• Some prohibit only cloning for reproductive purposes and allow the creation of cloned human embryos for research, whereas others prohibit the creation of cloned embryos for any purpose. (who.int)
  • Elaboration of an international convention against reproductive cloning of human beings has been under consideration in the United Nations since December 2001 when the subject was included in the agenda of the fifty- sixth session as a supplementary agenda item at the request of France and Germany. (who.int)
  • When the cloning process is used in this way, to produce a living duplicate of an existing animal, it is commonly called reproductive cloning. (eurostemcell.org)
  • In most countries, it is illegal to attempt reproductive cloning in humans. (eurostemcell.org)
  • Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient. (wikiquote.org)
  • Reproductive cloning is a process that has been around for a long time. (nyln.org)
  • What happens in reproductive cloning is that a duplicate copy of another organism is made. (nyln.org)
  • However, with reproductive cloning, same-sex couples no longer have to seek such methods because they can have a child that is truly their own. (nyln.org)
  • Many of these accurate definitions can also be used in bills and treaties concerning related issues, e.g., human embryonic stem cell research, human genetic engineering, abortion, the use of abortifacients, conscience clauses, IVF and other artificial reproductive technology research and regulation, etc. (lifeissues.net)
  • Note that each and every individual "loophole" discussed below that permits human cloning by default (and most bills have literally dozens of such loopholes) thus permits it for both "therapeutic" and for "reproductive" human cloning. (lifeissues.net)
  • … "human clone" means an embryo that, as a result of the manipulation of human reproductive material or an in vitro embryo, contains a diploid set of chromosomes obtained from a single - living or deceased - human being, fetus, or embryo. (hinxtongroup.org)
  • Cloning technology, however, is perceived as having the potential for reproductive cloning, which raises serious ethical and moral concerns. (who.int)
  • Reproductive cloning versus germ cell (egg, ovum). (who.int)
  • The most famous clone was a Scottish sheep named Dolly. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It became a hot topic in 1996 when Dolly the sheep was cloned via a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. (archstl.org)
  • Although many species produce clonal offspring in this fashion, Dolly, the lamb born in 1996 at a research institute in Scotland, was the first asexually produced mammalian clone. (who.int)
  • Somatic-cell nuclear transfer, the technique by which Dolly was created, was first used 40 years ago in research with tadpoles and frogs. (who.int)
  • Cloning, or somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), is the technique used to produce Dolly the sheep, the first animal to be produced as a genetic copy of another adult. (eurostemcell.org)
  • To produce Dolly, the cloned blastocyst was transferred into the womb of a recipient ewe, where it developed and when born quickly became the world's most famous lamb. (eurostemcell.org)
  • Dolly the sheep was famously cloned using this method in 1996. (livescience.com)
  • But it was the successful cloning of Dolly the Sheep in 1996 that made waves around the world for she was the first mammal to be created using the procedure. (nyln.org)
  • In the now-famous "Dolly" experiments, cells from a sheep (donor cells) were fused with unfertilized sheep eggs from another sheep (recipient cells) from which the natural genetic material was removed by microsurgery. (msdmanuals.com)
  • As expected, Dolly was an exact genetic copy of the original sheep from which the donor cells were taken, not of the sheep that provided the eggs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Therapeutic cloning, which creates embryonic stem cells . (medlineplus.gov)
  • In therapeutic cloning, the blastocyst is not transferred to a womb. (eurostemcell.org)
  • Another long-term hope for therapeutic cloning is that it could be used to generate cells that are genetically identical to a patient. (eurostemcell.org)
  • To date, no human embryonic stem cell lines have been derived using therapeutic cloning, so both these possibilities remain very much in the future. (eurostemcell.org)
  • Yet, human embryonic stem cell research has thus far been unsuccessful in the quest to develop any therapeutic treatments. (all.org)
  • Therapeutic cloning possesses enormous potential for revolutionizing medical and thera- peutic techniques. (who.int)
  • This is therapeutic cloning. (who.int)
  • This cell then has therapeutic cloning: the global the capacity to divide and grow into an exact replica of the original from whom the debate somatic cell was taken. (who.int)
  • The Catholic Church has always held that stem-cell research and therapies are morally acceptable, as long as they don't involve the creation and destruction of human embryos. (archstl.org)
  • Most human embryos reproduced by most human cloning techniques would actually be genetically unique -- i.e., having never existed before. (lifeissues.net)
  • It is further speculated that those who support human embryonic stem cell research are also seeking human embryos for the purposes of human cloning. (all.org)
  • The stem cells suits human needs, does not cause harm and can be obtained from both adult and fetal does not conflict with religious beliefs, it has tissues, umbilical cord and early embryos. (who.int)
  • Unicellular for those cells that are derived from human organisms are primed to replicate (clone) pre-embryos, which seem to have a high themselves by nature. (who.int)
  • 1. What types of animals have been successfully cloned? (scienceteacherprogram.org)
  • A decade later, an Asian carp was successfully cloned. (nyln.org)
  • Even an extinct animal, the Pyrenean ibex, was successfully cloned in 2009. (nyln.org)
  • Developments in biotechnology have raised new concerns about animal welfare, as farm animals now have their genomes modified (genetically engineered) or copied (cloned) to propagate certain traits useful to agribusiness, such as meat yield or feed conversion. (wikiquote.org)
  • Thus to use the phrase "of an existing or previously existing human being" to refer to the product of human cloning would not be a scientifically accurate description of the cloned or genetically engineered human embryo -- thus creating yet another loophole in the bill or treaty. (lifeissues.net)
  • The nucleus of an adult somatic cell (such as a skin cell) is removed and transferred to an enucleated egg, which is then stimulated with electric current or chemicals to activate cell division. (who.int)
  • if it implants and the pregnancy goes to term, the resulting individual will carry the same nuclear genetic material as the donor of the adult somatic cell. (who.int)
  • Scientists were initially interested in somatic-cell nuclear transfer as a means of determining whether genes remain functional even after most of them have been switched off as the cells in a developing organism assume their specialized functions as blood cells, muscle cells, and so forth. (who.int)
  • 3. What does the nucleus of a somatic cell contain that is necessary for this process? (scienceteacherprogram.org)
  • A process called somatic cell nuclear transfer, where the nucleus of a somatic cell is extracted and inserted into an egg that's had its nucleus removed. (nyln.org)
  • Scientists have cloned organisms before, generally by injecting the nucleus of a donor cell into an egg whose own DNA has been removed. (livescience.com)
  • As mentioned earlier, scientists were able to clone an extinct animal, the Pyrenean ibex. (nyln.org)
  • The con- is removed and replaced by a nucleus of cept of human cloning has long been in the another cell type, the stem cell will then imagination of many scientists, scholars and be reprogrammed to produce the product fiction writers [ 1 ]. (who.int)
  • Cloning describes the processes used to create an exact genetic replica of another cell, tissue or organism. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Researchers hope to use these cells to grow healthy tissue to replace injured or diseased tissues in the human body. (medlineplus.gov)
  • If there are intact cells in this tissue they have been 'stored' frozen. (wikiquote.org)
  • It is also our view that there are no sound reasons for treating the early-stage human embryo or cloned human embryo as anything special, or as having moral status greater than human somatic cells in tissue culture. (wikiquote.org)
  • A blastocyst (cloned or not), because it lacks any trace of a nervous system, has no capacity for suffering or conscious experience in any form - the special properties that, in our view, spell the difference between biological tissue and a human life worthy of respect and rights. (wikiquote.org)
  • Obtaining stem cells from fatty tissue, bone marrow, or the umbilical cord after the birth of a baby, on the other hand, may be done ethically. (all.org)
  • XI - embryonic stem cells: embryonic cells that are capable of modifying the cells of any organism tissue. (hinxtongroup.org)
  • Whether a cell used for a clone produces a specific type of tissue, a specific organ, or an entire organism depends on the potential of the cell-that is, how highly the cell has developed into a particular type of tissue. (msdmanuals.com)
  • For example, certain cells called stem cells have the potential to produce a wide variety of tissue types or even possibly an entire organism. (msdmanuals.com)
  • One of the greatest controversies triggered tissue, a stem cell encoding for heart tissue by the rapid pace of evolution in biology, will eventually develop into heart tissue particularly in genomics and biotechnology, and so on. (who.int)
  • The fact that the DNA of a fully differentiated (adult) cell could be stimulated to revert to a condition comparable to that of a newly fertilized egg and to repeat the process of embryonic development demonstrates that all the genes in differentiated cells retain their functional capacity, although only a few are active. (who.int)
  • 4. How are genes transferred from a sperm to an egg cell? (scienceteacherprogram.org)
  • 8. Draw a diagram of how genomic imprinting theoretically works to turn on a cell s ability to read genes. (scienceteacherprogram.org)
  • But epigenetic cloning takes a different tack, seeking to alter how a customer's genes are expressed rather than swapping out his or her entire genome. (livescience.com)
  • Gene Therapy Although gene therapy is defined as any treatment that changes gene function, it is often thought of as the insertion of normal genes into the cells of a person who lacks such normal genes because. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Genes and Chromosomes Genes are segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contain the code for a specific protein that functions in one or more types of cells in the body or the code for functional ribonucleic. (msdmanuals.com)
  • That's why Father Pacholczyk, director of education at the National Catholic Bioethics Center in Philadelphia, said that the efforts to help people understand the immorality of embryo reserch, including human cloning, must focus on humanizing the issue and appreciating our own embryonic origins, not just on the desired results of embryonic or other types of stem-cell research. (archstl.org)
  • The subject of human cloning has been around for much of the 20th century and beyond. (archstl.org)
  • A decade later, cloning came to the forefront in Missouri with the narrow passage of Amendment 2, a ballot initiative in 2006 that constitutionally protects embryonic stem-cell research and human cloning. (archstl.org)
  • The National Institutes of Health defines a human embryo as "the developing organism from the time of fertilization until the end of the eighth week of gestation. (archstl.org)
  • To date, some 35 countries have adopted laws forbidding human cloning. (who.int)
  • What are most recent developments in animal and human cloning? (scienceteacherprogram.org)
  • In this lesson, students act as research scientist and investigate the development of animal and human cloning. (scienceteacherprogram.org)
  • Explain to students that they will be acting as teams of research scientist preparing for a symposium on developments in human cloning. (scienceteacherprogram.org)
  • 1. What genetic information is required to clone a human or an animal? (scienceteacherprogram.org)
  • Claims that you could clone individual treatments of human beings to treat common diseases like diabetes, suggests you need a huge supply of human eggs. (wikiquote.org)
  • As such, some nations have banned human cloning because of the ethical issues that might arise. (nyln.org)
  • The sense of uniqueness, which is integral to the human race, is eliminated in clones. (nyln.org)
  • Although human cloning is not yet possible, concerns have been raised about "playing God," especially by religious groups. (nyln.org)
  • Such is the fate of two entire fields of academia intertwined in the current issue of human embryonic stem cell research. (lifeissues.net)
  • See Irving, "Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research: Are official positions based on scientific fraud? (lifeissues.net)
  • Surely one of the most critical issues before the world today is the issue of human cloning. (lifeissues.net)
  • The "pros" and "cons" of human cloning research have already been dealt with at length in the literature, so they will not be reviewed here. (lifeissues.net)
  • Rather, after having published analyses of dozens of state, national, federal and international legislative attempts to ban human cloning research, I simply wish to offer seriously considered suggestions for the use of scientifically accurate language and definitions to be used in such endeavors in order to prevent loopholes which would result in much human cloning not being really banned. (lifeissues.net)
  • Thus, e.g., leaving out certain human cloning techniques in a bill means that the bill will not ban the use of those forms of human cloning techniques -- and thus they will be allowed. (lifeissues.net)
  • A stem cell is a type of cell found throughout the body of all human beings. (all.org)
  • Obtaining stem cells from a human embryo is highly unethical. (all.org)
  • There is only one way to obtain stem cells from a developing human embryo, and it involves killing the embryo. (all.org)
  • There are those in the government and scientific community who say more money must be spent on human embryonic stem cell research because it holds the most promise for helping people with conditions such as Alzheimer's disease. (all.org)
  • Alzheimer's researcher Ned Potter said, however, that human embryonic stem cell research would not help the Alzheimer's patient at all. (all.org)
  • Contrary to the impression many people have, research involving human embryonic stem cells is not new. (all.org)
  • Therefore, it is speculated that those who support human embryonic stem cell research are clamoring loudly for taxpayer dollars because private companies know human embryonic stem cell research is neither worth their time nor their money. (all.org)
  • Human cloning is a reality, with human cloning experiments now being conducted-not by fictional wild-eyed rebels, but by credentialed experts working in some of the world's most respected institutions, some of which are publicly funded with tax dollars. (all.org)
  • The science fiction definition of "clone" suggests that the cloned organism would be an exact genetic copy of another creature-human or beast-created in the laboratory by any of a number of means. (all.org)
  • While stem cell research and human cloning are complex topics, the facts are readily available. (all.org)
  • For performing human cloning: Punishment by confinement from 2 (two) to 5 (five) years and fine. (hinxtongroup.org)
  • … "embryo" means a human organism during the first 56 days of its development following fertilization or creation, excluding any time during which its development has been suspended, and includes any cell derived from such an organism that is used for the purpose of creating a human being. (hinxtongroup.org)
  • Creating a human by cloning is widely seen as unethical, is illegal in many countries, and is technically difficult. (msdmanuals.com)
  • So long as this form of cloning (non-human) in different culture media. (who.int)
  • Using TCR alpha and beta repertoire sequencing for T-cell subsets, as well as single-cell RNAseq and TCRseq, we track the concentrations and phenotypes of individual T-cell clones in response to primary and secondary yellow fever immunization - the model for acute infection in humans - showing their large diversity. (elifesciences.org)
  • See "Review of Critical Article: Cobbe, 'Why the apparent haste to clone humans? (lifeissues.net)
  • Studies suggest that cloned higher animals (and thus humans) are more likely to have serious or fatal genetic defects than normally conceived offspring. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments ( molecular cloning ), cells (cell cloning), or organisms . (wikiquote.org)
  • The term applies not only to entire organisms but also to copies of molecules (such as DNA) and cells. (who.int)
  • The Mariposans had cloning machines capable of making fully-grown individuals, but I'm still not convinced they'd be exact copies. (startrek.com)
  • Most natural cloning occurs in those species that produce their descendants asexually, that is, without combining the male and female genetic material. (who.int)
  • Given that we have an efficiency of 1% cloning for livestock species and if only one in a thousand cells are viable then around 100,000 cells would need to be transferred. (wikiquote.org)
  • In the eight and a half millennia since the first crude attempts at gene-splicing on Old Earth, literally trillions of species of bioengineered organisms have been created, or have evolved from gengineered neogens . (orionsarm.com)
  • These range from the eternally young and cute Metaneko kitten to supercomputing bacteria to lickersucker domestic cleaners and grukovores that act as ecological maintenance machines, to say nothing of the billions of species of organisms designed or gengineered simply for the sake of bringing a new species into the galaxy. (orionsarm.com)
  • In sexual reproduction, clones are created when a fertilized egg splits to produce identical (monozygous) twins with identical genomes. (who.int)
  • Ever since, a number of mammals have been cloned - cows, pigs, cats and rhesus monkeys. (nyln.org)
  • it can occur in organisms that reproduce sexually and those that reproduce asexually. (who.int)
  • 3. What are some examples of organisms that reproduce asexually? (scienceteacherprogram.org)
  • In biology , cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria , insects or plants reproduce asexually . (wikiquote.org)
  • Beyond this scientific interest, the commercial concern in animal cloning focuses on replicating large numbers of genetically identical animals, especially those derived from a progenitor that has been modified genetically. (who.int)
  • In addition to low success rates, cloned animals tend to have more compromised immune function and higher rates of infection, tumor growth, and other disorders. (wikiquote.org)
  • Concerns have been raised even in animals as doubters worry about the implications of using a cloned animal in the food supply. (nyln.org)
  • Just like other cloned animals, the ibex presented health problems like physical defects in its lungs. (nyln.org)
  • Aneuploidy is an abnormality in the number of chromosomes in a cell due to loss or duplication. (genome.gov)
  • Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of cells that contain genetic information. (proprofs.com)
  • Nondisjunction in meiosis can lead to an abnormal number of chromosomes in the resulting cells, which is the cause of Down syndrome, Turner's syndrome, and Klinefelter's syndrome. (proprofs.com)
  • But with cloning, parents can get the exact same child by having genetic material from the first cloned. (nyln.org)
  • Then the genetic material from the donor cells was transferred into the unfertilized eggs. (msdmanuals.com)
  • More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce viable offspring. (wikiquote.org)
  • More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. (wikiquote.org)
  • So it is unlikely that the cells would be viable. (wikiquote.org)
  • Let's say that one in a thousand cells were nevertheless viable, practical issues come into play. (wikiquote.org)
  • The present report gives an overview of the terms and methods used in cloning and summarizes the debates in the General Assembly. (who.int)
  • This paper outlines the debates prompted through a reproduction mechanism involv- by progress in cloning research, with special ing male and female germ cells. (who.int)
  • The stem cells could be studied in the laboratory to help researchers understand what goes wrong in diseases like these. (eurostemcell.org)
  • Such "guidelines" will ensure that stem cell researchers are not treated poorly as was Hwang when he was eventually found guilty of falsifying his data. (lifeissues.net)
  • As mentioned earlier, clones tend to have several health issues. (nyln.org)
  • The Church also supports research and therapies using adult stem cells, which are cells that come from any person who has been born - including umbilical cord blood, bone marrow, skin and other organs. (archstl.org)
  • They then report their findings, both orally and visually, to their colleagues at a symposium on cloning research. (scienceteacherprogram.org)
  • Assign each group one of the following aspects of cloning-related topics to research using all available classroom resources. (scienceteacherprogram.org)
  • What is cloning, and what does it have to do with stem cell research? (eurostemcell.org)
  • This form of cloning is unrelated to stem cell research. (eurostemcell.org)
  • No harm comes to the person whose stem cells are obtained for research in such a fashion. (all.org)
  • On the other hand, research involving adult stem cells has not only been around for a long time, it has also been used successfully for decades! (all.org)
  • There are more than 70 diseases or conditions-including leukemia, immune system and other blood disorders, cancers, and autoimmune diseases-that respond well when adult stem cell therapy is used. (all.org)
  • When the nucleus of a stem cell has been the technique of cloning. (who.int)
  • Variants of reference strain A/SA-1 contained clones of Chlamydophila ompA , the gene that encodes MOMP, differentiate geno- abortus . (cdc.gov)
  • However, it appears that the ability of the In its simplest form, cloning is defined stem cells to transform is limited, except as the exact replication of cells. (who.int)
  • A clone is a group of genetically identical cells or organisms derived from a single cell or individual. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Trying to calculate how many times a DNA strand needs to be copied depends on things like the kind of cell it's in, the organism it's part of, and how old it is, but think about how many cells are in your body (about 37 trillion by some estimates) and you start to get some idea of how impressive that is. (startrek.com)
  • This is in contrast to the other options listed - Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Disease, and Colorblindness - which can all be present from birth or develop early in life. (proprofs.com)
  • Sickle cell disease is not caused by nondisjunction in meiosis. (proprofs.com)
  • It is a genetic disorder that results from a mutation in the hemoglobin gene, causing red blood cells to become sickle-shaped. (proprofs.com)
  • Uni- ic, murine, and translational studies, to advance our under- versity of California, San Francisco [UCSF] Cell Culture standing of chlamydial pathogenesis. (cdc.gov)
  • Some of the ingredients required to "epigenetically clone" Jesus Christ, as seen on display at Modernism gallery in San Francisco in October 2012. (livescience.com)
  • For example, the recipe for becoming Jesus Christ includes, among other things, some basic components of the Mediterranean diet of the time and substantial doses of omega-3 fatty acids (he likely ate a lot of fish), Keats told LiveScience back in October at the opening of the San Francisco branch of the Epigenetic Cloning Agency. (livescience.com)
  • The organism comprises 2 biovars, trachoma and lym- clones from recent clinical samples. (cdc.gov)
  • These biovars com- shotgun cell culture harvest assay for this purpose because we found that recent clinical samples do not form plaques. (cdc.gov)
  • According to scientific studies, only 5% of those cloned under clinical conditions have been considered successful. (nyln.org)
  • For example, stem cells could be generated using the nuclear transfer process described above, with the donor adult cell coming from a patient with diabetes or Alzheimer's. (eurostemcell.org)
  • Although twins are essentially clones, they formed through a natural process rather than an artificial one. (nyln.org)
  • However, an animal created through this technique would not be a precise genetic copy of the source of its nuclear DNA because each clone derives a small amount of its DNA from the mitochondria of the egg (which lie outside the nucleus) rather than from the donor of cell nucleus. (who.int)
  • First of all, does a clone actually count as a copy of you? (startrek.com)
  • You get the point, of course: no clone of me made with current technology could ever hope to be an exact copy of me as I am now. (startrek.com)
  • I'm going to take the position that the things you've seen and done make up some nonzero percentage of your personality, which means even if you could make a clone who was the same age as me instantly, he still wouldn't really be an identical copy. (startrek.com)
  • There are differences-so much so that despite the "exact copy" claim, the cloned organism is actually unique genetically. (all.org)
  • A clone is an exact replica of someone either living or dead. (nyln.org)
  • The have been applied to both the plant and ani- stem cells possess pluripotential charac- mal kingdoms without even stirring a ripple teristics, and can differentiate into various of concern in international conscience [ 2 ]. (who.int)
  • 6. Create an illustrated timeline showing the history of animal cloning. (scienceteacherprogram.org)
  • Keats is dedicating the Berlin office tonight with a reception that will serve a cocktail specially designed to create clones of himself. (livescience.com)
  • They used that material to create a clone but sadly it died shortly after it was born. (nyln.org)
  • The specificity of T-cells is determined by the T-cell receptor (TCR), a heterodimer of alpha and beta protein chains. (elifesciences.org)
  • Clones were strain-typed by using outer membrane protein by monoclonal antibodies that react to epitopes on the A and 16S rRNA sequences. (cdc.gov)
  • In a cell, antisense DNA serves as the template for producing messenger RNA (mRNA), which directs the synthesis of a protein. (genome.gov)