Cells or proteins antigens to immunogenic carrier proteins. Medical search. Frequent questions

Nicotine vaccine uses active immunization as the methodology to create polyclonal antibodies to the antigens, which is then used to treat drug abuse. (wikipedia.org)
The conjugate vaccine produces a strong immunogenic response from the body by stimulating the production of antibodies, which is administered through a vaccination. (wikipedia.org)
Conjugated immunogens are injected to deliver the vaccine, which activates B and T cells in a T cell-dependent manner to create polyclonal anti-nicotine antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
With the involvement of cytokines and B cells, a humoral response is elicited, which result in the synthesis of antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
Plasmatic cells produce immunoglobulins, the anti-nicotine antibodies that bind to nicotine. (wikipedia.org)
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies usually develop 7-14 days after immunization with the antigen. (medscape.com)
Since the development of serum sickness is dependent on the host's ability to produce antibodies to the inciting antigen, patients who are incapable of producing antibodies, such as patients with Bruton agammaglobulinemia, will not develop serum sickness. (medscape.com)
[ 14 ] However, ATG, as well as other immunosuppressive foreign proteins, such as chimeric monoclonal antibodies that consist of murine-derived antigen-binding fragment (Fab) and human-derived crystallizable fragment (Fc) portions of antibodies, have been reported to be sufficiently immunogenic to cause serum sickness. (medscape.com)
VLPs are highly immunogenic and can induce elevated titers of neutralizing antibodies, even without adjuvants, thanks to the maintenance of the native conformation of viral proteins presenting repetitive epitopes to the host immune system cells. (nature.com)
Drugs with low molecular weight as antigens can bind to antibodies but are not immunogenic. (biomedres.us)
An antigen is any substance, such as a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or allergy, that induces the immune system to create antibodies against it. (biomedres.us)
All antigens are recognized by antibodies, which are produced initially in response to the antigens [7]. (biomedres.us)
Cross-reaction was found between S. equina antigens and antibodies in the sera of Wuchereria bancrofti -infected patients, with the highest levels observed between sera of chronic infected patients and Setaria spp. (who.int)
Polyclonal antibodies are antibodies that are derived from different B- cell lines. (wikidoc.org)
By contrast, monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single cell line. (wikidoc.org)
The most promising approaches are based on antibodies specific for the relatively conserved ectodomain of matrix protein 2 and the intersubunit region of hemagglutinin. (cdc.gov)
Thus, typical HA-specific antibodies neutralize viral infectivity and fully protect against infection when they are present at sufficient concentration in the lining fluid of the respiratory tract, and typical NA-specific antibodies inhibit the release of newly formed virus from infected host cells and thus limit the spread and shedding of virus during infection. (cdc.gov)
While antibodies to the immunodominant, but highly variable, regions of HA and NA can provide potent virus strain-specific protection, the existence of weaker and more broadly protective immune activities directed to less variable regions of viral proteins has long been known ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Because of their potential for broadening vaccine-mediated protection in humans, they have been studied extensively in animals and found to be mediated predominantly by virus-specific memory T cells ( 6 , 7 ), antibodies ( 8 - 10 ), or a combination of both ( 11 - 13 ). (cdc.gov)
the result of another ANA test was positive (higher than 1:160), rheumatoid factor (RF) was 14.9 IU/mL (normal, lower than 15 IU/mL), and the ribonucleic protein (U1RNP) antibodies level was 134 AU/mL (normal, lower than 100 AU/mL). (hcplive.com)
Peptides generally don't produce an antigenic response on their own, so conjugation facilitates a way to produce anti-peptide antibodies by coupling to a T-cell carrier protein. (nridigital.com)
Mimotopes offers phosphopeptide synthesis for cell research, as well as phosphopeptides to be used as antigens in the production of anti-phosphopeptide antibodies. (nridigital.com)
Relative titers of antibodies to individual polypeptide antigens of herpes simplex virus type 1 in human sera. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Current pneumococcal vaccines use the pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides as antigens to generate serotype-specific antibodies, which facilitate serotype-specific clearance of pneumococci through opsonophagocytosis ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)

The constitution of nicotine vaccines involves the addition of adjuvants to the conjugation between synthetic drug-derived haptens which share structural similarities to nicotine, and the immunogenic carrier protein. (wikipedia.org)
Nicotine vaccines are immunogens made up of synthetic drug haptens connected to immunogenic carriers, which are then packaged in adjuvants to boost immunogenicity. (wikipedia.org)
This article reviews recent studies on mucosal immune responses induced by polysaccharide based vaccines and some protein vaccine antigens against several pathogenic nasopharyngeal bacteria, and discusses the mechanisms and functions of these immune responses that may help our understanding of mucosal immune responses to both immunisation and infection. (bmj.com)
Whole genome sequencing provides the ability to predict and derive novel antigens for use as vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
Although the assembled VLPs do not have S protein spikes, they could be developed as formulations that can improve the immunogenicity of vaccines including S antigens, and further could be used as platforms that can carry S antigens of concern for various mutations. (nature.com)
Over one hundred vaccines using varied approaches including protein subunit, viral vector, RNA, DNA, inactivated virus, attenuated virus, and virus like particles (VLPs) platforms are in clinical trials. (nature.com)
These protein subunits can assemble into virus particles without viral RNA genome in mammalian cells to study virus-cell entry 2 and to develop vaccines 3 . (nature.com)
Self-adjuvanting vaccines, the conjugates of immunoenhancers and antigens, are anticipated to stimulate antigen-specific immune system responses without extreme inflammation.6C8 Furthermore, they possess well-defined structures and facilitate quality control of vaccine products hence. (lavoixdesrroms.org)
Actually, Kiessling have uncovered that polymeric multivalent ligands induce BCR clustering to activate B cell replies.39 The need for the lipid moiety for the self-adjuvating property was also recommended predicated on the adjuvant effects in a number of TACA-based vaccines.33,40C42 Intracellular TLR ligands and various other innate immune system ligands have already been also used in self-adjuvanting vaccines. (lavoixdesrroms.org)
Current carbohydrate-based vaccines, while effective, do not protect against the carrier protein and, therefore, an immunogenic response is heterogen-eous in nature. (andreanagroup.com)
Our approach entails synthe-sizing oligosaccharides that are then linked to a T-cell inducing ZPS (such as PS A1) for the development of carbohydrate-based vaccines. (andreanagroup.com)
By 1988, this vaccine was replaced by the more immunogenic conjugate vaccines. (medscape.com)
[ 8 ] These vaccines were developed in an effort to enhance immune responses to the PRP antigen. (medscape.com)
Findings from numerous studies in animals and children demonstrate that the HiB conjugate vaccines have immunologic properties characteristic of T-cell-dependent antigens. (medscape.com)
Because the highest rates of disease occur in the first 2 years of life, efficacious Hib vaccines have been designed by covalently linking the PRP capsule to a carrier protein that recruits T-cell help for the polysaccharide immune response and induces anti-PRP antibody production even in the first 6 months of life. (ox.ac.uk)
Introduction of Hib protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines into many industrialized countries over the past 15 years has resulted in the virtual elimination of invasive Hib disease. (ox.ac.uk)
Nowadays, growing scientific interest to DT is associated with possibility of its use in medicine as a carrier protein in conjugate vaccines, a component of immunotoxin drugs, and in anticancer therapy. (org.ua)
The inactivated vaccines consist of purified viral particle without or with only minor contaminants of NSP and thus induce antibody mainly against structural proteins of virus. (ncl.edu.tw)
Conjugate vaccines in which polysaccharide antigens are covalently linked to carrier proteins belong to the most effective and safest vaccines against bacterial pathogens. (biomedcentral.com)
After induction glycoconjugates generally appeared later than unglycosylated carrier protein, suggesting that glycosylation was the rate-limiting step for synthesis of conjugate vaccines in E. coli . (biomedcentral.com)
PRP vaccines were ineffective in children less than 18 months of age because of the T-cell-independent nature of the immune response to PRP polysaccharide (3). (cdc.gov)
Specific characteristics of the four conjugate vaccines available for infants and children vary (e.g., the type of protein carrier, the size of the polysaccharide, and the chemical linkage between the polysaccharide and carrier) ( Table 1 ). (cdc.gov)
It gives a full rundown of the current NP-based vaccines, their potential as adjuvants, and the ways they can be delivered to cells. (researchgate.net)
The mRNA vaccines can encode multiple antigens, strengthening the immune response against pathogens and enabling the targeting of multiple microbial variants [19] . (researchgate.net)
Selection of particles and proteins for use as human cytomegalovirus subunit vaccines. (microbiologyresearch.org)

However, because they induce a T cell independent B cell response, they are poorly immunogenic in young children, and in adults only induce relatively short term protection. (bmj.com)
Little is known about the antigens expressed in nascent tumour cells, whether they are sufficient to induce protective antitumour immune responses or whether their expression is modulated by the immune system. (nih.gov)
Significantly, the co-administration of Freund's adjuvants with vaccine 1 was suggested to cause splenomegaly, containing increased variety of myeloid cells, which can include immature MDSCs or monocytes, to suppress expansion/differentiation into effector T cells and B cells (Fig. TACAs used in scientific trials are little T cell-independent antigens, they display poor immunogenicity and cannot induce immunoglobulin (Ig) course switching. (lavoixdesrroms.org)
The OMV carrier has been optimized to induce a more effective immune response against these newly introduced antigens. (kfor.com)
Adjuvants are generally used with soluble protein antigens to increase antibody titers and induce a prolonged response with accompanying memory. (wikidoc.org)
Most complex protein antigens induce multiple B-cell clones during the immune response, thus, the response is polyclonal. (wikidoc.org)
Strategies, which have been designed to overcome this lack of immunogenicity in infants, include the linking of the polysaccharide to large immunogenic proteins, which provide bystander T-cell help and which induce immunological memory against the polysaccharide antigen to which it is conjugated. (allindianpatents.com)
Tumor-specific neoantigens, which are expressed on tumor cells, can induce an effective antitumor cytotoxic T-cell response and mediate tumor regression. (wjgnet.com)
The compounds used to induce contact hypersensitivity are not immunogenic by them-selves. (brainkart.com)
Donor T cells may also induce GvHD due to recognition of allo-antigens on non-malignant tissues of the patient. (haematologica.org)

Here, using massively parallel sequencing, we characterize expressed mutations in highly immunogenic methylcholanthrene-induced sarcomas derived from immunodeficient Rag2(-/-) mice that phenotypically resemble nascent primary tumour cells. (nih.gov)
ROS-modified Hb was found to be highly immunogenic in rabbits as compare to native Hb. (scialert.net)

Provided are backbone cyclized peptides that interfere with signaling of the intracellular adaptor protein MyD88. (justia.com)
A crucial step in using peptides as antigens is their coupling to carrier proteins. (gbiosciences.com)
The carrier proteins, once coupled to the peptides, provide these additional motifs and generate a strong antibody response. (gbiosciences.com)
The carrier proteins are coupled to haptens, including peptides and small proteins, with the use of protein cross-linkers. (gbiosciences.com)
ActiveHOOK™ carrier proteins have been pre-activated with the heterobifunctional protein cross linker sulfoSMCC and therefore are ready for the addition of cysteine containing peptides or proteins for a simple one step reaction. (gbiosciences.com)
The ActiveHOOK™ BSA rapidly couples to free sulfhydryl groups on peptides and proteins. (gbiosciences.com)
Keyhole limpet hemocyanin is a widely used carrier protein due to its large molecular mass (4.5x105-1.3x107Da aggregates) and large number of primary amines that can react with cross-linkers for the coupling of peptides. (gbiosciences.com)
The OMVs can be designed with immunogenic peptides and/or proteins that stimulate effective adaptive immunity. (kfor.com)
In the last part, information about cell-penetrating peptides that can be used as molecular carries is mentioned with providing classification and cellular uptake mechanism of them. (intechopen.com)
Recent observations raise the hypothesis that not only the drug/chemical, but also parts of the haptenated protein or peptides may constitute the important structural determinants for antigen recognition by the TCR. (frontiersin.org)
These observations may also suggest that in the case of drug/chemical allergy, the T-cell repertoire results from particular properties of certain TCR to recognize hapten-modified peptides without need for previous thymic selection. (frontiersin.org)
This discrepancy is explained by thymic selection where the fate of T-cell precursors is dependent on the recognition of self-peptides (self-p) presented by MHC molecules on thymic stromal cells ( 28 ). (frontiersin.org)
With DepoVax, the innovation is in the delivery formulation to present extended stimulation to the immune system to fight disease by mitigation degradation of antigens or synthetic peptides. (equities.com)

Our objective is to prepare well-known carbohydrate antigens, such as the well-defined tumor motifs, bacterial polysaccharides and those found on viral capsids (Man9GlcNAc2- HIV gp120). (andreanagroup.com)
Like other polysaccharides, the polyribosyl ribitol phosphate (PRP) of the Hib capsule is a T-independent antigen and not immunogenic when administered as a vaccine in infancy. (ox.ac.uk)
Polysaccharides are T-independent antigens, and can not be processed or presented on MHC molecules to interact with T-cells. (allindianpatents.com)
a: oligosaccharyltransferase PglB, b: carrier protein with signal sequence for secretion to the periplasm, c: undecaprenyl-pyrophosphate-linked polysaccharides. (biomedcentral.com)
As originally described by Lancefield, beta-hemolytic streptococci can be divided into many groups based on the antigenic differences in group-specific polysaccharides located in the bacterial cell wall. (medscape.com)

There is recognition of the peptide antigen by T-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
Antigen cross-linking of immunoglobulin E (IgE) molecules that are bound to specific cell surface receptors and/or binding of complement split products, such as iC3b, to complement receptors (CR3/CR4) may activate mast cells and basophils. (medscape.com)
The reason for this is that the epitopes are able to bind to the B-cells, but are too small to contain additional motifs required to associate with class II molecules and T-cell receptors. (gbiosciences.com)
They can however, stimulate the immune system through an alternate mechanism which involves cross-linking of surface receptors on B cells. (allindianpatents.com)
It is now clear that the ability of T cells to promote an effective immune response depends on a large repertoire of unique T-cell receptors (TCRs) generated and selected in the thymus. (frontiersin.org)
Although the efficacy of adoptive transfer of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was examined over several decades, genetically engineered T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) rapidly replaced the application of TILs due to their high specificity, non-MHC-restricted recognition of tumor antigen, superior potency, and improved in vivo persistency [ 9 , 13 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The immune system utilizes sensors on immune cells named pattern recognition receptors to recognize invading pathogens and foreign substances. (exeter.ac.uk)
We have previously shown that hemocyanins are internalized by APCs through receptor-mediated endocytosis with proteins that contain C-type lectin domains, such as mannose receptor (MR). However, the contribution of other innate immune receptors to the proinflammatory signaling pathway triggered by hemocyanins is unknown. (exeter.ac.uk)

These findings provide six novel immunogenic Shigella proteins that could serve as candidate vaccine antigens, species-specific carrier proteins, or targeted adjuvants. (biomedcentral.com)

Adjuvants are substances with aluminum content that strengthen immunity by improving the immune reaction to the antigen. (wikipedia.org)
Adjuvants are used to improve or enhance an immune response to antigens. (wikidoc.org)
Most adjuvants provide for an injection site, antigen depot which allows for a slow release of antigen into draining lymph nodes. (wikidoc.org)
Immune responses to non-protein antigens are generally poorly or enhanced by adjuvants and there is no system memory. (wikidoc.org)
Mollusk hemocyanins have biomedical uses as carriers/adjuvants and nonspecific immunostimulants with beneficial clinical outcomes by triggering the production of proinflammatory cytokines in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and driving immune responses toward type 1 T helper (Th1) polarization. (exeter.ac.uk)

Using bioinformatics, VAL will assist with the selection of the peptide antigen, identifying exposed, hydrophilic, flexible and immunogenic sites. (vertebrateantibodies.com)

Conjugation with Th epitopes can stimulate T cell-dependent immune system responses, such as for example antigen-specific B cell IgG and activation class switching. (lavoixdesrroms.org)
synthesis and peptide conjugation to a carrier protein. (vertebrateantibodies.com)
Peptide synthesis (at least 80% purity, quality control by HPLC, MS) and conjugation to the desired protein carriers. (vertebrateantibodies.com)
Conjugation of the PRP polysaccharide with protein carriers confers T-cell- dependent characteristics to the vaccine and substantially enhances the immunologic response to the PRP antigen. (cdc.gov)
The UGT content of cells and tissues is a major determinant of our response to those chemicals that are primarily eliminated by conjugation with glucuronic acid. (aspetjournals.org)
Conjugation of a peptide to another molecule, such as an immunogenic carrier protein or oligo has broad applications in immunological and molecular research. (nridigital.com)

The known synthetic peptide carrier, p458, provides significantly improved immunogenicity when provided as a multimeric conjugate comprising a plurality of peptide carrier units conjugated to each antigen. (justia.com)
These results demonstrate that the strong immunogenicity of an unedited tumour can be ascribed to expression of highly antigenic mutant proteins and show that outgrowth of tumour cells that lack these strong antigens via a T-cell-dependent immunoselection process represents one mechanism of cancer immunoediting. (nih.gov)

Thus, we studied the roles of Dectin-1, Dectin-2, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the hemocyanin activation of murine APCs, both in dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, using hemocyanins from Megathura crenulata (KLH), Concholepas concholepas (CCH) and Fissurella latimarginata (FLH). (exeter.ac.uk)

There are four different species and 47 antigenically distinct serotypes of Shigella, divided on the basis of differences in O antigen of their lipopolysaccharide which are S. dysenteriae (13 serotypes), S. flexneri (15 serotypes), S. boydii (18 serotypes), and S. sonnei (1 serotype). (biomedcentral.com)

In another preferred embodiment, one of the proteins is from the Choline Binding Protein family (CbpX), or CbpX truncates, or CbpX truncate-LytX truncate chimeric proteins. (allindianpatents.com)

Cytotoxic T cells are required for virus clearance, but Th2 cells have been implicated in enhanced pathology following RSV infection. (laeknabladid.is)

The conjugated vaccine is exposed to lymphocytes by antigen-presenting cells. (wikipedia.org)
This induces the B- lymphocytes to produce IgG immunoglobulins specific for the antigen. (wikidoc.org)
The identification of lymphocytes as the main cell type responsible for both cellular and humoral immunity started in the early 1950s with the emergence of cell culture techniques. (frontiersin.org)
A unique feature of delayed hypersensitivity is that T lymphocytes are mostly involved in the antihapten response, while in most experimentally induced hapten-carrier responses the hapten is recognized by B lymphocytes. (brainkart.com)
Although human CD20 has previously been described as functional selection marker and suicide gene after retroviral transfer to T lymphocytes, 9 , 10 the specificities of these T cells were unknown, and therefore a potential effect of CD20 on antigen-specific T-cell functions could not be investigated. (haematologica.org)

Shortly after the administration of the foreign protein, the host mounts a specific antibody response to clear the foreign substance. (medscape.com)
With the help of T cell derived factors, the antigen specific B cells produce a much enhanced antibody response. (bmj.com)
Splenocytes with best serum antibody response are fused with myeloma cell line. (vertebrateantibodies.com)

Several protein carriers have been used including tetanus toxoid (TT), diphtheria toxoid, mutant diphtheria toxin (CRM197), and the outer membrane protein of N meningitidis . (bmj.com)

A core genome analysis of Shigella species, pathogenic and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli , led to the selection of 234 predicted immunogenic Shigella antigens. (biomedcentral.com)
On the other hand, T cells constitute the main pathogenic effector cells in delayed hypersensitivity reactions ( 4 - 6 ). (frontiersin.org)

We measured the levels of these cytokines in relation to eotaxin and eosinophil production of the Eosinophil Cationic Protein in nasal secretion (N-ECP). (laeknabladid.is)
Total RNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells treated with the inflammatory cytokines IL-1b and TNFa. (laeknabladid.is)

The compositions and methods include immunogenic conjugates containing peptide carriers derived from heat shock protein 60 (HSP60). (justia.com)
Cell vaccine compositions comprising antigen presenting cells loaded with multimeric p458 conjugates are also provided. (justia.com)
By a pathway that has not been defined, the Langerhans cells of the epidermis take up the hapten carrier conjugates, and a sensitizing peptide is presented in association with MHC-II molecules. (brainkart.com)

Compared with normal cells, tumor cells secrete more exosomes, and the number of exosomes secreted by different tumor cells varies dramatically [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Exosomes were first described in 1981 as ATPase-containing vesicles exfoliated from cells and were found in various normal cells and tumor cells [ 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
The aim of adoptive T-cell therapy of cancer is to selectively confer immunity against tumor cells. (haematologica.org)
1 , 2 The anti-tumor effect of DLI is mediated by donor T cells recognizing allo-antigens on the malignant cells of the recipient. (haematologica.org)
Transfer of HSV-tk to DLI preserves the beneficial anti-tumor effect and allows in vivo elimination of donor T cells if severe GvHD occurs. (haematologica.org)

However, from the cellular perspective, after binding of hapten to a carrier protein and formation of the complexes that are processed inside Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) and presented as a stable hapten-peptide complex to the major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) settled in the tissues, an immune response will begin [13]. (biomedres.us)

An immunogenic composition comprising 2 S. pneumoniae recombinant proteins wherein one of the proteins is selected from the Poly Histidine Triad family (PhtX) at a dose of between 1-100 µg and optionally comprising an adjuvant. (allindianpatents.com)
Our recombinant nontoxic toxin analogues and derivatives were applied in studying of toxin interaction with cell surface, intracellular transport of DT and in determination of proHB-EGF expression level. (org.ua)
Most of our recombinant proteins are fluorescent derivatives of various DT and proHB-EGF. (org.ua)
Glycoconjugate synthesis, in particular expression of oligosaccharyltransferase PglB, strongly inhibited growth of E. coli cells after induction, making it necessary to separate biomass growth and recombinant protein expression phases. (biomedcentral.com)
The presented data demonstrate that glycosylated proteins can be produced in recombinant E. coli at a larger scale. (biomedcentral.com)

There are 90 known serotypes of pneumococci, and the capsule is the principle virulence determinant for pneumococci, as the capsule not only protects the iimer surface of the bacteria from complement, but is itself poorly immunogenic. (allindianpatents.com)

When the antigen and antibody molecules are present in approximately equal molar ratios (slight antigen excess), known as the zone of equivalence, cross-linking and lattice formation occur forming intermediate and large immune complexes. (medscape.com)
Conjugate vaccine technology, where a polysaccharide antigen is coupled chemically to a protein carrier, either by direct linkage or by indirect coupling via diamino spacer molecules, can render the PS specific immune response T cell dependent. (bmj.com)
They are small molecules that become immunogenic only when they are combined with larger carrier proteins [9,10]. (biomedres.us)
They are a mixture of immunoglobulin molecules secreted against a specific antigen , each recognising a different epitope . (wikidoc.org)
MW) chemicals interact with host cells and molecules and In our daily life, we are confronted with a plethora of natural influence biologic processes such as signal transduction. (cdc.gov)

Linkers also ensure that the number of nicotine haptens available for binding to B cells is optimal. (wikipedia.org)

Classic serum sickness is now rarely seen because the use of foreign proteins is limited to antitoxins such as those used to treat botulism, diphtheria, rabies , and snake, scorpion, and spider venom. (medscape.com)
The classic syndrome is caused by immunization of the host by heterologous serum proteins. (medscape.com)
Large amounts of antigen exposure can lead to widespread deposition of complement-fixing immune complexes and the clinical presentation of serum sickness. (medscape.com)
Classic serum sickness can be induced by antithymocyte globulin (ATG), a heterologous serum protein generated by immunization of horses or rabbits with human thymic tissue. (medscape.com)
These antigens were expressed and probed with acute and convalescent serum from microbiologically confirmed Shigella infections. (biomedcentral.com)
serum pools and individual sera from HCMV-infected patients recognized this particular protein intensively in immunoblot assays. (microbiologyresearch.org)
EBV-transformed B cells (EBV-LCL) were cultured in IMDM (Cambrex, Verviers, Belgium) with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS). (haematologica.org)
T-cell clones were stimulated every 10-14 days with irradiated allogeneic PBMC and phyto-hemagglutinin in IMDM with 5% human serum (HS), 5% FBS and 100 IU/mL IL-2 as previously described. (haematologica.org)

However, only high molecular weight antigens, which are called immunogens, can stimulate immune responses [8]. (biomedres.us)
Such antigens by themselves are generally poor immunogens. (wikidoc.org)

A central tenet of cancer immunoediting is that T-cell recognition of tumour antigens drives the immunological destruction or sculpting of a developing cancer. (nih.gov)
We provide an overview of the data supporting different models of T-cell recognition of drugs and chemicals and discuss speculative models addressing the origin of drug/chemical responsive naive T cells. (frontiersin.org)

A common denominator of the sensitiz-ing compounds is the expression of reactive groups, such as Cl, F, Br, and SO 3 H, which en-able them to bind covalently to the carrier protein. (brainkart.com)
Since the carrier protein is autologous, it would be expected that the sensitizing peptide contained the covalently associated sensitizing compound. (brainkart.com)

We also demonstrate that cancer immunoediting of d42m1 occurs via a T-cell-dependent immunoselection process that promotes outgrowth of pre-existing tumour cell clones lacking highly antigenic mutant spectrin-β2 and other potential strong antigens. (nih.gov)

Two different periplasmic carrier proteins, AcrA from C. jejuni and a toxoid form of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin were glycosylated with Shigella O antigens in E. coli . (biomedcentral.com)

For example, the tyrosine kinase p56 (lck) is present in T-cells and is known to be required to initiate the activation response from the T-cell receptor (TCR) intracellular domain to other signaling proteins. (andreanagroup.com)

The primary strategy of developing an efficacious Shigella vaccine has been to elicit antibody responses targeting Shigella O-antigen [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The use of cationized BSA is known to elicit greater immunogenic response compared to normal BSA (1-3). (gbiosciences.com)
The ini-tial application leads to sensitization, a second application will elicit a delayed hypersensi-tivity reaction in the area where the antigen is applied. (brainkart.com)

Our small molecule synthesis program ties in with a platform for the development of modulators (Chemical Genetics) of the immune pathway to determine mechanistic insights of carbohydrate processing in the antigen presenting cell or dendrite cell. (andreanagroup.com)
Its protein localizes to the nucleus and has been shown to promote the stability and nuclear accumulation of a transcriptionally active p53 molecule and, in vitro, to phosphorylate Thr18 of p53 and reduce p53 ubiquitination. (thermofisher.com)
It is believed that these compounds couple spontaneously to an endogenous carrier protein, and as a result of this coupling the small molecule will act as a hapten, while the endogenous protein will play the role of a carrier. (brainkart.com)

In the self-adjuvanting vaccine technique, T-helper (Th) cell epitopes and innate immune system ligands are often conjugated as immunoenhancers. (lavoixdesrroms.org)
Due to the artificial nature of drug/chemical-T-cell epitopes, it is not clear whether thymic selection of drug/chemical-specific T cells is a common phenomenon or remains limited to few donors or simply does not exist, suggesting T-cell receptor (TCR) cross-reactivity with other antigens. (frontiersin.org)

From the chemical standpoint, the hapten is a low molecular weight chemical agent, that must bind to a large carrier protein to create a conjugate (Figure 1), before being detected by the immune system and eliciting an immunological response. (biomedres.us)
Nanovaccines can improve antigen presentation, targeted delivery, stimulation of the body's innate immune system, and a strong T-cell response without putting people at risk. (researchgate.net)
Researchers now understand how to leverage the strong safety profile of RNA as an easily metabolized transient carrier of genetic information instructing the body's immune system to produce proteins to deal with pathogens or damaged cells. (equities.com)
What results from the preceding steps is extended uptake and protracted exposure to the antigen or adjuvant combination to the immune system, eliciting a rapid, robust and sustained response to attack specific targets. (equities.com)

Using class I prediction algorithms, we identify mutant spectrin-β2 as a potential rejection antigen of the d42m1 sarcoma and validate this prediction by conventional antigen expression cloning and detection. (nih.gov)
Understanding this role has the potential to reveal efficient strategies not only for allergy diagnosis but also for prediction of the immunogenic potential of new chemicals. (frontiersin.org)
Prediction of protein conformation. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Prediction of protein antigenic determinants from amino acid sequences. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Nucleotide sequence of a human cytomegalovirus DNA fragment encoding a 67-kilodalton phosphorylated viral protein. (microbiologyresearch.org)

SARS-CoV-2 is composed of four essential structural proteins: the spike (S) glycoprotein, membrane (M) protein, envelope (E) protein, and nucleocapsid (N) protein, as well as multiple accessory and non-structural proteins 1 . (nature.com)
Non-structural proteins (NSP) are produced during viral replication. (ncl.edu.tw)

Here, we demonstrate that non-infectious SARS-CoV-2 VLPs can be successfully assembled by co-expressing three important viral proteins membrane (M), envelop (E) and nucleocapsid (N) in plants. (nature.com)

The linker is vital for linking the hapten to the carrier protein, providing the appropriate geometry for the binding of hapten to B cells. (wikipedia.org)

Also described are an isolated nucleic acid that encodes the immunogenic protein and a genetic construct comprising that isolated nucleic acid. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
This gene encodes a member of the vaccinia-related kinase (VRK) family of serine/threonine protein kinases. (thermofisher.com)
[ 4 ] The emm gene encodes the M protein. (medscape.com)

The carrier proteins used are all able to produce an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
Allergic reactions to drugs and chemicals are mediated by an adaptive immune response involving specific T cells. (frontiersin.org)
On one hand, drug-specific T cells provide the necessary help for mounting an effective B-cell response observed in immediate-type hypersensitivity reactions. (frontiersin.org)
However, attention has recently turned to the naive T-cell repertoire, since it may largely determine the efficacy of the induced immune response ( 22 ). (frontiersin.org)
It is well documented that oxidative damage of protein and DNA presents unique neoepitopes, which is one of the factors in antigen-driven autoimmune response in various diseases (Scofield et al . (scialert.net)

A series of studies have revealed that exosomes-mediated intercellular transfer of proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of HCC, hypoxia and angiogenesis, chemotherapy sensitivity, and cell death mode and regulates the immune microenvironment. (hindawi.com)
Regardless of the type or the physiological or pathological state of the originating cell, exosomes share common features as enriched with nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
A film detection method for tritium-labeled proteins and nucleic acids in polyacrylamide gels. (microbiologyresearch.org)

It was found that efficiency of glycosylation but not carrier protein expression was highly susceptible to the physiological state at induction. (biomedcentral.com)
Significant structural features of hemocyanins as a model antigen are their glycosylation patterns. (exeter.ac.uk)

Correspondence with low molecular weight chemicals that results in the priming of chemical-specific, Prof. Dr. Stefan F. Martin, Allergy Research skin-homing CD8+ Tc1/Tc17 and CD4+ Th1/Th17 cells. (cdc.gov)
On the other hand, DT represents a very interesting molecular machine which allows using this protein in different bioengineering applications, such as ablation of certain cell types in transgenic mice, development of immunotoxins targeted for specific cell markers and also for delivery of certain proteins into the cytosol. (org.ua)
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) purified from cell culture contains two dominant structural phosphoproteins with apparent molecular weights of 65000 and 150000, designated as pp65 and ppl50 respectively. (microbiologyresearch.org)

During 2010-2015 our researches were aimed at studying the interaction of diphtheria toxin (DT) with mammalian cells, as well as functions of DT receptor, the precursor of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor proHB-EGF. (org.ua)
B-subunit is composed of two domains: receptor domain or R-domain, which is responsible for binding to cell DT receptor, and transmembrane or T-domain, which is involved in the process of C-domain transfer in the cytosol across endosomal membrane. (org.ua)
The use of CD20 as suicide gene was investigated in CMV specific T cells and in T cells genetically modified with an antigen specific T-cell receptor. (haematologica.org)
CD20-transduced T cells with and without co-transferred T-cell receptor were efficiently eliminated by complement dependent cytotoxicity induced by therapeutic anti-CD20 antibody rituximab. (haematologica.org)
T-cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer is an attractive strategy for rapid in vitro generation of high numbers of antigen specific T cells. (haematologica.org)

A 64,000 dalton matrix protein of human cytomegalovirus induces in vitro immune responses similar to those of whole viral antigen. (microbiologyresearch.org)

In contrast to the other types of hypersensitivity reactions discussed above, type IV or de-layed hypersensitivity is a manifestation of cell-mediated immunity. (brainkart.com)
In other words, this type of hypersensitivity reaction is due to the activation of specifically sensitized T lym-phocytes rather than to an antigen-antibody reaction. (brainkart.com)
When guinea pigs are immunized with egg albumin and ad-juvant, not only do they become allergic, as discussed earlier, but they also develop cell-mediated hypersensitivity to the antigen. (brainkart.com)

VWF is a complex glycoprotein that works as a carrier for factor VIII. (medscape.com)

TLR4, but Neither Dectin-1 nor Dectin-2, Participates in the Mollusk Hemocyanin-Induced Proinflammatory Effects in Antigen-Presenting Cells from Mammals. (exeter.ac.uk)

Due to their secretory functions, differentiation capabilities, specific homing effects through chemotaxis, distinctive therapeutic potentials, and ex vivo expandability, cells have become an attractive reagent for advanced therapeutic strategies. (biomedcentral.com)

Intravacc's OMV platform is scalable and allows rapid and efficient modification of the antigen composition, either through genetic modification of the bacterial host or by associating antigens with stored OMVs. (mytwintiers.com)

Anatomy20

Organisms23

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs137

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment35

Phenomena and Processes37

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

Health Care4

Antibodies24

Vaccines25

Induce10

Highly immunogenic2

Peptides13

Polysaccharides5

Receptors8

Vaccine antigens1

Adjuvants5

Peptide antigen1

Conjugation6

Immunogenicity2

Dendritic cells1

Lipopolysaccharide1

Chimeric1

Enhanced pathology1

Lymphocytes5

Antibody response3

Tetanus toxoid1

Pathogenic2

Cytokines2

Conjugates3

Tumor5

APCs1

Recombinant5

Poorly1

Molecules5

Haptens1

Serum8

Immunogens2

Recognition2

Covalently2

Clones1

Toxoid1

Intracellular1

Elicit3

Molecule3

Epitopes2

Immune system4

Prediction4

Fragment1

Structural proteins2

Viral proteins1

Binding of hapten1

Encodes3

Response5

Nucleic acids3

Glycosylation2

Molecular3

Receptor5

Induces1

Hypersensitivity3

Glycoprotein1

Proinflammatory1

Differentiation1

Bacterial1