• To identify genes that can functionally substitute for oncogenic RAS, we systematically expressed 15,294 open reading frames in a human KRAS-dependent colon cancer cell line engineered to express an inducible KRAS-specific shRNA. (nih.gov)
  • Primary mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking Cip1 and Kip1 genes encoding inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase-2 were used to further explore the effects of oncogenic Ras on arrest of the cell division cycle. (ku.dk)
  • Therefore, in the absence of p16(INK4a), p21(Cip1), and p27(Kip1), oncogenic Ras affects the functions of genes required for completion of the cell cycle. (ku.dk)
  • Imbalance of genes B-RAF, K-RAS, e PTEN were evaluated. (fapesp.br)
  • Genetic alterations were used to propose a new molecular classification for cutaneous melanomas, based upon differentially expressed proteins and genes such as B-RAF, K-RAS, cyclin D1 e CDKN2A. (fapesp.br)
  • General objective: To evaluate the cell-cycle proteins, the supressor genes and oncogenes in acral lentiginous melanomas. (fapesp.br)
  • Because mutations in genes encoding chromatin remodelling proteins have been implicated in KRAS-mediated PDAC, we investigated whether loss of chromatin remodeler ɑ-thalassemia, mental-retardation, X-linked (ATRX) affects oncogenic KRAS's ability to promote PDAC. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Mammalian ras genes substitute for the yeast RAS gene, and their products activate adenylate cyclase in yeast cells, although the direct target protein of mammalian ras p21s remains to be identified. (fujita-hu.ac.jp)
  • We investigated by real-time quantitative RT-PCR the expression profile of a panel of genes important in cell cycle regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By contrast, somatic alterations in the genes encoding Notch signaling components drive various types of human cancer, such as breast cancer, small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) ( 6 - 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Oncogenes are mutated genes that play a role in cancer formation. (alliedacademies.org)
  • When protooncogenes are altered or amplification occurs as a result of DNA damage (such as carcinogen exposure), the proteins produced by these genes might affect the cell's development, proliferation, and survival, potentially leading to the creation of a malignant tumour. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Proto-oncogenes are regular genes in our bodies that assist regulate cell division, growth, and even death rates. (alliedacademies.org)
  • To begin with, mutations are important in transforming proto oncogenes to oncogenes and inactivating tumour suppressor genes. (alliedacademies.org)
  • The discovery that oncogenes are mutated forms of normal cell genes (proto-oncogenes) drew attention to proto-oncogenes' roles in normal cells and the nature of the molecular changes that turn proto-oncogenes into oncogenes [ 2 , 3 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Completely unregulated expression of oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes has been studied extensively in tumour growth for centuries. (alliedacademies.org)
  • I. DISCOVERY OF ras GENES ras oncogenes were first recognized as the transforming genes of Harvey and Kirsten murine sarcoma viruses (Ha-MSV, Ki-MSV). (cshmonographs.org)
  • The genes encoding p21 proteins are now referred to as ras genes (from rat sarcoma genes). (cshmonographs.org)
  • In addition, Kevetrin increased expression of p53 target genes such as p21 (Waf1), an inhibitor of cell cycle progression. (shu.edu)
  • structural genes encode proteins that are not involved in gene regulation. (cret-signal.com)
  • Dysregulation of PI3K/AKT can be triggered by activating mutations in a variety of genes, including RAS, PIK3CA , and AKT1, as well as by inactivation of PTEN . (medscape.com)
  • The gene product stimulates the GTPase activity of normal RAS p21 but not its oncogenic counterpart. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cancer cells that express oncogenic alleles of RAS typically require sustained expression of the mutant allele for survival, but the molecular basis of this oncogene dependency remains incompletely understood. (nih.gov)
  • Together, these findings implicate transcriptional regulation of EMT by YAP1 as a significant component of oncogenic RAS signaling. (nih.gov)
  • Oncogenic Ras induces p19ARF and growth arrest in mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 without activating cyclin D-dependent kinases. (ku.dk)
  • lt;div class="textblock">Oncogenic Ras induces two products of the INK4a/ARF tumor suppressor locus (p16(INK4a) and p19(ARF)) in primary human and rodent fibroblasts, ultimately leading to a permanent state of cell cycle arrest resembling replicative senescence. (ku.dk)
  • Immortalized rodent fibroblast cell lines that lack INK4a/ARF function, ARF alone, or p53 are resistant to the growth inhibitory effects of oncogenic Ras and instead continue to proliferate and undergo morphological transformation. (ku.dk)
  • Although early passage primary fibroblast strains that lack both p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip1) fail to assemble cyclin D-dependent kinases, oncogenic Ras retained its ability to induce p19(ARF), but not p16(INK4a), protecting Cip/Kip-null cells from proliferating and undergoing transformation. (ku.dk)
  • The hypothesis was that deletion of Atrx in pancreatic acinar cells will increase susceptibility to injury and oncogenic KRAS. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Tumors form often when oncogenic expression is induced by tissue-specific promoters in genetically modified mouse models, but they regress when the inducing stimulus is turned off, implying that oncogenes are cancer's Achilles' heel (allowing the body to target the disease). (alliedacademies.org)
  • This novel cancer model is consistent with the fact that, in human malignancies, all malignant cells carry the same beginning oncogenic genetic mutations, regardless of cellular heterogeneity within the tumour [ 1 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
  • 1980). Therefore, it was concluded that the p21 gene was the oncogene of Ha-MSV and Ki-MSV (and other closely related viruses) and that this oncogene was derived from a proto-oncogenic form present in normal cells. (cshmonographs.org)
  • In primary mammalian cells oncogenic induces premature senescence depending on an active MEK-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. (molecularcircuit.com)
  • Therefore oncogenic provokes premature senescence by activating the MEK-ERK and MKK3/6-p38 pathways in normal primary cells sequentially. (molecularcircuit.com)
  • These studies have got described the molecular occasions inside the signaling cascade that result in premature senescence and therefore have provided brand-new insights into how confers oncogenic change in major cells. (molecularcircuit.com)
  • Oddly enough the AP24534 power of oncogenic to induce premature senescence depends upon the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway that mediates cell proliferation (36). (molecularcircuit.com)
  • Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox effector factor 1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a multifunctional protein that is essential in activating oncogenic transcription factors. (oncotarget.com)
  • Due to the role of oncogenic transcriptional activators NFĸB and STAT3 in survivin protein expression, and APE1/Ref-1 redox activity regulating their transcriptional activity, we assessed selective inhibition of APE1/Ref-1's redox function as a novel method to halt prostate cancer cell growth and survival. (oncotarget.com)
  • Mutations leading to changes in the binding sites of either protein are associated with basal cell carcinomas. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
  • In non-small cell lung cancer, KRAS mutations have been shown to identify a group of patients that do not respond to EGFR targeted therapies and the identification of these mutations is thus clinically important. (nih.gov)
  • We tested 3 different cell lines with known KRAS mutations and then examined the sensitivity of mutation detection with the cell lines using 189 bp and 92 bp amplicons spanning codons 12 and 13. (nih.gov)
  • We then screened for KRAS mutations in 30 non-small cell lung cancer biopsies that had been previously sequenced for mutations in EGFR exons 18-21. (nih.gov)
  • Known KRAS mutations in cell lines (A549, HCT116 and RPMI8226) were readily detectable using HRM. (nih.gov)
  • The shorter 92 bp amplicon was more sensitive in detecting mutations than the 189 bp amplicon and was able to reliably detect as little as 5-6% of each cell line DNA diluted in normal DNA. (nih.gov)
  • Nine of the 30 non-small cell lung cancer biopsies had KRAS mutations detected by HRM analysis. (nih.gov)
  • 7. Correlate the immunohistochemical, FISH and mRNA expression of cyclin D1, p16, CCDN1e PTEN, K-RAS and B-RAF mutations with histopathology and clinical behaviour. (fapesp.br)
  • [ 3 ] Café au lait macules may be a marker for RASopathies, disorders related to RAS mutations. (medscape.com)
  • First, pre-leukemic mutations, such as t(8;21) that encodes AML1-ETO, are acquired within the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment, while signaling pathway mutations, including KRAS activating mutations, are late events acquired during transformation of leukemic progenitor cells and are rarely detectable in HSC. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Loss‑of‑function NOTCH1 mutations are early events during esophageal tumorigenesis, whereas gain‑of‑function NOTCH1 mutations are late events during T‑cell leukemogenesis and B‑cell lymphomagenesis. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • A proto-oncogene is a gene that becomes an oncogene, a gene that has the potential to cause cancer, through mutations or an increase in expression. (shu.edu)
  • As a result of such mutations, p21-RAS becomes locked in its active conformation, leading to the constitutive activation of the protein and tumor development. (medscape.com)
  • Mutations occur rarely, and in order for a cell to become cancerous - this is calculated for human fibroblasts - about 100 divisions must occur (this number of divisions usually occurs in a person at about the age of 40) [5]. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • these appear to be mutually exclusive with RAS mutations. (medscape.com)
  • Metformin (MTF) has been reported to target NLK (Nemo-like kinase) to inhibit non-small lung cancer cells. (cancerindex.org)
  • This kinase is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression and G1/S transition. (cancerindex.org)
  • This kinase, as well as CDK4, has been shown to phosphorylate, and thus regulate the activity of, tumor suppressor protein Rb. (cancerindex.org)
  • Regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by protein kinases A and C in a cell-free system. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Previously pp60v-src, cyclin A, p39mos, and maturation-promoting factor (composed of Cdc2 and cyclin B) have been shown to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and MAPK kinase (MEK) in cell-free extracts of Xenopus oocytes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Here we show that protein kinase C (PKC) is also able to stimulate MAPK in a Ras-dependent manner, but PKC is not necessary for signaling by pp60v-src. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In addition, preincubation of extracts with cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) blocks stimulation of MAPK by cyclin, p21V12ras, PKC, or pp60v-src, by at least 50%, but stimulation by c-Mos is unaffected. (ox.ac.uk)
  • B-Raf-dependent regulation of the MEK-1/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in PC12 cells and regulation by cyclic AMP. (wikidata.org)
  • Acquisition and Loss of a Neuronal Ca(2+)/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase during Neuronal Differentiation. (epa.gov)
  • Nuclear and Axonal Localization of Ca(2+)/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type Gr in Rat Cerebellar Cortex. (epa.gov)
  • Cell-cycle-regulated activation of Akt kinase by phosphorylation at its carboxyl terminus. (musc.edu)
  • The p85 isoform of the kinase S6K1 functions as a secreted oncoprotein to facilitate cell migration and tumor growth. (musc.edu)
  • Forced expression of NBPF1 in HEK293T cells resulted in a G1 cell cycle arrest that was accompanied by upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 CIP1/WAF1 in a p53-dependent manner. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Canonical Notch signaling activates the transcription of BMI1 proto‑oncogene polycomb ring finger, cyclin D1, CD44, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A, hes family bHLH transcription factor 1, hes related family bHLH transcription factor with YRPW motif 1, MYC, NOTCH3, RE1 silencing transcription factor and transcription factor 7 in a cellular context‑dependent manner, while non‑canonical Notch signaling activates NF‑κB and Rac family small GTPase 1. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • We have identified a novel pathway that directs Lyn/Src family tyrosine kinase signals to the invadopodia to regulate sarcoma cell invasion via the molecule AFAP-1-like-1 (AFAP1L1), a new member of the AFAP (actin filament-associated protein) family. (nature.com)
  • Through its interaction with Vav2, AFAP1L1 regulates Rac activity and downstream control of PAK1/2/3 (p21-activated kinases) phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC) kinase and MLC2. (nature.com)
  • These data define a novel pathway that directs Lyn/Src family tyrosine kinase signals to sarcoma cell invadopodia through specific recruitment of Vav2 and Nck2 to phosphorylated AFAP1L1, to control cell migration and invasion. (nature.com)
  • p21 (RAC1) activated kinase 1 [Source:HGNC. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • They further link to the activation of protein kinase C- (PKC-) induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 6 , 7 ], which further mediates the activation of downstream transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κ B). Thus, the main treatments of DN refer to modulate glycemic and blood pressure through insulin and RAS inhibitors. (hindawi.com)
  • Although the senescent cells remain viable, they show typical changes with enlarged and flattened cell bodies, apoptosis resistance, increased activity of senescence-associated β -galactosidase (SA- β -gal), and upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors including p16 INK4A , ARF proteins, and p21 [ 13 - 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Bae KM, Wang H, Jiang G, Chen MG, Lu L, Xiao L. Protein kinase C epsilon is overexpressed in primary human non-small cell lung cancers and functionally required for proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer cells in a p21/Cip1-dependent manner. (famri.org)
  • Chemical genetics reveals the requirement for Polo-like kinase 1 activity in positioning RhoA and triggering cytokinesis in human cells. (famri.org)
  • Relationship between Ras and Raf-1 qualified AP24534 prospects towards the sequential activation from the MAP kinase kinases (MAPKKs) MEK1 and MEK2 as well as the MAPKs extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2. (molecularcircuit.com)
  • It has been reported that lung cancer cells exhibit upregulated expression of all key glycolytic enzymes [hexokinase 2 (HK2), phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase (PK)] ( 13 ), suggesting that the essential enzymes of the aerobic glycolytic pathway have a critical role in the development of lung carcinoma. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • There is a superfamily of ras p21/ras p21-like small GTP-binding proteins (small G proteins) with GTPase activity. (nii.ac.jp)
  • The Rab family of small GTP-binding proteins has long been implicated in the docking and fusion of transport vesicles with their target membranes. (embl.de)
  • Guanine nucleotide exchange factors ("GEFs") stimulate the dissociation of the GTP hydrolytic product, GDP, from small GTP-binding proteins, to promote the binding of a new GTP molecule. (justia.com)
  • What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
  • It has been hypothesized that inactivation of the RASSF1A tumor suppressor facilitates K-RAS-mediated transformation by uncoupling it from apoptotic pathways such as the Hippo pathway. (cancerindex.org)
  • These results suggest that independent pp60v-src and PKC pathways converge at Ras and that PKA acts to block MAPK activation by both Ras-dependent and -independent signals. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In eukaryotic cells, protein transport through the secretory and endocytic pathways is mediated by vesicular intermediates. (embl.de)
  • Stable monoubiquitinated form of wild type p53, accumulates in the cytoplasm and interacts with BAK or BAX proteins in mitochondria to induce apoptosis Thus Kevetrin activates both transcription dependent and transcription independent pathways to promote apoptosis. (shu.edu)
  • Additionally, scientists have found that this relationship is an important part of a number of complex cellular signaling cascade pathways, including Ras, β-catenin, myc, Rb, and many more. (shu.edu)
  • Determined by the notion of oncogene addiction, however, hepatoma cells such as HEP3B expressing pX could in concept have larger basal amounts of ERK1/2 and AKT activity which would in turn make them additional vulnerable to cell death processes following inhibition of these signal transduction pathways by 17AAG and MEK1/2 inhibitor publicity. (cret-signal.com)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • However, in recent years, there has been increasing evidence that metformin exerts its anticancer effects through the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of tumor cell mitochondria, and metabolic pathways based on metformin targeting have only recently become the focus of intensive research. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Decreased expression of NBPF1 in neuroblastoma cell lines with loss of 1p36 heterozygosity and the marked decrease of anchorage-independent clonal growth of DLD1 colorectal carcinoma cells with induced NBPF1 expression further suggest that NBPF1 functions as tumor suppressor. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Isoforms of Wilms' tumor suppressor gene (WT1) have distinct effects on mammary epithelial cells. (famri.org)
  • What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the CMGC family of serine/threonine protein kinases. (cancerindex.org)
  • A mutation in this gene resulting in reduced cell proliferation, and impaired cell motility and polarity, and has been identified in patients with primary microcephaly. (cancerindex.org)
  • The gene encodes for neurofibromin, which is a GTP-ase activating protein that downregulates cellular proto-oncogene, p21-ras. (medscape.com)
  • Cell cycle analysis revealed a loss of quiescence in HSC co-expressing Aml1-ETO and K-RasG12D, accompanied by an enrichment in E2F and Myc target gene expression and depletion of HSC self-renewal-associated gene expression. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The ras-related ypt protein is an ubiquitous eukaryotic protein: isolation and sequence analysis of mouse cDNA clones highly homologous to the yeast YPT1 gene. (embl.de)
  • The YPT1 gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae codes for a guanine nucleotide-binding protein which is essential for cell viability. (embl.de)
  • Using as hybridization probe cloned yeast YPT1 gene sequences, we have isolated from cDNA libraries prepared from RNA of mouse F9 and C3H10T1/2 cells several overlapping cDNA clones with identical sequence in the regions of overlap. (embl.de)
  • The cDNAs were derived from a gene, designated ypt1, which codes for a protein of 205 amino acids with 71% homology to the yeast YPT1 gene product. (embl.de)
  • Two mRNAs of 1600 and 3200 nucleotides, originating from the mouse ypt1 gene and differing in the length of their 3'-non-translated region, were identified in mouse F9 cells and in all mouse tissues examined. (embl.de)
  • A yeast gene encoding a protein homologous to the human c-has/bas proto-oncogene product. (embl.de)
  • The number of encoded NBPF/DUF1220 repeats varies from 4 to 52 copies, depending on the gene member and the NBPF1 protein has 7 repeats [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An instance of an oncogene is the HER2 gene, which creates the HER2 protein. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Extra copies of this gene may result in an overabundance of HER2 protein, causing cells to proliferate faster. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Third, reverse transcription is responsible for the insertion of oncogenes into retroviral genomes as well as some proto-oncogene and tumour suppressor gene alterations in non-virus induced cancers. (alliedacademies.org)
  • The gene for Ha-MSV p21 was mapped to the region of viral DNA known to be of cellular origin. (cshmonographs.org)
  • In 1986, the NF2 gene was mapped to chromosome 22, and in 1993, two groups independently isolated the gene and named its encoding protein merlin or schwannomin. (bmj.com)
  • Programmable DNA binding proteins have emerged as an exciting platform for engineering synthetic transcription factors for modulating endogenous gene expression 5 - 11 . (cdc.gov)
  • Mutant K-RAS has been shown to have both tumor-promoting and -suppressing functions, and growing evidence suggests that the RASSF family of tumor suppressors can act as RAS apoptosis and senescence effectors. (cancerindex.org)
  • Taken together, our findings indicate that SS18-SSX-mediated attenuation of an EGR1-PTEN network regulates synovial sarcoma cell survival, and that HDAC inhibitor-mediated apoptosis operates at least in part through reactivation of this pathway. (nature.com)
  • Our results indicate that blocking overactivation of Rho after SCI protects cells from p75 NTR -dependent apoptosis. (silverchair.com)
  • When GTP is bound, for instance, Ras proteins can interact with effectors and other molecules to affect cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. (justia.com)
  • Tumour cells acquire the ability to proliferate uncontrollably, resist apoptosis, sustain angiogenesis and evade immune surveillance. (researchgate.net)
  • Finally, alternative splicing microarrays containing apoptosis targets were incubated to verify whether pre-mRNAs other than H-Ras could also present a similar hairpin loop structure regulated by p68 RNA helicase. (lidsen.com)
  • A key feature of prostate cancer progression is the induction and activation of survival proteins, including the Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) family member survivin. (oncotarget.com)
  • With aging, the cell stops dividing: it does not respond to growth factors and becomes resistant to apoptosis. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • The pp60v-src pathway is dependent on a functional Ras signal whereas the cyclin/maturation-promoting factor pathway is not. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Inhibitors of histone deacetylase (HDAC) restore the p53 pathway in neuroblastoma cells. (nature.com)
  • There is some redundancy among the 11 Ypt proteins, and only those involved in the biosynthetic pathway are essential for cell viability. (embl.de)
  • Possible biological interactions between the differentially regulated proteins were investigated with the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis tool. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Considering the signaling pathway of TGFβ1 (an inhibitor of iNOS mRNA expression), silencing of RNA for TAK-1 upregulates membrane-bound fractalkine tripartite motif 28 (TRIM28)/transcriptional intermediary factor 1β (TIF1β) functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase and specificity protein 1 negatively regulate TGFβ1 levels to upregulate the generation of peroxynitrite, leading to increased shedding of membrane-bound fractalkine via SP/NK1R signaling. (scientificarchives.com)
  • The Raf MEKl/2 ERKl/2 pathway exerts cytoprotective actions in a wide assortment of transformed cell sorts which has bring about the improvement of various pharmacologic inhibitors from the pathway, including inhibitors of Ras farnesylation and geranylgeranylation, the multikinase and Raf inhibitor Sorafenib plus the MEK1/2 inhibitors PD184352, PD0325901 and AZD6244. (cret-signal.com)
  • More potent MEK1/2 inhibitors with superior pharmacokinetic traits are now undergoing clinical evaluation and encouragingly our current research demonstrated that AZD6244 and 17AAG had been competent to interact in the synergistic trend to destroy tumor cells through an extrinsic pathway dependent mechanism. (cret-signal.com)
  • Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum, a human skin colonizer, induces the canonical nuclear factor-kappaB inflammatory signaling pathway in human skin cells. (nationaljewish.org)
  • It is thought that activation from the MAPK pathway provides cells with constitutive mitogenic indicators indie of extracellular stimuli (7). (molecularcircuit.com)
  • Constitutive activation of the pathway induces p53 p21 and p16 and leads to early senescence. (molecularcircuit.com)
  • The MEK-ERK pathway when activated by transforms cells. (molecularcircuit.com)
  • Previous studies have demonstrated that glycolysis inhibitors reduce the proliferation of non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells by interfering with the aerobic glycolytic pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • However, the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway in tumor cells has also been implicated in lung cancer metabolism. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In the 1920s, Otto Heinrich Warburg discovered that cancer cells, unlike normal cells, use the glycolytic pathway to obtain energy for growth even in the presence of oxygen, which is a phenomenon known as 'aerobic glycolysis' or the Warburg effect ( 9 ), and aerobic glycolysis is a common metabolic phenotype in NSCLC ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The elevated expression of p53 leads to greater stability, which also induces the regulatory protein Mdm2. (shu.edu)
  • Our study demonstrates that survivin and APE1/Ref-1 are significantly higher in human prostate cancer specimens compared to noncancerous controls and that APE1/Ref-1 redox-specific inhibition with small molecule inhibitor, APX3330 and a second-generation inhibitor, APX2009, decreases prostate cancer cell proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest. (oncotarget.com)
  • Acting as a suppressor of RAS function, the protein enhances the weak intrinsic GTPase activity of RAS proteins resulting in the inactive GDP-bound form of RAS, thereby allowing control of cellular proliferation and differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulators (GDSs, or exchange factors), such as RALGDS, are effectors of Ras-related GTPases (see MIM 190020) that participate in signaling for a variety of cellular processes. (cancerindex.org)
  • The Rho family of GTP-binding proteins has been implicated in the regulation of various cellular functions including actin cytoskeleton-dependent morphological change. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • The small protein ubiquitin plays a vital role in virtually all aspects of cellular life. (intechopen.com)
  • Microinjection of a p38-encoding plasmid into NIH 3T3 fibroblasts led to down-regulation of cyclin D1 expression and cell cycle arrest at G1 (40). (molecularcircuit.com)
  • Progression through the cell cycle is driven by the oscillating activity of Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs). (intechopen.com)
  • The accumulation of both Cyclin and CKI proteins is tightly regulated at the level of transcription. (intechopen.com)
  • In addition, Cyclin and CKI proteins are controlled at the level of their destruction. (intechopen.com)
  • Cell-intrinsic depletion of Aml1-ETO-expressing pre-leukemic hematopoietic stem cells by K-Ras activating mutation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Regardless of mutation type or allelic loss, the loss of expression of the NF2 protein, merlin, appears to be universal in schwannomas. (bmj.com)
  • Accidental (not diagnostic) x-ray exposure may influence both occurrence and pattern of ras mutation. (medscape.com)
  • We have purified and characterized several GDP/GTP exchange proteins (GDP dissociation stimulator (GDS) and GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI)) and GTPase activating Proteins (GAP) for small G proteins. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Furthermore, inhibition of endogenous PKA by the heat-stable PKA inhibitor is sufficient to stimulate MAPK activity in these extracts in the absence of protein synthesis and without dependence on a functional Ras protein. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In this study, we report a central role of the transcription factor, early growth response-1 (EGR1), in the regulation of HDAC inhibitor-induced apoptotic cell death in synovial sarcoma. (nature.com)
  • Even further scientific studies might be necessary to find out definitively no matter whether HBV contaminated hepatoma isolates are far more sensitive towards the 17AAG and MEK1/2 inhibitor drug mixture than people lacking pifithrin a transforming HBV proteins. (cret-signal.com)
  • The role of proto-oncogenes in normal cell growth and differentiation, as well as the idea that oncogene proteins could be used as new targets for cancer chemotherapy, are both current research topics that are direct outgrowths of Howard's important contributions to cancer research. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Despite the fact that proto-oncogenes are expressed in all cells, including immune cells, abnormalities in proto-oncogenes have been thoroughly characterised and analysed mostly in tumour cells. (alliedacademies.org)
  • In human lung tumors, combined activation of K-RAS and inactivation of RASSF1A is closely associated with the development of the most aggressive and worst prognosis tumors. (cancerindex.org)
  • The use of C3 transferase to inactivate Rho in primary neurons plated on various types of inhibitory proteins and dominant-negative Rho-expressing PC-12 cells provides direct evidence that the inactivation of Rho results in neurite outgrowth on inhibitory substrates. (silverchair.com)
  • Cas9 nuclease can be converted into an RNA-guided DNA binding protein (dCas9) via inactivation of its two catalytic domains 12 , 13 and then fused to transcription activation domains. (cdc.gov)
  • The present invention relates to diagnosing abnormal cell proliferation in biological samples and screening for drugs which inhibit, reduce or abolish cell growth, especially tumorigenic cell growth, by detecting a phosphovariant isoform of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor biomarker, such as the novel GEF-H1S. (justia.com)
  • Thus, existing techniques and current knowledge have not used nor addressed the interactions of GEF-H1 with other proteins as a means by which cell proliferation can be controlled or the detection and treatment of cancerous, tumorigenic cells and tissues be developed. (justia.com)
  • Activated ERK2 and ERK1 promote cell proliferation. (molecularcircuit.com)
  • During cell growth and proliferation, ubiquitin plays an outsized role in promoting progression through the cell cycle. (intechopen.com)
  • Notably, the G1/S boundary represents a major barrier to cell proliferation and is universally dysfunctional in cancer cells, allowing for the unbridled proliferation observed in malignancy. (intechopen.com)
  • Tissue regeneration occurs due to the proliferation of stem cells, which can not only divide, but also differentiate into cells of the tissue whose regeneration is taking place. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • The guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Dbl targets Rho family proteins thereby stimulating their GDP/GTP exchange, and thus is believed to be involved in receptor-mediated regulation of the proteins. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Furthermore, senescent cells, with the secretory features known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), could produce proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein1 (MCP-1), to greatly affect the neighboring cells [ 17 , 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Old Cells in Young Airway Smooth Muscle: Does Neonatal Senescence Cause Lifelong Airway Obstruction? (nationaljewish.org)
  • One of them is the replicative aging of cells (senescence), which consists in the irreversible stopping of cell division at the G1 stage of the cell cycle. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • Neuronal differentiation and cell-cycle programs mediate response to BET-bromodomain inhibition in MYC-driven medulloblastoma. (cancerindex.org)
  • Evidence is accumulating that small G proteins are involved in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. (nii.ac.jp)
  • We have found that the levels of smg p21 mRNA increase in hematopoietic leukemiae cells after their differentiation into hematopoietic cells. (nii.ac.jp)
  • We have also found that smg p25A is mainly detected inneural tissues by use of its specific monoclonal antibody, and that the levels of smg p25A mRNA increase in PC12 cells after their differentiation into neuron-like cells. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Although the GTPase switch of Rab proteins is highly conserved, functional mechanisms may be highly diversified among members of the Rab family. (embl.de)
  • Growth inhibitory proteins in the central nervous system (CNS) block axon growth and regeneration by signaling to Rho, an intracellular GTPase. (silverchair.com)
  • Results: Mice lacking Atrx showed more progressive damage, inflammation, and acinar-to-duct cell metaplasia in response to injury relative to wild-type mice. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In combination with KRASG12D, Atrx-deficient acinar cells showed increased fibrosis, inflammation, progression to acinar-to-duct cell metaplasia, and pre-cancerous lesions relative to mice expressing only KRASG12D. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These results suggest that smg p21 and smg p25A can be used as potential tumor markers for tumors derived from hematopoietic and neural tissues, respectively. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Phase III clinical trials of Rova‑T for patients with small‑cell lung cancer and a phase III clinical trial of nirogacestat for patients with desmoid tumors are ongoing. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Mdm2 is a proto-oncogene that is amplified in approximately 7% of cancers and is frequently seen in soft tissue tumors. (shu.edu)
  • Recent findings, however, indicate that their function in vesicle trafficking can go beyond this role, and a number of proteins, unrelated to each other, have been identified as putative Rab effectors. (embl.de)
  • Among the established custom DNA binding domains, Cas9 is most easily scaled to facilitate genome-scale perturbations 3 , 4 due to its simplicity of programming relative to zinc finger proteins and transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs). (cdc.gov)
  • 1998). p21(WAF1) is required for butyrate-mediated growth inhibition of human colon cancer cells. (nature.com)
  • Protein levels of CDKN1A -encoded p21 CIP1/WAF1 were determined by western blotting and the importance of p53 was shown by immunofluorescence and by a loss-of-function approach. (biomedcentral.com)
  • PD184352 has undergone clinical evaluation in phase I and phase II trials involving individuals with superior malignancies and inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation in tumor tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells was observed at increased drug doses indicating that reaching wanted pharmacodynamic results in vivo was possible. (cret-signal.com)
  • Like all members of the Ras superfamily, the Rho proteins cycle between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound conformational states. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • In addition, proteome analysis of NBPF1-overexpressing DLD1 cells identified 32 differentially expressed proteins, of which several are implicated in carcinogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In particular, the transcriptional coactivator YAP1 rescued cell viability in KRAS-dependent cells upon suppression of KRAS and was required for KRAS-induced cell transformation. (nih.gov)
  • Initially, two observations prompted the present study: i) previous results revealed down-regulation of p68 RNA helicase resulting from overexpression of the IDX hairpin loop in HeLa cells, and ii) the secondary structure of the IDX hairpin loop resembles pri-miRNAs, implying that an miRNA could be processed from the hairpin loop-containing pri-miRNA and regulate 68 RNA helicase. (lidsen.com)
  • This is due to irregularities in the regulation of cell division and an increased frequency of mutagenesis in actively dividing cells. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • Here, we describe the first transgenic mouse model for activation of K-RAS in the lung in a RASSF1A-defective background. (cancerindex.org)
  • Activation of Rho proteins through release of bound GDP and subsequent binding of GTP, is catalysed by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) in the Dbl family. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • In situ Rho-GTP detection revealed that both neurons and glial cells showed Rho activation at SCI lesion sites. (silverchair.com)
  • Application of a Rho antagonist (C3-05) reversed Rho activation and reduced the number of TUNEL-labeled cells by ∼50% in both injured mouse and rat, showing a role for activated Rho in cell death after CNS injury. (silverchair.com)
  • The proto-oncogene family members encodes little GTP binding proteins that transduce development indicators from cell surface area receptors in response to extracellular stimuli (1 6 37 Prior studies have recommended that aberrant activation of is certainly a crucial stage during tumorigenesis. (molecularcircuit.com)
  • Its activity is directed by intracellular signals mediated by various types of receptors such as G protein-coupled receptors. (embl-heidelberg.de)
  • Recent data indicate that these three inhibitory proteins bind to the same neuronal receptor, the Nogo-66 receptor (NgR), but there are additional inhibitory proteins in the CNS that act through different receptors. (silverchair.com)
  • NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3 and NOTCH4 are cell surface receptors that transduce juxtacrine signals of delta-like canonical Notch ligand (DLL)1, DLL3, DLL4, jagged canonical Notch ligand (JAG)1 and JAG2 from adjacent cells ( 1 - 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Protease-activated receptors (PARs) and the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. (scientificarchives.com)
  • G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of cell membrane receptors. (scientificarchives.com)
  • Small-molecule inhibitors, antagonistic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), bispecific antibodies or biologics (bsAbs) and chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-Ts) targeting Notch signaling components have been developed as investigational anti-cancer drugs ( 10 - 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The Role of Membraneembedded DUOX2 on Ectodomain Shedding via G protein-coupled Receptor Signaling. (scientificarchives.com)
  • 56 squasmous cell carcinoma and 7 normal tissues. (100md.com)
  • No protein was found in normal tissues. (100md.com)
  • The positive H-ras staining rates were 0% , 52.5% , 52.2% and 73.2% in nomal tissues, malignant change group, nonmalignant one and cancer, respectivly. (100md.com)
  • Currently, clinical trials are underway of drugs that selectively eliminate old cells in organs and tissues, thereby preventing degenerative changes in organs and cancer. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • In our body, there are renewing tissues in which there is a pool of constantly dividing cells that replace spent or dying cells. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • Stem cells that exist in almost all organs and tissues are able to divide indefinitely. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • Stem cells are present in the myocardium, in the brain (in the hypocampus and in the olfactory bulbs) and in other tissues. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • Studying protein-protein interactions involving Rasd1 may provide insights into its biological functions in different contexts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It has been reported that under certain biological conditions p38 AP24534 can negatively AP24534 regulate cell growth. (molecularcircuit.com)
  • Second, both strongly transforming retroviruses and non-virus induced malignancies, including human cancers, contain comparable oncogenes. (alliedacademies.org)
  • STAT proteins - especially STAT3 and STAT5 - regulate all of these processes and are persistently activated in a surprisingly large number of human cancers. (researchgate.net)
  • Finally, restoration of EGR1 or PTEN expression is sufficient to induce synovial sarcoma cell death. (nature.com)
  • The activity of CDKs is controlled by their binding to coactivator subunits termed Cyclins, as well as by CDK inhibitory proteins termed CKIs. (intechopen.com)
  • AFAP1L1 is a novel adaptor protein of the AFAP family that interacts with cortactin and localizes to invadosomes. (nature.com)
  • Of note, however, is the fact that 17AAG and MEK1/2 inhibitors interact to destroy pancreatic carcinoma cells. (cret-signal.com)
  • Therapeutic approaches that target the metabolism of tumor cells have been a popular research topic in recent years. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Given the vast differences in metabolism between healthy and tumor cells, there is hope that selective targeting of tumor metabolism may be achieved while limiting toxicity to healthy tissue. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The most striking and characteristic metabolic alteration in cancer cells is anomalous glucose metabolism and cancer cells tend to utilize glycolysis to obtain energy even under aerobic conditions via a process called 'aerobic glycolysis' ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • It turned out that old cells, on the one hand, act as tumor suppressors (since they irreversibly stop dividing themselves and reduce the risk of transformation of surrounding cells), and on the other hand, the specific metabolism of old cells can cause inflammation and degeneration of neighboring precancerous cells into malignant ones. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • The SYT protein involved in the t(X;18) synovial sarcoma translocation is a transcriptional activator localised in nuclear bodies. (nature.com)
  • Thus it can be inferred from our findings that the alternative splicing exon IDX from H-Ras, coupled with the immediately downstream intron sequences, may contain an ncRNA. (lidsen.com)
  • In order to determine whether prognosis of laryngeal dysplasia is related to expression of p53, H-ras. (100md.com)
  • One protein that has been identified to bind to and regulate the renin enhancer is Ear2 [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Publications] Sasaki,T.: 'A mammalian inhibitory GDP/GTP exchange protein(GDI)for smg p25A is active on the yeast SEC4 protein. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Mostafa MM, Bansal A, Michi AN, Sasse SK, Proud D, Gerber AN , Newton R. Genomic determinants implicated in the glucocorticoid-mediated induction of KLF9 in pulmonary epithelial cells. (nationaljewish.org)
  • In this research project, we have investigated the C-terminal structures of small G proteins, purified the regulatory proteins for small G proteins, and made monoclonal antibodies against small G proteins and their regulatory proteins. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Among these regulatory proteins, we have cloned the cDNAs of smg p21 GDS, smg p25A GDI, and rho GDI, and made monoclonal antibodies against them. (nii.ac.jp)
  • these antibodies reacted with a 21,000-dalton phosphoprotein (p21) produced by Ha-MSV transformed cells. (cshmonographs.org)
  • Ali MA, Choy H, Habib AA, Saha D. SNS-032 prevents tumor cell-induced angiogenesis by inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor. (famri.org)
  • Publications] Kaibuchi,K.: 'Molecular cloning and characterization of the stimulatory GDP/GTP exchange protein(GDS)for smg p21s,ras p21ーlike small GTPーbinding proteins. (nii.ac.jp)
  • Molecular profiling in non-small cell lung cancer: a step toward personalized medicine. (uchicago.edu)
  • We demonstrated that NBPF1 exerts different tumor suppressive effects, depending on the cell line analyzed, and provide new clues into the molecular mechanism of the enigmatic NBPF proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In recent years, molecular mechanisms of cell aging, their connection with oncological diseases and inflammation have been discovered. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • Immunohistochemical Detection of P21 'ras' and P110 'myc' Oncogene Expression in Regenerating Rat Liver. (epa.gov)
  • Oncogene expression and their possible function in immune cell abnormalities during carcinogenesis and tumour growth, however, have not even been adequately investigated [ 4 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
  • The phenomenon of field cancerization (the existence of histologically abnormal tissue beyond a neoplastic area that predisposes to tumour formation) was described in the 1950s on the basis of analyses of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). (researchgate.net)
  • Poincloux R, Lizarraga F, Chavrier P . Matrix invasion by tumour cells: a focus on MT1-MMP trafficking to invadopodia. (nature.com)
  • Such cells exist in the crypts of the intestine, in the basal layer of the skin epithelium, in the bone marrow (hematopoietic cells). (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • Method: The avidin biotin peroxidase method was used to detect the p53, H-ras protein in 63 cases of dysplasia (40 cases of whom developed into cancer after 4 years follow-up. (100md.com)
  • LC-MS/MS analysis was used to investigate the proteome of DLD1 colon cancer cells with induced NBPF1 expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Notch signaling is aberrantly activated in breast cancer, non‑small‑cell lung cancer and hematological malignancies, such as T‑cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and diffuse large B‑cell lymphoma. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • However, Notch signaling is inactivated in small‑cell lung cancer and squamous cell carcinomas. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Notch signaling cascades crosstalk with fibroblast growth factor and WNT signaling cascades in the tumor microenvironment to maintain cancer stem cells and remodel the tumor microenvironment. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Oncogenes and their perception to cancer. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Scientific study has clearly proven the importance of oncogenes in human cancer over the last five decades. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Many efforts have been undertaken to understand the causal function of activated oncogenes in cancer formation since their discovery in human tumours. (alliedacademies.org)
  • All of this research has demonstrated that oncogene expression is essential not just for cancer development but also for disease maintenance, keeping oncogenes in the spotlight as important anti-cancer treatment targets. (alliedacademies.org)
  • Consequently, STAT proteins are emerging - unexpectedly - as ideal targets for cancer therapy. (researchgate.net)
  • The relationship between p53 and Mdm2 has been shown to be vital to the normal functioning of the human cell, and also has other implications in cancer. (shu.edu)
  • The effect of hairpin loop overexpression on cell growth and cancer processes was also investigated by analyzing cell-cycle phases and miR-206 expression. (lidsen.com)
  • Invasion and metastasis are controlled by the invadopodia, which delivers matrix-degrading enzymes to the invasion interface permitting cancer cell penetration and spread into healthy tissue. (nature.com)
  • Weaver AM . Invadopodia: specialized cell structures for cancer invasion. (nature.com)
  • Because APE1/Ref-1 is expressed and elevated in prostate cancer, we sought to characterize APE1/Ref-1 expression and activity in human prostate cancer cell lines and determine the effect of selective reduction-oxidation (redox) function inhibition on prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo . (oncotarget.com)
  • There are primarily two types of lung cancer: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and SCLC, and the former accounts for ~85% of all lung cancer cases ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Certain metabolic alterations, also referred to as metabolic reprogramming, are commonly observed in tumor cells and are proposed to be hallmarks of cancer ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • FTC originates in follicular cells and is the second most common cancer of the thyroid, after papillary carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • Cancer Cell. (manchester.ac.uk)