• Chen, Z.S., Lee, K. and Kruh, G.D. (2001) Transport of Cyclic Nucleotides and Estradiol 17-Beta-d-glucuronide by Multidrug Resistance Protein 4. (scirp.org)
  • Several FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer)-based biosensors for intracellular detection of cyclic nucleotides have been designed in the past decade. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Cyclic nucleotides, like other nucleotides, are composed of three functional groups: a ribose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a single phosphate group. (pancreapedia.org)
  • A cyclic nucleotide, unlike other nucleotides, has a cyclic bond arrangement between the ribose sugar and the phosphate group. (pancreapedia.org)
  • There are two main groups of cyclic nucleotides: the canonical or well-established and the non-canonical or unknown-function cyclic nucleotides. (pancreapedia.org)
  • The two well-established cyclic nucleotides are adenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and guanine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP). (pancreapedia.org)
  • The non-canonical cyclic nucleotides include the purines inosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic IMP), xanthosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic XMP) and the pyrimidines cytidine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic cCMP), uridine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic UMP), and thymidine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cTMP) (145). (pancreapedia.org)
  • An overview of the non-canonical cyclic nucleotides is provided in Section V. (pancreapedia.org)
  • Cyclic nucleotides form when the phosphate group of the molecule of nucleotide triphosphate (ATP or GTP) is attacked by the 3' hydroxyl group of the ribose, forming a cyclic 3',5'-phosphate ester with release of pyrophosphate. (pancreapedia.org)
  • This cyclic conformation allows cyclic nucleotides to bind to proteins to which other nucleotides cannot. (pancreapedia.org)
  • Nitric oxide (NO) donors increase heart rate (HR) through a guanylyl cyclase-dependent stimulation of the pacemaker current I(f), without affecting basal I(Ca-L). The activity of I(f)is known to be enhanced by cyclic nucleotides and by an increase in cytosolic Ca(2+). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Upon binding of dsDNA, cGAS produces a cyclic di-nucleotide molecule, cGAMP. (monash.edu)
  • The interaction with the non-selective PDE (cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) was tested after three days. (scirp.org)
  • We used the carboxyl-terminal cyclic nucleotide binding domain of Plasmodium falciparum cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) flanked by different FRET pairs to generate two cGMP biosensors (Yellow PfPKG and Red PfPKG). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Cyclic GMP can directly stimulate If but it is ∼10-fold less potent than the 'physiological' If-gating nucleotide, cAMP. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A cyclase enzyme (lyase) catalyzes the formation of the cyclic nucleotide from its nucleotide triphosphate precursor ( Figure 1 ). (pancreapedia.org)
  • Cyclic nucleotide signaling can be initiated by two general mechanisms. (pancreapedia.org)
  • After a ligand binds to the GPCR, it activates a heterotrimeric G-protein, which is composed of three subunits: a guanine nucleotide binding α-subunit, and a βγ-heterodimer (98). (pancreapedia.org)
  • The end products of this catalytic reaction are a cyclic nucleotide (cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP) and a pyrophosphate group. (pancreapedia.org)
  • The major sensor of cytosolic double stranded (ds)DNA is the enzyme cGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase). (monash.edu)
  • Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a cytosolic dsDNA sensor in innate immunity. (grantome.com)
  • The activation of the cGAS-STING pathway by viral DNA results in the expression of type I interferons, a key family of antiviral cytokines. (grantome.com)
  • Our publication in PLoS Pathogens (2014) demonstrated that infection of conventional DCs with MVA, leads to the induction of type I IFN production that is dependent on the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS (cyclic GMP-AMP synthase) and its adaptor STING (stimulator of IFN genes). (mskcc.org)
  • Introduction The cGAS-STING DNA sensing pathway has emerged as a key component of the innate Fenretinide immune response that is important for antiviral immunity (1), contributes to specific autoimmune diseases (2), and mediates important aspects of antitumor immunity (3). (woofahs.com)
  • cGAS binds to double-stranded DNA and catalyzes the formation of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) (4, 5), a diffusible cyclic dinucleotide that activates the endoplasmic adaptor protein STING (6). (woofahs.com)
  • Nearly all studies on the cGAS-STING pathway involve the use of mice and mouse cells. (woofahs.com)
  • Second, unlike mouse cells, human cells possess a robust STING-independent DNA sensing pathway that is delayed relative to the cGAS-STING pathway. (woofahs.com)
  • The NPR2 gene encodes the natriuretic peptide receptor B (NPR-B) protein, also called guanylate cyclase B (GC-B). NPR-B is expressed in many tissues, including cells in the growth plates of growing bones. (childrenshospital.org)
  • These data suggest that there may be subtypes of the PGE1 receptor in this clone: a high-affinity receptor mediating cyclic AMP formation, and a low-affinity receptor mediating IP accumulation, cyclic GMP formation, and intracellular calcium mobilization. (shengsci.com)
  • Similar current changes after PKA activation were obtained from human embryonic kidney 293t cells transfected with the wild-type heat transducer protein vanilloid receptor 1 (VR-1). (jneurosci.org)
  • FGFR3 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that comprises an extracellular ligand-binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and 2 intracellular tyrosine kinase domains [ 8 ]. (e-apem.org)
  • Binding of various FGFs to FGFR3 induces receptor dimerization and transphosphorylation of tyrosine residues [ 9 ], leading to activation of several downstream signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades ( Fig. 1 ) [ 10 , 11 ]. (e-apem.org)
  • Extremely low frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields increase interleukin-2 (IL-2) utilization and IL-2 receptor expression in mitogen-stimulated human lymphocytes from old subjects [med. (emf-portal.org)
  • Mouse monoclonal to CD64.CT101 reacts with high affinity receptor for IgG (FcyRI), a 75 kDa type 1 trasmembrane glycoprotein. (researchensemble.com)
  • Elements previously from the legislation of myometrial activation are the oxytocin receptor, difference junction proteins connexin-43, voltage-gated calcium mineral stations, prostaglandin receptor subtypes, estrogen, transcription and cortisol elements c-Jun and c-Fos. (researchensemble.com)
  • One mechanism is the binding of an extracellular ligand to a transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). (pancreapedia.org)
  • The receptor protein has seven transmembrane α-helices connected by alternating cytosolic and extracellular loops. (pancreapedia.org)
  • Specific isoforms of PKC were inhibited by using inhibitors of the receptors for activated C-kinase (RACK), and in vivo viral-mediated gene-transfer was used to transfect neurons with dominant negative mutants (DNMs) of specific G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). (bath.ac.uk)
  • The increasing cGMP binds to regulatory binding sites for protein kinase G thereby activating the catalytic units that enable protein kinase G to reduce cytosolic Ca2+ levels needed for smooth muscle contraction within blood vessels.1,2 In addition, NO is also known to cause direct activation of Ca2+-dependent K+ channels resulting in a hyperpolarization and relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells that allow for increased blood flow. (trochetadalafil.com)
  • The ligand-binding site is in the extracellular domain and the cytosolic domain has a heterotrimeric G protein-binding site (127). (pancreapedia.org)
  • Nitric oxide mediates the indole acetic acid induction activation of a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade involved in adventitious root development. (bio-protocol.org)
  • NPR-B is activated by a small protein called CNP (C-type natriuretic peptide) and it, in turn, activates other proteins including PRGK2 (cyclic GMP dependent protein kinase 2). (childrenshospital.org)
  • Cyclic GMP activates cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), which in turn phosphorylates several proteins. (trochetadalafil.com)
  • Activated STING then serves Fenretinide as a platform for the inducible recruitment of the TBK1 kinase, which phosphorylates and activates the transcription factor IRF3, leading to the induction of the type I interferon mediated antiviral response (7). (woofahs.com)
  • Altogether, we are the first to demonstrate that NETs inhibition with Cl-amidine ameliorated neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and neurological deficits via STING-dependent IRE1α/ASK1/JNK signaling pathway after TBI. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This inhibition of cGMP conversion leads to 2 mg/kg, p.o. (sagepub.com)
  • However, studies evaluating the effects of PDE inhibition on prefrontal cortex-dependent cognition and in monkeys are rare. (springer.com)
  • In ventricular myocytes, NO can increase cAMP levels through a cGMP-dependent inhibition of PDE3. (ox.ac.uk)
  • PGE1 increased intracellular levels of total inositol phosphates (IP), cyclic GMP, cyclic AMP, and calcium ([Ca2+]i). (shengsci.com)
  • PGE1-mediated IP accumulation, cyclic GMP formation, and [Ca2+]i increase depended on both the concentration of PGE1 and extracellular calcium ions. (shengsci.com)
  • Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) is a new intracellular modulator of P2X3 receptors. (shengsci.com)
  • The present study investigated the role of calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) in interacti. (shengsci.com)
  • Calcium and calcium-dependent protein kinases are involved in nitric oxide- and auxin-induced adventitious root formation in cucumber. (bio-protocol.org)
  • These protein kinase interactions result in reduced intracellular calcium levels and a consequent relaxation of arterial and trabecular smooth muscle, leading to arterial dilatation, venous constriction, and the rigidity of penile erection. (trochetadalafil.com)
  • Many of these proteins take part in pathways that stimulate calcium mineral release (for instance, calcium-calmodulin G proteins signaling) and the forming of intracellular junctions, resulting in arousal of contractions. (researchensemble.com)
  • The potentiation was prevented in the presence of the selective PKA inhibitor PKI 14-22 , suggesting PKA-mediated phosphorylation of the heat transducer protein. (jneurosci.org)
  • The forskolin-induced current potentiation was greatly reduced in cells transfected with VR-1 mutants carrying point mutations at the predicted PKA phosphorylation sites. (jneurosci.org)
  • Furthermore, this increase in cGMP degradation is paralleled by the phosphorylation of phosphodiesterase type 5 at Ser-92. (rupress.org)
  • Thus, our data suggest that NO-induced desensitization of the cGMP response is caused by the phosphorylation and subsequent activity increase of phosphodiesterase type 5. (rupress.org)
  • In healthy individuals, nicotine improves memory impairment caused by sleep deprivation by enhancing the phosphorylation of calmodulin‑dependent protein kinase II, an essential regulator of cell proliferation and synaptic plasticity. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Even muscle contraction is certainly inhibited with the phosphorylation of myosin light-chain kinase with the cAMP-dependent proteins kinase. (researchensemble.com)
  • We discover heat shock protein HSPA8/HSC70 as a target for inducible phosphorylation in the DNA-PK antiviral pathway. (woofahs.com)
  • The first is by activation of guanylate cyclase, which promotes the conversion of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). (trochetadalafil.com)
  • In primates, including humans, the L -arginine-nitric oxide-guanylyl cyclase-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway is the key mechanism of penile erection (Figure 1). (trochetadalafil.com)
  • The interaction of NO with guanylyl cyclase causes a conformational change in this enzyme, which results in the catalytic production of 3′-5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate from guanosine 5′-triphosphate. (trochetadalafil.com)
  • Garg, U.C. and Hassid, A. (1989) Nitric Oxide-Generating Vasodilators and 8-Bromo-cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate Inhibit Mitogenesis and Proliferation of Cultured Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. (scirp.org)
  • MNU was dissolved im- (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) mediately before use in glacial acetic acid and water (pH into their intermediate inactive 50 derivatives and 5- 4.5-5). (sagepub.com)
  • Fertel and Weiss, 1976) therefore preventing the inactivation of the intracellular second messengers cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) by the respective PDE subtype(s). (biomedjournal.com)
  • Mechanistically, STING ligand 2′3′-cGAMP abolished the neuroprotection of Cl-amidine via IRE1α/ASK1/JNK signaling pathway after TBI. (biomedcentral.com)
  • cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1, alpha isozyme is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKG1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this work, we have revealed that early viral protein UBCv1, the only known conjugating enzyme encoded by a virus, modulates innate immune and inflammatory signaling. (mdpi.com)
  • Cl-amidine, 2′3′-cGAMP (an activator of stimulating Interferon genes (STING)), C-176 (a selective STING inhibitor), and Kira6 [a selectively phosphorylated inositol-requiring enzyme-1 alpha [IRE1α] inhibitor] were administrated to explore the mechanism by which NETs promote neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis after TBI. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Zinc helps to enhance the interferon type 1 response to the virus and participates in many regulatory pathways. (frontiersin.org)
  • Sexual arousal stimulates neural pathways that result in the release of NO from nerves and endothelial cells directly into the penis. (trochetadalafil.com)
  • Conclusions These outcomes implicate CA-074 Methyl Ester novel inhibtior the myometrium as an important regulator of endocrine hormone (cortisol and progesterone synthesis) and signaling pathways (cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP arousal) that immediate quiescence via the transcripitional upregulation of both book and previously linked regulators. (researchensemble.com)
  • While types distinctions in labor legislation have been noticed, a few common signaling elements and pathways have already been implicated as essential regulators across species. (researchensemble.com)
  • Several these regulators induce cyclic AMP (cAMP)- and cGMP-mediated signaling pathways. (researchensemble.com)
  • It is likely to act as a bioactive compound by exerting reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging activity and/or binding to specific proteins such as oxidative enzymes and transcriptional factors in signal transduction pathways. (rsc.org)
  • We examined the role of cGMP-dependent signaling pathways and intracellular Ca(2+)stores in mediating the positive chronotropic effect of NO donors. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The type I cGMP-dependent protein kinase (cGK) is one of the major pathways for the cGMP cascade and has been demonstrated to inhibit platelet aggregation, relax smooth muscle cells, and control cardiocyte contractility. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Finally, we tested whether the antiviral response to DNA was dependent on the transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7, which together are essential for the IFN response to all other known nucleic acid detection pathways (12). (woofahs.com)
  • Within cluster che I are genes encoding two Par-like proteins: ParC and ParP. (uwm.edu)
  • genes in peripheral blood of at-risk, new-onset and long-term type 1 DM , and healthy controls. (indexindex.com)
  • The majority of the genes were suppressed in long-term type 1 DM compared to controls and new-onset patients. (indexindex.com)
  • All mantle secretomes surveyed to date include novel genes encoding lineage-restricted proteins and unique combinations of co-opted ancient genes. (ossn.ph)
  • Our scientists pursue every aspect of cancer research-from exploring the biology of genes and cells, to developing immune-based treatments, uncovering the causes of metastasis, and more. (mskcc.org)
  • The translocation and the current potentiation were abolished in the presence of an A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) inhibitor. (jneurosci.org)
  • A specific inhibitor of cyclic GMP dependent protein kinase, Rp-8pCPT-cGMPS, partially inhibited the effect of dinitrosyl-iron-thiosulfate on neurogenic vasoconstriction, but not on [ 3 H]noradrenaline release. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Tadalafil is a known phosphodiesterase-5 Distinct metastasis and resistance development by self- (PDE-5) inhibitor, which have anti-cancer effects in vari- renewing nascent cancer cells in response with the ous types of cancer [2]. (sagepub.com)
  • 4. Chen X, Wang N, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhang T, Zhu L, Wang Y, Wu C, Yang J. (2014) Yonkenafil: a novel phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor induces neuronal network potentiation by a cGMP-dependent Nogo-R axis in acute experimental stroke. (guidetopharmacology.org)
  • For instance, most labile zinc in the body is absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells via SLC39a4 protein, and excessive zinc is excreted through the kidneys, and the intestine via SLC39a5 ( 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Quercetin glycosides from diet are slightly absorbed via the intestinal epithelial cells, although most of them return into the digestive tract by the action of specific transporter systems. (rsc.org)
  • Phase II enzymes present in the intestinal epithelial cells and the liver cells facilitate their metabolic conversion to glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. (rsc.org)
  • Our research team has uncovered several important poxvirus-sensing mechanisms leading to type I interferon (IFN) induction in various cell types including epithelial cells, macrophages and dendritic cell (DC) subtypes. (mskcc.org)
  • cGMP-dependent protein kinase I beta physically and functionally interacts with the transcriptional regulator TFII-I". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using lately developed useful mapping equipment (HOPACH (hierarchical purchased partitioning and collapsing cross types) and GenMAPP 2.0), we've identified new potential transcriptional regulatory gene systems mediating the changeover from quiescence to term activation. (researchensemble.com)
  • With term activation, we take notice of the upregulation of cytoskeletal redecorating mediators (intermediate filaments), cell junctions, transcriptional regulators, as well as the organize downregulation of harmful control checkpoints of simple muscles contractile signaling. (researchensemble.com)
  • History CA-074 Methyl Ester novel inhibtior The initiation of mammalian labor is certainly a complicated physiological process that will require the appearance and secretion of several elements, both maternal and fetal [1,2]. (researchensemble.com)
  • Quorum sensing is a type of bacterial communication that occurs via the secretion of autoinducer molecules (5). (kenyon.edu)
  • It is activated by viral DNA and catalyzes the synthesis of a noncanonical cyclic dinucleotide 2? (grantome.com)
  • We discovered that IKKe works redundantly along with TBK1, the major effector kinase downstream of STING. (monash.edu)
  • The engagement of cGAMP by STING leads to the recruitment and activation of the protein kinase TBK1. (grantome.com)
  • Furthermore, inflammatory mediators released by irradiated dying cells can attract and regulate immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), further killing cancer cells. (nature.com)
  • Apart from exciting nociceptors, inflammatory mediators increase nociceptor responsiveness, frequently by initiating G-protein-mediated processes, to cause hyperalgesia. (jneurosci.org)
  • This controlled movement is possible due to the chemotaxis system, which is typically made up of several proteins that collectively sense the stimuli and transduce the signal within the cell to mediate a motility response. (uwm.edu)
  • Vascular endothelial cells normally provide an efficient barrier against thrombosis, lipid uptake, and inflammation. (nature.com)
  • In this study, we aimed to examine the effects of RCE in endothelial cells challenged with hypoxic exposure and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. (mdpi.com)
  • The innermost layer of an artery or vein, made up of one layer of endothelial cells and supported by an internal elastic lamina. (lookformedical.com)
  • Solitary or multiple benign cutaneous nodules comprised of immature and mature vascular structures intermingled with endothelial cells and a varied infiltrate of eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and mast cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • As a second messenger, cGAMP stimulates the induction of type I interferons (IFNs) via the adaptor STING located on the ER membrane. (grantome.com)
  • A protein kinase C activator, 4 beta-phorbol 12 beta-myristate 13 alpha-acetate, had opposite effects on PGE1-mediated IP release and cyclic GMP formation (inhibitory) and cyclic AMP formation (stimulatory). (shengsci.com)
  • Angiotensin II (10 -8 mol/L), transforming growth factor-β (4 x 10 -11 mol/L), and tumor necrosis factor-α (6 x 10 -6 mol/L) also exhibited an inhibitory effect on type I cGK gene expression. (elsevierpure.com)
  • For example, prostaglandins activate G s -protein-coupled receptors and initiate cAMP- and protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated processes. (jneurosci.org)
  • Since PKA is known to stimulate SR Ca2+ release by phosphorylating ryanodine receptors, the present findings provide an important link between the activation of GC with NO donors and the NO-dependent mobilization of SR Ca2+ in SA node which we reported previously. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We conclude that LDL receptors are largely responsible for the resistance of wild type mice to atherosclerosis. (jci.org)
  • Neonatal exposure to a Type-I pyrethroid (bioallethrin) induces dose-response changes in brain muscarinic receptors and behaviour in neonatal and adult mice. (cdc.gov)
  • Preferential activation of microsomal diacylglycerol/protein kinase C signaling during glucose treatment (De Novo phospholipid synthesis) of rat adipocytes. (jci.org)
  • Glucose has been reported to increase the de novo synthesis of diacylglycerol (DAG) and translocate and activate protein kinase C (PKC) in rat adipocytes. (jci.org)
  • group ation of their intracellular downstream signaling mech- II (toxic control, MNU 47 mg/kg, i.v. (sagepub.com)
  • These findings reveal the existence, sensor, a specific downstream target, and viral antagonists of a STING-independent DNA sensing pathway (SIDSP) in human cells. (woofahs.com)
  • Phosphorylated IRF-3 oligomerizes, translocates to the nucleus, and induces the expression of type I IFNs, conferring antiviral activity to the host and activating the acquired immune responses. (grantome.com)
  • RT can directly induce cancer cell death through various mechanisms, such as apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. (nature.com)
  • We have demonstrated recently, that in neuronal/neurosecretory PC 12 cells, low molecular mass DNIC specifically activate non-selective cationic channels and induce membrane depolarisation [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Viral nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, serve as danger signals that induce potent immune responses in infected cells. (grantome.com)
  • However, some immune cells are immunosuppressive or transform into immunosuppressive phenotypes under specific conditions, leading to the development of radioresistance. (nature.com)
  • In this review, we discuss the changes in irradiated cancer cells and immune cells in the TME under different RT regimens and describe existing and potential molecules that could be targeted to improve the therapeutic effects of RT. (nature.com)
  • Immunotherapy mainly includes immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as inhibitors of PD-1 (programmed cell death 1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). (nature.com)
  • 4 According to the number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, tumors can be divided into three phenotypes: immune-inflamed, immune-excluded, and immune-desert types. (nature.com)
  • Immune-inflamed tumors are called hot tumors, while the latter two are collectively referred to as cold tumors, and they respond poorly to immunotherapy. (nature.com)
  • One study reported an increased survival benefit with simultaneous RT compared with sequential administration, 8 while another study found no significant difference between the two strategies, 9 possibly because simultaneous RT plus immunotherapy and the administration of an ICI before RT may kill cancer cells as well a substantial number of immune cells, leading to poor systemic response and toxic side effects. (nature.com)
  • In addition, Cl-amidine exerted neuroprotective effects by attenuating BBB disruption, inhibiting immune cell infiltration, and alleviating neuronal death after TBI. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Previous studies have suggested that neutrophils as the most abundant leukocytes in circulation and the first peripheral immune cells to reach the contused brain are highly involved in regulating neuroinflammatory responses and neuronal apoptosis after brain injury [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During his postdoc Dr De Nardo made the seminal discovery of how HDL elicits its anti-inflammatory effects on immune cells (De Nardo et al. (monash.edu)
  • Airyscan confocal, Lattice light-sheet) in combination with fluorescent STING reporter systems to examine STING trafficking in both fixed and live immune cells. (monash.edu)
  • The acute and chronic effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) are well characterized for vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). (scirp.org)
  • In cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, the type I cGK mRNA concentration was reduced to 10% of the basal level by 4 x 10 -10 mol/L platelet-derived growth factor. (elsevierpure.com)
  • These findings suggest a pathophysiological implication of the type I cGK in cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Hypertension , 27 (3 II), 552-557. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors improve the formation of hippocampus-dependent memories in several rodent models of cognition. (springer.com)
  • During middle to past due gestation, myometrial quiescence is certainly maintained by many contractile inhibitors, such as for example relaxin, adrenomedullin, nitric oxide, progesterone and prostacyclin [1,2]. (researchensemble.com)
  • Maternal control of male-gamete delivery in Arabidopsis involves a putative GPI-anchored protein encoded by the LORELEI gene. (bio-protocol.org)
  • Cell-fate switch of synergid to egg cell in Arabidopsis eostre mutant embryo sacs arises from misexpression of the BEL1-like homeodomain gene BLH1. (bio-protocol.org)
  • The chemotaxis proteins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are encoded in two clusters, which are located at different regions of the chromosome: che I and che V. These gene clusters are known to control chemotaxis via swimming, or flagellar-based, motility. (uwm.edu)
  • Pilz, R.B. and Broderick, K.E. (2005) Role of Cyclic GMP in Gene Regulation. (scirp.org)
  • stitute of 11 distinct gene families, which initiate the Carcinogenesis was induced by single tail vein injection of st sequential lcleavage of cyclic adenosine monophosphate MNU on day 1 in each animal. (sagepub.com)
  • Supplementary MaterialsAdditional data file 1 A figure showing the TaqMan vs GeneChip gene expression patterns gb-2005-6-2-r12-s1. (researchensemble.com)
  • In addition, tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) produced by irradiated tumor cells can be captured by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the TME and presented to T cells. (nature.com)
  • An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. (lookformedical.com)
  • Zinc's functions can be classified as catalytic, structural, and regulatory ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • PKA regulatory subunits were found in close vicinity to the plasma membrane in these neurons, and PKA catalytic subunits only translocated to the cell periphery when activated. (jneurosci.org)
  • MNU 47 mg/kg, i.v.) and group IV (Tada- activate protein kinase G and map kinase pathway of lafil 4 mg/kg, p.o. (sagepub.com)
  • However, when intact platelets were incubated with NO and then lysed, enhanced activity of phosphodiesterase type 5 was detected in the cytosol. (rupress.org)
  • HEK293 cells had an efficient ef flux system for cGMP and the use of inside-out vesicles (IOVs) showed high affinity ATP-dependent cGMP transport with a K m value of 2.3 μM. (scirp.org)
  • There are two subtypes of the type I cGK, cGKIα and cGKIβ. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In the present study, we isolated the full-length human cGKIα cDNA (-36 to +2177: the translation start site: +1) encoding the 671-amino acid protein. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In cytoplasm, zinc mostly binds zinc-chelating proteins called metallothioneins (MTs). (frontiersin.org)
  • NO penetrates into the cytoplasm of smooth muscle cells and binds to guanylyl cyclase. (trochetadalafil.com)
  • The B subunit of CT binds to the outside of the host cells, allowing the A sub-unit to enter the cell. (kenyon.edu)
  • J Cell Biol (2001) 155 (2): 271-278. (rupress.org)
  • 2001). The substrate specificities include the enzymes which are specific for cAMP hydrolysis, those for cyclic GMP hydrolysis (Mehats et al. (biomedjournal.com)
  • 2001. Subchronic dermal application of N,N-diethyl m-toluamide (DEET) and permethrin to adult rats, alone or in combination, causes diffuse neuronal cell death and cytoskeletal abnormalities in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus, and purkinje neuron loss in the cerebellum. (cdc.gov)
  • Background: NO donors exert a positive chronotropic effect by stimulating the pacemaker current If in sino-atrial node cells via a mechanism requiring guanylyl cyclase (GC) and cGMP, and involving mobilization of sarcoplasmic (SR) Ca2+. (ox.ac.uk)
  • At steady state, STING is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein that exists as a preformed dimer. (monash.edu)
  • Figure 2: STING trafficking. (monash.edu)
  • Macrophages expressing mRuby3-STING were stimulated for 5 minutes prior to live cell imaging via 3i Marianas spinning disk confocal for a further 10 minutes (total 15 minutes activation time). (monash.edu)
  • However, DNA transfection of STING-deficient U937 cells activated a potent type I IFN response (Fig. 2B). (woofahs.com)
  • We performed a time course analysis of cGAMP- and DNA-activated IFN responses, comparing control U937 cells to STING-deficient cells. (woofahs.com)
  • STING-deficient U937 cells failed to respond to cGAMP, but they Fenretinide activated a potent antiviral response to DNA that was delayed by several hours, peaking at 16 hours with mRNA levels that were indistinguishable from those of control cells at this same time point (Fig. 2C). (woofahs.com)
  • The response to cGAMP was diminished by 90% in these cells, but the response to transfected CT DNA was slightly enhanced (Fig. Rabbit polyclonal to Sca1 2E), confirming a STING-independent antiviral response to DNA. (woofahs.com)
  • First, and consistent with dozens of prior studies, the antiviral response to DNA in mouse cells is nearly entirely STING-dependent (9). (woofahs.com)
  • Thus, human cells C but not mouse cells C have a robust STING-independent DNA sensing pathway (SIDSP). (woofahs.com)
  • Open in a separate window Figure 2: A STING-independent DNA sensing pathway (SIDSP) in human cells(A) Primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts were treated with Lipofectamine alone (Lipo) or the indicated ligands for four hours before harvest and quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis of mRNA expression. (woofahs.com)
  • B) PMA-differentiated human U937 monocytes or two clonal lines of STING KO U937 cells were treated with the indicated ligands for 16 hours before harvest and RT-qPCR analysis of mRNA expression. (woofahs.com)
  • Fenretinide DNA-PK as the sensor of this pathway and demonstrate that DNA-PK kinase activity drives a robust and broad antiviral response. (woofahs.com)
  • These divergent findings reflect the site-specific complexity of NO-dependent signaling in the regulation of pain generating processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the present study, we investigated FSK effects on heat-activated ionic currents in sensory neurons, as well as in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells transfected with wild-type VR-1. (jneurosci.org)
  • FRET-based cyclic GMP biosensors measure low cGMP concentrations in cardiomyocytes and neurons. (ox.ac.uk)
  • EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: MOR function was measured in locus coeruleus neurons, by using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology, in rat and mouse brain slices (both wild-type and protein kinase C (PKC)alpha knockout mice). (bath.ac.uk)
  • ATP-sensitive potassium (K ATP ) channels in neurons regulate excitability, neurotransmitter release and mediate protection from cell-death. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell-attached and cell-free recordings of K ATP currents in large DRG neurons from control rats (sham surgery, SS) revealed activation of K ATP channels by NO exogenously released by the NO donor SNAP, through decreased sensitivity to [ATP]i. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In terms of its mechanism of action, nicotine slows the progression of PD by inhibiting Sirtuin 6, a stress‑responsive protein deacetylase, thereby decreasing neuronal apoptosis and improving neuronal survival. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Inverse to the reported increase in sensitivity caused by NO shortage, concentrating NO attenuated the cGMP response in a concentration-dependent manner. (rupress.org)
  • A model complex, dinitrosyl-iron-thiosulfate (at 1-10 μM) produced a concentration-dependent enhancement of electrical field stimulated [ 3 H]noradrenaline release (up to 2 fold). (biomedcentral.com)
  • DNIC-thiosulfate (1-10 μM), in a concentration dependent manner, enhanced the electrical field stimulated [ 3 H] noradrenaline release. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The concentration-dependent effects develop over time. (scirp.org)
  • The delivery of proteins to the presynaptic terminals of guinea pig retinal ganglion cells by two of the major components of axonal transport, and the subsequent persistence and turnover of those proteins were examined in this study. (shengsci.com)
  • Control U937 cells responded to both DNA and cGAMP transfection with robust transcription that peaked at 8 hours. (woofahs.com)
  • NPR-B appears to be important for regulating the complex process of cell proliferation and differentiation during skeletal growth. (childrenshospital.org)
  • The effect of 10 μM SNP was reinforced on proliferation (from 13% to 90%) and elevation of cGMP levels (from 7.6 to 13.5 pmol/10 7 cells). (scirp.org)
  • This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both. (lookformedical.com)
  • Bacterial two-hybrid results showed that the Par-like proteins interact with each other and the chemotaxis system, and that ParP interacts with DipA, a phosphodiesterase which degrades cyclic-di-GMP and is important for biofilm dispersion and chemotaxis. (uwm.edu)
  • NO-dependent mechanisms modulate both K ATP channels and participate in the pathophysiology and pharmacology of neuropathic pain. (biomedcentral.com)