DNA. (nih.gov)
- Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
- [ 3 ] Café au lait macules may be a marker for RASopathies, disorders related to RAS mutations. (medscape.com)
- Loss‑of‑function NOTCH1 mutations are early events during esophageal tumorigenesis, whereas gain‑of‑function NOTCH1 mutations are late events during T‑cell leukemogenesis and B‑cell lymphomagenesis. (spandidos-publications.com)
- A proto-oncogene is a gene that becomes an oncogene, a gene that has the potential to cause cancer, through mutations or an increase in expression. (shu.edu)
- Different cancer types tend to depend on a limited number of 'driver' oncogene mutations. (cancerquest.org)
- Induction of mammary carcinomas in rats by nitroso-methylurea involves malignant activation of H-ras-1 locus by single point mutations. (wikidata.org)
- PURPOSE: Oncogene mutations contribute to colorectal cancer development. (ox.ac.uk)
Oncogenic8
- Cancer cells that express oncogenic alleles of RAS typically require sustained expression of the mutant allele for survival, but the molecular basis of this oncogene dependency remains incompletely understood. (nih.gov)
- Together, these findings implicate transcriptional regulation of EMT by YAP1 as a significant component of oncogenic RAS signaling. (nih.gov)
- 1980). Therefore, it was concluded that the p21 gene was the oncogene of Ha-MSV and Ki-MSV (and other closely related viruses) and that this oncogene was derived from a proto-oncogenic form present in normal cells. (cshmonographs.org)
- These studies have got described the molecular occasions inside the signaling cascade that result in premature senescence and therefore have provided brand-new insights into how confers oncogenic change in major cells. (molecularcircuit.com)
- Oddly enough the AP24534 power of oncogenic to induce premature senescence depends upon the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway that mediates cell proliferation (36). (molecularcircuit.com)
- Recently, accumulating preclinical studies have illustrated the feasibility of slowing tumor progression by either overexpressing tumor suppressive miRNAs, or by neutralizing the activities of oncogenic miRNAs in cell- and animal-based models of cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
- Oncogenic Ras suppresses ING4-TDG-Fas axis to promote apoptosis resistance. (univ-paris5.fr)
- Interplay between oncogenic K-Ras and wild-type H-Ras in Caco2 cell transformation. (univ-paris5.fr)
Mammalian1
- citation needed] This proto-oncogene is a Kirsten ras oncogene homolog from the mammalian Ras gene family. (wikipedia.org)
Receptors8
- NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3 and NOTCH4 are cell surface receptors that transduce juxtacrine signals of delta-like canonical Notch ligand (DLL)1, DLL3, DLL4, jagged canonical Notch ligand (JAG)1 and JAG2 from adjacent cells ( 1 - 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- The proto-oncogene family members encodes little GTP binding proteins that transduce development indicators from cell surface area receptors in response to extracellular stimuli (1 6 37 Prior studies have recommended that aberrant activation of is certainly a crucial stage during tumorigenesis. (molecularcircuit.com)
- Its activity is directed by intracellular signals mediated by various types of receptors such as G protein-coupled receptors. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- The chemokine signal is transduced by chemokine receptors (G-protein coupled receptors) expressed on the immune cells. (genome.jp)
- T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated gamma and delta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4-/CD8- T-cells. (edu.au)
- DNA sequences, in cells of the T-lymphocyte lineage, that code for T-cell receptors. (edu.au)
- Recent studies denoted that alterations in growth factors and growth factor receptors seem to influence the biologic behaviour of pancreatic cancer cells [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Transforming growth factor-β [TGF-β] is such an example, being a growth stimulator in fibroblastic cells with TGF-β receptors, but a negative regulator in epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Apoptosis7
- Mutant K-RAS has been shown to have both tumor-promoting and -suppressing functions, and growing evidence suggests that the RASSF family of tumor suppressors can act as RAS apoptosis and senescence effectors. (cancerindex.org)
- Finally, alternative splicing microarrays containing apoptosis targets were incubated to verify whether pre-mRNAs other than H-Ras could also present a similar hairpin loop structure regulated by p68 RNA helicase. (lidsen.com)
- Apoptosis is defined as programmed cell death, characterized by fragmentation of inter-nucleosomal DNA [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
- The Bcl-2 family of proteins, which includes the proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bak and the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, is implicated in the intrinsic mechanism of apoptosis [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
- Identification of early growth response protein 1 (EGR-1) as a novel target for JUN-induced apoptosis in multiple myeloma. (uams.edu)
- The course of etoposide-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells lacking p53 and Bax. (jefferson.edu)
- The TP53 gene is also capable of stimulating apoptosis of cells containing damaged DNA. (medscape.com)
Cycle Proteins1
- But it is not associated with cell cycle proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Differentiation7
- Neuronal differentiation and cell-cycle programs mediate response to BET-bromodomain inhibition in MYC-driven medulloblastoma. (cancerindex.org)
- Decreased ferroportin promotes myeloma cell growth and osteoclast differentiation. (uams.edu)
- p27 expression is reduced in pancreatic adenocarcinomas and decreased protein levels of p27 may play a role in the differentiation of pancreatic cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
- It has been reported that TGF-β influence different cell functions, including growth, proliferation and differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
- Directed network wiring identifies a key protein interaction in embryonic stem cell differentiation. (uchicago.edu)
- Here we address the contribution of the osteoblast-related Runx gene, Runx2, to the osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. (umassmed.edu)
- Lastly, we examine the link between growth control and osteogenic differentiation by tissue-specific deletion of the Mdm2 proto-oncogene in developing skeletal tissues of the mouse embryo. (umassmed.edu)
Guanine Nucleo1
- The guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Dbl targets Rho family proteins thereby stimulating their GDP/GTP exchange, and thus is believed to be involved in receptor-mediated regulation of the proteins. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Sequence Homology1
- It does not share significant sequence homology with other subtypes of small G-protein GEF motifs such as the Cdc25 domain and the Sec7 domain, which specifically interact with Ras and ARF family small GTPases, respectively, nor with other Rho protein interactive motifs, indicating that the Dbl family proteins are evolutionarily unique. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Induces3
- The elevated expression of p53 leads to greater stability, which also induces the regulatory protein Mdm2. (shu.edu)
- Constitutive activation of the pathway induces p53 p21 and p16 and leads to early senescence. (molecularcircuit.com)
- Hyaluronan promotes CD44v3-Vav2 interaction with Grb2-p185(HER2) and induces Rac1 and Ras signaling during ovarian tumor cell migration and growth. (uchicago.edu)
Inhibitor2
- Furthermore, inhibition of endogenous PKA by the heat-stable PKA inhibitor is sufficient to stimulate MAPK activity in these extracts in the absence of protein synthesis and without dependence on a functional Ras protein. (ox.ac.uk)
- The p16INK4A protein is a cell-cycle inhibitor that acts by inhibiting activated cyclin D:CDK4/6 complexes, which play a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating Rb protein. (medscape.com)
Tumor suppressor2
- Its ability to ubiquitinate p53 is regulated by TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P14ARF. (umassmed.edu)
- [ 1 ] His prediction was subsequently supported by the cloning of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene ( RB1 ) and by functional studies of the retinoblastoma protein, Rb. (medscape.com)
Hras2
- Other members of the Ras family include: HRAS and NRAS. (wikipedia.org)
- Methylation pattern of oncogene HRAS gene promoter region and its clinical relevance to urocystic tumorigenesis. (univ-paris5.fr)
Activation8
- Here, we describe the first transgenic mouse model for activation of K-RAS in the lung in a RASSF1A-defective background. (cancerindex.org)
- It is thought that activation from the MAPK pathway provides cells with constitutive mitogenic indicators indie of extracellular stimuli (7). (molecularcircuit.com)
- Activation of Rho proteins through release of bound GDP and subsequent binding of GTP, is catalysed by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) in the Dbl family. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- Coordinated activation of candidate proto-oncogenes and cancer testes antigens via promoter demethylation in head and neck cancer and lung cancer. (duke.edu)
- Here, we describe the signaling mechanisms through which TRPV1 activation influences cell fate. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is upregulated in myelomatous bone and supports myeloma cell survival. (uams.edu)
- Arsenic trioxide-mediated growth inhibition of myeloma cells is associated with an extrinsic or intrinsic signaling pathway through activation of TRAIL or TRAIL receptor 2. (uams.edu)
- Activation of p21 or p16 therefore causes cell cycle arrest. (medscape.com)
Mutation2
- A mutation in this gene resulting in reduced cell proliferation, and impaired cell motility and polarity, and has been identified in patients with primary microcephaly. (cancerindex.org)
- We searched for differences in oncogene mutation profiles between colorectal cancer metastases from different sites and evaluated these as markers for site of relapse. (ox.ac.uk)
Encodes2
- For example, the TP53 gene, located on chromosome 17, encodes a 53-kd nuclear protein that functions as a cell cycle checkpoint. (medscape.com)
- This locus, however, also encodes a protein from an alternative reading frame, designated p19ARF. (medscape.com)
Extracellular1
- H-Ras isoform modulates extracellular matrix synthesis, proliferation, and migration in fibroblasts. (univ-paris5.fr)
HER23
- An instance of an oncogene is the HER2 gene, which creates the HER2 protein. (alliedacademies.org)
- Extra copies of this gene may result in an overabundance of HER2 protein, causing cells to proliferate faster. (alliedacademies.org)
- Some breast cancer and ovarian cancer cells include the HER2 oncogene. (alliedacademies.org)
Amino acids1
- The cDNAs were derived from a gene, designated ypt1, which codes for a protein of 205 amino acids with 71% homology to the yeast YPT1 gene product. (embl.de)
Mdm27
- Mdm2 protein has the activity of an ubiquitin ligase, which allows for the targeted degradation of its substrates, including p53. (shu.edu)
- The relationship between p53 and Mdm2 has been shown to be vital to the normal functioning of the human cell, and also has other implications in cancer. (shu.edu)
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (umassmed.edu)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2" by people in this website by year, and whether "Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (umassmed.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2" by people in Profiles. (umassmed.edu)
- Mdm2 Phosphorylation Regulates Its Stability and Has Contrasting Effects on Oncogene and Radiation-Induced Tumorigenesis. (umassmed.edu)
- The p19ARF protein, which is encoded by the same locus as p16, also leads to cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the ability of MDM2 to inactivate TP53. (medscape.com)
Receptor4
- Small-molecule inhibitors, antagonistic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), bispecific antibodies or biologics (bsAbs) and chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-Ts) targeting Notch signaling components have been developed as investigational anti-cancer drugs ( 10 - 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- DNA sequences encoding the delta chain of the T-cell receptor. (edu.au)
- G protein-coupled receptor kinas. (gsea-msigdb.org)
- Receptor-facilitated antigen presentation requires the recruitment of B cell linker protein to Igalpha. (uchicago.edu)
Peptides1
- Chemokines are small chemoattractant peptides that provide directional cues for the cell trafficking and thus are vital for protective host response. (genome.jp)
Proliferation6
- Activated ERK2 and ERK1 promote cell proliferation. (molecularcircuit.com)
- Molecular mechanisms that mediate cell death and proliferation exist in balance in functional physiological systems. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Proliferation is involved in structural development and renewal, while programmed cell death is necessary to eliminate defective cells and prevent uncontrolled growth. (encyclopedia.pub)
- High expression of BCL3 in human myeloma cells is associated with increased proliferation and inferior prognosis. (uams.edu)
- We also aimed to evaluate the expression of TGF-β1 and p27 in the context of other cell cycle and proliferation markers such as cyclin D1 and Ki-67. (biomedcentral.com)
- Growth factors do not only stimulate cell proliferation, but they may also act as growth inhibitors, depending on the cell type and the stimulatory pathway that is involved. (biomedcentral.com)
Ubiquitination1
- LZTR1 is a regulator of RAS ubiquitination and signaling. (univ-paris5.fr)
Vertebrate oncogenes1
Tumorigenesis2
- RASSF1A Deficiency Enhances RAS-Driven Lung Tumorigenesis. (cancerindex.org)
- Genetic fusions favor tumorigenesis through degron loss in oncogenes. (musc.edu)
Kinases1
- The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the CMGC family of serine/threonine protein kinases. (cancerindex.org)
FUSION PROTEINS1
Nucleotide7
- The K-Ras protein is a GTPase, a class of enzymes which convert the nucleotide guanosine triphosphate (GTP) into guanosine diphosphate (GDP). (wikipedia.org)
- Individual transport steps are regulated by Ras-like guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, termed Ypt in yeast or Rab in mammals. (embl.de)
- The YPT1 gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae codes for a guanine nucleotide-binding protein which is essential for cell viability. (embl.de)
- Amino acid sequences typical for guanine nucleotide-binding proteins and characteristic for ypt proteins are perfectly conserved in the mouse ypt1 protein. (embl.de)
- Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in ERCC4 and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. (duke.edu)
- Associations between expression levels of nucleotide excision repair proteins in lymphoblastoid cells and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. (duke.edu)
- Squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, and nucleotide excision repair (NER) is involved in SCCHN susceptibility. (duke.edu)
Cyclin3
- The pp60v-src pathway is dependent on a functional Ras signal whereas the cyclin/maturation-promoting factor pathway is not. (ox.ac.uk)
- Microinjection of a p38-encoding plasmid into NIH 3T3 fibroblasts led to down-regulation of cyclin D1 expression and cell cycle arrest at G1 (40). (molecularcircuit.com)
- cyclin B1 interacting protein 1 [Sourc. (gsea-msigdb.org)
SiRNA3
- However, efficient delivery of siRNA to target cells is being limited by lack of an effective delivery system that ensures efficient transfection into cells while protecting the encapsulated siRNA from nuclease. (mcw.edu)
- These nanoparticles were found to efficiently deliver siRNA to the cytoplasm and nuclease of A549 cells in a controlled and sustained manner while avoiding recycling by endosomes. (mcw.edu)
- These results demonstrate that the novel hybrid nanoparticles could potentially serve as a platform for efficient delivery of siRNA to cells for stable gene knockdown. (mcw.edu)
Epithelial-Mesenchyma1
- CIP2A cooperates with H-Ras to promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cervical-cancer progression. (univ-paris5.fr)
Activate2
- We show that the posttranslationally fully processed Ki- and Ha-ras p21s activate yeast adenylate cyclase far more effectively than do the unprocessed proteins. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
- Ex vivo cultures of calvarial osteoprogenitor cells exhibit severely decreased osteoblastogenesis and bone nodule formation accompanied by a failure to activate Runx2 gene activity. (umassmed.edu)
Cancer18
- The transforming protein that results is implicated in various malignancies, including lung adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenoma, ductal carcinoma of the pancreas and colorectal cancer. (wikipedia.org)
- Molecular profiling in non-small cell lung cancer: a step toward personalized medicine. (uchicago.edu)
- Notch signaling is aberrantly activated in breast cancer, non‑small‑cell lung cancer and hematological malignancies, such as T‑cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and diffuse large B‑cell lymphoma. (spandidos-publications.com)
- However, Notch signaling is inactivated in small‑cell lung cancer and squamous cell carcinomas. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Notch signaling cascades crosstalk with fibroblast growth factor and WNT signaling cascades in the tumor microenvironment to maintain cancer stem cells and remodel the tumor microenvironment. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Oncogenes and their perception to cancer. (alliedacademies.org)
- Scientific study has clearly proven the importance of oncogenes in human cancer over the last five decades. (alliedacademies.org)
- Many efforts have been undertaken to understand the causal function of activated oncogenes in cancer formation since their discovery in human tumours. (alliedacademies.org)
- All of this research has demonstrated that oncogene expression is essential not just for cancer development but also for disease maintenance, keeping oncogenes in the spotlight as important anti-cancer treatment targets. (alliedacademies.org)
- The effect of hairpin loop overexpression on cell growth and cancer processes was also investigated by analyzing cell-cycle phases and miR-206 expression. (lidsen.com)
- We are studying the role that normal chromatin structure plays in gene regulation in hematopoietic cells and how its disruption leads to altered development and cancer. (stanford.edu)
- 3) We are defining the properties of cancer stem cells that initiate and sustain the unique disease features of acute leukemias through the use of various adoptive animal models. (stanford.edu)
- Association between a rare novel TP53 variant (rs78378222) and melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck and lung cancer susceptibility in non-Hispanic Whites. (duke.edu)
- Association between novel PLCE1 variants identified in published esophageal cancer genome-wide association studies and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. (duke.edu)
- Dose response relationships for epidemiological studies of cancer are likely to be linear because of the cumulative cell damage/repair/mistake mechanism. (whale.to)
- Selected oncogenes that have been associated with numerous cancer types are described in more detail below. (cancerquest.org)
- ESE-1 initiates transformation of MCF-12A cells via a non-transcriptional, cytoplasmic process that is mediated by a unique 40-amino acid serine and aspartic acid rich (SAR) subdomain, whereas, ESE-1's nuclear transcriptional property is required to maintain the transformed phenotype of MCF7, ZR-75-1 and T47D breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- The ER81 ETS protein, for example, is activated in human breast cancer cells by the oncoprotein HER-2, resulting in over-expression of the prosurvival telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Regulation2
- Initially, two observations prompted the present study: i) previous results revealed down-regulation of p68 RNA helicase resulting from overexpression of the IDX hairpin loop in HeLa cells, and ii) the secondary structure of the IDX hairpin loop resembles pri-miRNAs, implying that an miRNA could be processed from the hairpin loop-containing pri-miRNA and regulate 68 RNA helicase. (lidsen.com)
- Runx2 gene activity is later repressed at the onset of cartilage formation, both in vivo and in vitro, necessitating examination of the regulation and function of Runx2 in mesenchymal stem cells. (umassmed.edu)
GTPase3
- The rate of conversion is usually slow, but can be increased dramatically by an accessory protein of the GTPase-activating protein (GAP) class, for example RasGAP. (wikipedia.org)
- Although the GTPase switch of Rab proteins is highly conserved, functional mechanisms may be highly diversified among members of the Rab family. (embl.de)
- Rho GTPase activating protein 18. (gsea-msigdb.org)
Regulate cell2
- It has been reported that under certain biological conditions p38 AP24534 can negatively AP24534 regulate cell growth. (molecularcircuit.com)
- Some proto-oncogenes work to regulate cell death. (cancerquest.org)
Sarcoma2
Abnormalities3
- Oncogene expression and their possible function in immune cell abnormalities during carcinogenesis and tumour growth, however, have not even been adequately investigated [ 4 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
- Despite the fact that proto-oncogenes are expressed in all cells, including immune cells, abnormalities in proto-oncogenes have been thoroughly characterised and analysed mostly in tumour cells. (alliedacademies.org)
- In addition to these basic issues concerning leukemia pathogenesis, we are devising new diagnostic procedures for detecting and monitoring leukemia patients based on molecular genetic abnormalities in the malignant cells. (stanford.edu)
Progression3
- In combination with KRASG12D, Atrx-deficient acinar cells showed increased fibrosis, inflammation, progression to acinar-to-duct cell metaplasia, and pre-cancerous lesions relative to mice expressing only KRASG12D. (ox.ac.uk)
- Myeloma cell-derived Runx2 promotes myeloma progression in bone. (uams.edu)
- The CDK4-cyclinD complex normally phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein (Rb protein), leading to release of the E2F transcription factor and cell cycle progression. (medscape.com)
Suppressors1
- A useful analogy to consider when thinking about tumor suppressors and oncogenes is an automobile. (cancerquest.org)
Homologous2
Membrane4
- Membrane ion channels are structures through which ions enter or exit the cell, depending on the driving forces. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Impaired Pigp expression in Wbp7-/- macrophages abolished GPI anchor-dependent loading of proteins on the cell membrane. (gsea-msigdb.org)
- Endocytic trafficking dynamically regulates neuronal plasma membrane protein presentation and activity, and plays a central role in excitability and plasticity. (umassmed.edu)
- Over the course of my dissertation research I investigated endocytic mechanisms regulating two neuronal membrane proteins: the anesthetic-activated potassium leak channel, KCNK3, as well as the psychostimulant-sensitive dopamine transporter (DAT). (umassmed.edu)
Gene Expression Profiling1
- Global gene expression profiling of multiple myeloma, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, and normal bone marrow plasma cells. (uams.edu)
Transcription6
- Third, reverse transcription is responsible for the insertion of oncogenes into retroviral genomes as well as some proto-oncogene and tumour suppressor gene alterations in non-virus induced cancers. (alliedacademies.org)
- These are frequently activated by fusion to other transcriptional proteins resulting in chimeric transcription factors. (stanford.edu)
- We demonstrate here that GSK-3 maintains the MLL leukemia stem cell transcriptional program by promoting the conditional association of CREB and its coactivators TORC and CBP with homedomain protein MEIS1, a critical component of the MLL-subordinate program, which in turn facilitates HOX-mediated transcription and transformation. (stanford.edu)
- The transcription factors control expression of specific proteins that give a cell its mating identity. (edu.au)
- These findings are significant, since they provide novel molecular insights into the functions of ETS transcription factors in mammary cell transformation. (biomedcentral.com)
- As a transcription factor whose expression is increased by DNA damage, p53 blocks cell division at the G1 phase of the cell cycle to allow DNA repair. (medscape.com)
Transformation4
- In assessing genotoxicity, any evidence of genetic damage, cell death or neoplastic transformation is evidence of genotoxicity. (whale.to)
- PEA-15 potentiates H-Ras-mediated epithelial cell transformation through phospholipase D. (univ-paris5.fr)
- These data highlight that ESE-1 contains NLS and NES signals that play a critical role in regulating its subcellular localization and function, and that an intact SAR domain mediates MEC transformation exclusively in the cytoplasm, via a novel nontranscriptional mechanism, whereby the SAR motif is accessible for ligand and/or protein interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
- Overexpression of one ETS protein in particular, the epithelium-specific ETS factor ESE-1, is implicated in human mammary transformation. (biomedcentral.com)