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The dimorphic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus is a model organism for studying the bacterial cell cycle. (csun.edu)
Transposon mutagenesis paired with deep sequencing of Caulobacter crescentus under uranium stress reveals genes essential for detoxification and stress tolerance. (csun.edu)
p)ppGpp modulates cell size and the initiation of DNA replication in Caulobacter crescentus in response to a block in lipid biosynthesis. (csun.edu)
2012. The Caulobacter crescentus ctrA P1 promoter is essential for the coordination of cell cycle events that prevent the overinitiation of DNA replication. (csun.edu)
From published experimental evidence, we propose a molecular mechanism for control of the cell division cycle in Caulobacter crescentus. (ebi.ac.uk)
The model accounts for important details of the physiology, biochemistry, and genetics of cell cycle control in stalked C. crescentus cell. (ebi.ac.uk)
Since many of the proteins involved in regulating the cell cycle of C. crescentus are conserved among many genera of a-proteobacteria, the proposed mechanism may be applicable to other species of importance in agriculture and medicine. (ebi.ac.uk)
Swarmer cells from wild-type C. crescentus were isolated and allowed to proceed synchronously through their 150-min cell cycle (Fig. 1A). (harvard.edu)
Our primary model organisms are Caulobacter crescentus, Escherichia coli and the Lyme disease pathogen Borrelia. (berkeley.edu)
Her pioneering studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying cell shape and cell polarity in Caulobacter crescentus , says Errington, "have helped change the way people think about bacteria. (the-scientist.com)
As a well-established model to study bacterial asymmetric cell division (ACD), Caulobacter crescentus produces a motile swarmer cell and a sessile stalked cell during each cell cycle. (nature.com)
In the pre-division cell stage, the polar localization of two distinct membraneless signaling complexes, particularly the phosphatase PleC and the kinase DivJ, coordinates to modulate the phosphorylation levels of a set of downstream signaling proteins (including the master regulator CtrA) and determinate the cell fate of C. crescentus . (nature.com)
In C. crescentus , the kinase DivJ is recruited to the stalked cell pole (old cell pole) through a PopZ-SpmX-DivJ sandwich, while the phosphatase PleC is localized to the swarmer cell pole (new cell pole) by the PodJ scaffold. (nature.com)
As a card-carrying cell biologist, Goley was next drawn to the fledgling field of bacterial cell biology and brought her expertise in eukaryotic cytoskeletal biochemistry to studying the cytoskeleton of Caulobacter crescentus as a postdoctoral researcher with Lucy Shapiro at Stanford University. (rupress.org)
Caulobacter crescentus dividing into a stalk daughter cell (top) and a motile daughter cell with a flagellum (bottom). (kenyon.edu)
Caulobacter crescentus is a single-celled, small bacterium that divides asymmetrically producing cells that differ in structure and function - it is an ideal model system for the mechanisms of asymmetric cell division and has been studied thoroughly. (kenyon.edu)
The genome of Caulobacter crescentus is structured in a circular chromosome and is comprised of 4,016,942 bp encoding for 3,767 genes. (kenyon.edu)
It was found that the C . crescentus genome encodes for more two-component signal transduction proteins that assist in cell cycle progression than any other bacterial genome sequenced so far. (kenyon.edu)

The rigidity of its cell wall determines the shape of a bacterium. (bioexplorer.net)
They are formed when the bacterium divides into two planes to form a square of four bacteria called a tetrad . (bioexplorer.net)

Its asymmetric cell division results in one swarmer and one stalked cell progeny. (csun.edu)
The polarization of distinct scaffold-signaling hubs at opposite cell poles constitutes the basis of asymmetric cell division. (nature.com)
By polarizing different cell fate determinants at opposite cell poles, asymmetric cell division that produces distinct daughter cells is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to generate cellular diversity in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. (nature.com)
Caulobacter is famous for its dimorphic life cycle: it has two primary cell types, a motile form called the swarmer and a sessile form called the stalked cell, and it produces one of each through an obligate asymmetric cell division. (rupress.org)

Caulobacter asymmetrically divides to produce a motile swarmer cell and a stalk cell. (kenyon.edu)

The mechanism, which is based on the synthesis and degradation of three ''master regulator'' proteins (CtrA, GcrA, and DnaA), is converted into a quantitative model, in order to study the temporal dynamics of these and other cell cycle proteins. (ebi.ac.uk)
CtrA is present in the shaded cells, where it represses DNA replication initiation and is cleared by proteolysis during the swarmer cell-stalked cell (G1-S) transition. (harvard.edu)
Bars below indicate timing of cell cycle functions (gray indicates a function controlled by CtrA). (harvard.edu)
This was studied by using the CtrA gene, which encodes for an important cell cycle regulatory protein. (kenyon.edu)

Laub MT, McAdams HH, Feldblyum T, Fraser CM, Shapiro L. Global analysis of the genetic network controlling a bacterial cell cycle. (harvard.edu)

Motile swarmer cells can not undergo DNA replication until they differentiate into stationary stalked cells. (csun.edu)
Motile, piliated swarmer cells differentiate into stalked cells at the G1-S transition by shedding their polar flagellum, growing a stalk at that site, losing the polar pili, and initiating DNA replication. (harvard.edu)

Progression of a cell through the division cycle is tightly controlled at different steps to ensure the integrity of genome replication and partitioning to daughter cells. (ebi.ac.uk)
So in December 1996, she joined the lab of Lucy Shapiro at Stanford University, where she spent four productive years exploring how Caulobacter coordinates its developmental program with cell-cycle progression. (the-scientist.com)
Caulobacter also uses DNA methylation as a regulatory mechanism in cell cycle progression. (kenyon.edu)
Several two-component signal transduction proteins are involved in the cell cycle progression by accumulating at one or both poles "in a spatial and temporal pattern that is reproduced during each cycle" (Jacobs-Wagner 2003). (kenyon.edu)

Caulobacter in contrast, as an alpha-proteobacteria, is closely related to human pathogenic bacteria, such as Brucella and Rickettsia . (csun.edu)
The stunning diversity observed in the cell biology of different bacteria, the dangerous rise in antibiotic resistance, and the importance of bacteria to human health both as pathogens and as integral components of our microbiota continue to affirm my original motivation to study fundamental aspects of bacterial cell biology. (rupress.org)
The cell wall, composed of peptidoglycan (PG), is the major cell shape determinant in most bacteria. (uni-marburg.de)
The main difference is that Gram-positive bacteria contain single-layered cell walls whereas, Gram-negative bacteria contain double-layered cell walls. (bioexplorer.net)
On average, the diameter of a spherical bacterial cell ranges between 0.5 and 2.0 µm and between 0.25 and 1 µm for rod-shaped or filamentous bacteria. (bioexplorer.net)
These bacteria are round, flattened cells adjacent to each other. (bioexplorer.net)
These bacteria are usually found in pairs as two joined cells. (bioexplorer.net)
This arrangement is formed when bacteria divide into three perpendicular planes forming packets of 8 or more cells. (bioexplorer.net)
Although many predator bacteria may lyse other bacteria, and many "micropredators" have been described, these Bdellovibrio-like organisms can grow without bacterial prey, and do not divide inside the periplasm. (eol.org)
They form endospores, thick-walled bodies formed within the vegetative cells of certain bacteria, able to withstand adverse environmental conditions for prolonged periods. (lookformedical.com)

It reproduces protein time courses in wild-type cells, mimics correctly the phenotypes of many mutant strains, and predicts the phenotypes of currently uncharacterized mutants. (ebi.ac.uk)
In order to analyze the cell cycle regulatory mechanisms and other mechanisms of Caulobacter , many mutant strains have been made and studied. (kenyon.edu)

Throughout the cell cycle, the chromosome progressively goes from being fully methylated to hemimethylated during DNA replication - this results in differential binding of regulatory proteins to activate or repress transcription. (kenyon.edu)

They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. (lookformedical.com)
Genome-level analyses for a subset of phylogenetically-related microorganisms suggests that disinfection selects for microorganisms capable of using fatty acids, presumably from microbial decay products, via the glyoxylate cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
In microorganisms, mercury toxicity results in protein denaturation, cell envelope disruption, inhibition of cell division and enzyme activities, destruction of nucleic acids, and transcription inhibition (Khan et al. (springeropen.com)

Matt Welch's purification of Arp2/3 as the host factor that nucleates actin on the surface of Listeria is one of Goley's all-time favorite experiments: "I love the concept that intracellular pathogens are the best cell biologists around and that we can learn so much about fundamental cell biology by discovering how they manipulate it to their advantage. (rupress.org)
Caulobacter lack intracellular organelles. (kenyon.edu)

Lack of this nutrient induce Caulobacter to dramatically elongate its stalk up to 30 times longer than those in phosphate-rich medium (Brun et al. (kenyon.edu)
We hypothesize that ovarian cancer cells will induce human ovarian TVM expression. (nih.gov)

When Caulobacter divides, it does so asymmetrically, producing daughter cells that have different fates. (the-scientist.com)
Caulobacter asymmetrically divides to produce two types of daughter cells that are functionally and structurally different. (kenyon.edu)

Our group studies the temporal and spatial mechanisms involved in bacterial physiology, with emphasis on chromosome dynamics, cell division, cell cycle regulation, cell morphogenesis and RNA biology. (berkeley.edu)
however, chromosome replication begins immediately in the daughter cell with the stalk and when the swarmer loses its tail (Stanford). (kenyon.edu)

Each swarmer cell will eventually differentiate into a stalk cell and begin the cycle again. (the-scientist.com)

Cell division yields distinct progeny, a swarmer cell and a stalked cell. (harvard.edu)
Once inside, elongation occurs and progeny cells are released within 4 hours. (eol.org)

It divides to replicate and then leaves via a final lysis of the host's cell wall and membranes. (eol.org)

Christine Jacobs-Wagner's studies of a bacterial species have changed how scientists think about cell shape and polarity. (the-scientist.com)

In this free swimming attack form after searching for prey using its pili, it burrows through the host outer membrane/ peptidoglycan cell wall and enters the periplasmic space . (eol.org)
[2] Using some of these molecules the Bdellovibrio creates a protective environment by reinforcing the peptidoglycan cell wall of the host in which it now dwells using amidases and transpeptidases . (eol.org)

The other daughter, the stalk cell, attaches itself to a rock. (the-scientist.com)
That stalk cell will grow and at some point divide to produce another swarmer. (the-scientist.com)
The cylindrical body of a stalk cell is approximately 0.7 micrometers in diameter and 2-3 micrometers in length. (kenyon.edu)
The swarmer cell, which has a flagellum, swims for about 30-45 minutes before shedding the flagellum and differentiating into a stalk cell. (kenyon.edu)

Now there's a whole new field of people who are working on bacterial cell biology using the same sorts of approaches used to study eukaryotes. (the-scientist.com)

Working with experts in protein chemistry, genetics, beta-lactamase biochemistry, cell wall synthesis, and medical microbiology - in Belgium, France, the United States, and Sweden - Jacobs-Wagner discovered a regulatory protein that can sense the peptidoglycans that accumulate when antibiotics disrupt cell wall synthesis, and then activate transcription of beta-lactamase, the enzyme that disarms the drugs. (the-scientist.com)

Stalked cells are competent for DNA replication and cell division. (csun.edu)
Molecular motors lie at the heart of biological processes from DNA replication to cell migration. (nih.gov)

Caulobacter also has several genes and clusters of genes that are essential for survival in habitats with poor nutrients. (kenyon.edu)

are simple single-celled organisms that lack organized nucleus and any chlorophyll pigments but they possess a rigid cell wall . (bioexplorer.net)
Most of which are small, unicellular organisms of various shapes equipped with rigid cell walls and often capable of locomotion in a liquid medium. (basicwaterscience.com)

A Data-Driven, Mathematical Model of Mammalian Cell Cycle Regulation. (ebi.ac.uk)
To develop a data-driven model of cell cycle regulation, we used contiguous, dynamic measurements over two time scales (minutes and hours) calculated from static multiparametric cytometry data. (ebi.ac.uk)
In Shapiro's laboratory, Goley used Caulobacter as a model system to investigate the role of the conserved tubulin-like GTPase, FtsZ, in orchestrating bacterial division ( 3 , 4 ). (rupress.org)
A new tumor model, combining human embryonic stem cells (ESC) and tumor cells, develops abundant human vessels. (nih.gov)
Finally, our preliminary data suggest that the ESC-ovarian tumor model has human tumor vascular cells. (nih.gov)
We hypothesize that the ESC ovarian tumor model, with human vascular cells, will provide an ideal microenvironment to support human stem cell growth. (nih.gov)
We therefore propose (3) to isolate ovarian tumor stem cells and grow them in vivo using the ESC ovarian cancer model. (nih.gov)
If successful, this will create a murine tumor model that nearly completely reproduces the human tumor microenvironment with human tumor stroma, vessels and tumor stem cells. (nih.gov)

a ) Examples of Shape index maps (SI) calculated from Phase Contrast, Bright Field and Fluorescence images of the same field of Myxococcus xanthus cells. (elifesciences.org)
In addition, since the SI keeps the shape information and not the intensity values, background objects that are of relatively low contrast (i.e. dead cells or debris) may be detected as cells. (elifesciences.org)
The obtained Jaccard score curves are the average of analyses conducted over three biological replicates and n = 763, 811, 799 total cells for Fluorescence, Phase Contrast and Bright Field, respectively (bands are the maximum range, the solid line is the median). (elifesciences.org)

One endospore arises in each vegetative cell by a process of free cell formation during which part of the cytoplasm is surrounded and cut off from the rest of the highly refractal and impermeable wall. (basicwaterscience.com)
The endospore may then be liberated by the disintegration of the remaining cytoplasm and the surrounding vegetative cell wall. (basicwaterscience.com)

Recently, a research team led by Wei ZHAO from the Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences proposed that the PodJ scaffold in the new cell pole forms biomolecular condensates with physiological functions via phase separation, which helps to establish and regulate the asymmetry of bacterial cells. (nature.com)
A CNN with U-net architecture was trained to segment the Shape Index Maps into cell body and contour of bacterial cells. (elifesciences.org)
Some of these areas could be falsely detected as bacterial cells. (elifesciences.org)

My laboratory will design and characterize molecular motor variants using a rapid testing cycle that relies on new instrumentation for high throughput single molecule tracking and manipulation assays. (nih.gov)

Upon inhibition of MreB with A22 or MP265, cells become increasingly spherical and eventually cease growing. (uni-marburg.de)
This bdelloplast is created as the host cell is modified to become spherical in shape. (eol.org)

So far research on spatiotemporal coordination of morphology and cell division has mainly focused on rod-shaped bacteri. (uni-marburg.de)
In the absence of both bactofilin para-logues BacA and BacB, H. neptunium cells adopt a severely distorted cell morphology with multiple and branched stalks. (uni-marburg.de)
Time-lapse microscopy of the double deletion mutant revealed that the first step which leads to loss of cell morphology is the relinquishment of the stalk as a reproductive organelle, which is unimpededly incorporated by the emerging bud. (uni-marburg.de)
In short, bactofilins play a vital role in the maintenance of PG incorporation at the stalked pole and consequently ensure proper cell morphology. (uni-marburg.de)
Cell morphology can include nitrogen-fixing heterocysts and/or resting cells called akinetes. (lookformedical.com)

Circles and "theta" structures in the cells represent quiescent and replicating chromosomes, respectively. (harvard.edu)

One daughter, the swarmer cell, grows a polar flagellum and swims off. (the-scientist.com)

2018 ). However, heavy metals with no known biological function such as mercury are very toxic to the cell. (springeropen.com)

People knew there was a connection between enzyme induction and cell wall breakdown," he says. (the-scientist.com)

distinctive in its predatory behavior: Bdellovibrios attack other Gram negative cells, penetrate their periplasm, multiply in their cytoplasm, and finally burst their cell envelopes to start anew. (eol.org)
The host cell is then rapidly killed allowing the passage of molecules from the interior of the host cytoplasm through to the periplasm freely, and the periplasm dwelling Bdellovibrio to feed. (eol.org)

Moreover, a negative regulation of PodJ phase separation by the old-cell-pole scaffold protein SpmX was observed. (nature.com)

Tumor vascular cells are critical for the growth of tumor stem cells, which reside within the vascular niche. (nih.gov)
One challenge with characterizing tumor stem cells has been finding appropriate conditions for in vivo growth. (nih.gov)

Like the blue-green algae, they show no microscopically observable localization of photosynthetic pigments within the cell (chloroplasts are absent). (basicwaterscience.com)

These are organisms whose cells are enclosed in membranes and possess a nucleus. (lookformedical.com)

Thus the stalk is lost, which leads to deregulation of cell wall biogenesis within the complete cell, generating amorphous cell bodies. (uni-marburg.de)
SI images retain the shape/curvature information of the intensities in a raw image through eigenvalues of the hessian of the image and an arctan function, creating the smooth areas corresponding to cell bodies and propagating noisy regions where there is no shape information. (elifesciences.org)

Erin Goley investigates how the microbial cytoskeleton controls cell growth and division. (rupress.org)

During cell division, a flagellum is placed at the pole opposite that of the stalk. (csun.edu)
As a result of this carefully orchestrated process, a flagellum is synthesized only when needed (just prior to cell division) and is placed at the pole opposite that of the stalk. (csun.edu)
SpmX inhibited PodJ condensate formation and impeded its cell-pole accumulation and client recruitment (Figure 1). (nature.com)
Both bactofilins localize dynamically at the future stalked pole throughout the cell cycle and within the stalk just adjacent to the tip and later at the future division site. (uni-marburg.de)

The arrangement of staphylococci resembles cells aggregating in a grape-like structure. (bioexplorer.net)
The arrangement of streptococcus resembles cells in chains attached. (bioexplorer.net)

We show that during budding the daughter cell incorporates part of the stalk belonging to the mother cell to complete its own growth. (uni-marburg.de)
The cell cycle of Caulobacter showing the two daughter cells, one with a stalk and one with a flagellum, that are different in function and structure. (kenyon.edu)

J Cell Biol (2017) 216 (3): 528-529. (rupress.org)

Over the past 10 years that success has played out in a handful of papers in Cell, Science, and other high-impact journals, where Jacobs-Wagner, now at Yale University, has showcased her award-winning work on bacterial physiology and development. (the-scientist.com)

Spirochaetes are unicellular organisms with highly flexible spiral cells. (basicwaterscience.com)

Anatomy5

Organisms6

Chemicals and Drugs17

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes25

Information Science3

Health Care1

Crescentus18

Bacterium2

Asymmetric cell div4

Motile swarmer cell1

CtrA4

Laub MT1

Swarmer cells2

Progression4

Bacteria10

Mutant strains2

Proteins1

Microorganisms3

Intracellular2

Induce2

Asymmetrically2

Chromosome2

Differentiate1

Progeny2

Replicate1

Species1

Peptidoglycan2

Stalk cell4

Biology1

Biochemistry1

Replication2

Nutrients1

Rigid2

Model8

Contrast3

Vegetative2

Bacterial cells3

High-throughput1

Spherical2

Morphology5

Chromosomes1

Polar flagellum1

20181

Enzyme1

Cytoplasm2

Regulation1

Stem Cells2

Localization1

Membranes1

Bodies2

Microbial1

Pole4

Arrangement2

Daughter2

20171

Physiology1

Unicellular1