Cells in mucosal. Medical search. Frequent questions

In discussing this hypothesis, we will present herein the current understanding of mucosal immunology, including a discussion about the generation of autoimmune responses at these surfaces. (medscape.com)

Blockade of glucocorticoid signaling or administration of recombinant IL-22 restores mucosal immunity, prevents ileal dysbiosis, and blocks AIEC expansion. (nature.com)
Several components of mucosal immunity are disrupted in CD. (nature.com)
Mucosal immunity consists of innate and adaptive immune responses which can be influenced by systemic immunity. (hindawi.com)
Here we review the characteristics of mucosal immunity of the female genital tract, its alterations due to HIV/AIDS, and the characteristics of coinfections between HIV/AIDS and the most prevalent STDs. (hindawi.com)
The immune system of the female genital tract is part of the integrated mucosal immune system, but with some particular characteristics that differentiate the immunity of these regions from the systemic immunity [ 2 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
Mucosal immunity consists of innate and adaptive immune responses that can be influenced by systemic immunity [ 15 ] and by hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle. (hindawi.com)
Innate immunity includes barriers such as the epithelium, mucus, pH, complement system, and cells of the immune system. (hindawi.com)
However, highly cross-reactive mucosal IgA could be key in addressing these gaps in mucosal immunity and may be an important focus of future SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development. (bvsalud.org)
However, nothing is known about the ability of the N-specific CD8 + T cell immunity in controlling viral replication in the lungs, a major pathogenic signature of severe disease in humans. (nature.com)
The virtual absence of Spike-specific cell immunity in lungs of vaccinees is not surprising given that the vaccine is administrated intramuscularly. (nature.com)
In fact, it is known that the development of cell immunity in pulmonary tissues is largely independent of the events occurring in both peripheral circulation and distal lymphoid organs. (nature.com)
Mucosal-associated invariant T-cells: new players in anti-bacterial immunity. (ox.ac.uk)
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are an innate-like T-cell population involved in anti-bacterial immunity. (ox.ac.uk)
In mouse models, MAIT cells have been shown to play a non-redundant role in anti-bacterial immunity, including against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Mycobacterium bovis BCG. (ox.ac.uk)
Intestinal mucosal immunity has an important degree of protection against international pathogens. (kinasechem.com)
mice have problems with severely-reduced cellularity of PPs (>90% much less B and T cells) 17 and from impaired intestinal immunity in a number of disease versions. (kinasechem.com)
Resident memory (T RM ) cells are a distinct tissue-localized T cell lineage that is crucial for protective immunity in peripheral tissues. (frontiersin.org)
While a great deal of effort has focused on defining their role in immunity to infections, studies now reveal T RM cells as a vital component of the host immune response to cancer. (frontiersin.org)
This review will recount the path to discovering the importance of resident memory CD8 T cells as they pertain to cancer immunity. (frontiersin.org)
In addition to highlighting key studies that directly implicate T RM cells in anti-tumor immunity, we will highlight earlier work that implicitly suggested their importance. (frontiersin.org)
The recent success of T cell immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapies for cancer has revealed CD8 T cells as potent mediators of immunity against advanced cancers ( 4 , 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
These early classifications of T cell memory were quickly brought to bear on the question of what T cell subset provides the best immunity against cancer. (frontiersin.org)
Secreted aspartyl proteinases (SAPs) are hydrolytic enzymes secreted by Candida that contribute to virulence by degrading host cell mebranes and molecular mediators of host immunity. (medscape.com)
CRTH2: Chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed includes nonallergic asthma phenotypes, such as asthma on TH2 cells associated with exposure to air pollution, infection, or obesity, ILC: Innate lymphoid cell that require innate rather than adaptive immunity. (cdc.gov)

Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) make up a subset of T cells in the immune system that display innate, effector-like qualities. (wikipedia.org)
The MHC class I-like protein, MR1, is responsible for presenting bacterially-produced vitamin B2 and B9 metabolites to MAIT cells. (wikipedia.org)
After the presentation of foreign antigen by MR1, MAIT cells secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and are capable of lysing bacterially-infected cells. (wikipedia.org)
MAIT cells can also be activated through MR1-independent signaling. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, MAIT cells are thought to play a role in autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, although definitive evidence is yet to be published. (wikipedia.org)
MAIT cells constitute a subset of αβ T lymphocytes characterized by a semi-invariant T cell receptor alpha (TCRα) chain. (wikipedia.org)
With little diversity in the TCRα chain, the TCR is more conserved in MAIT cells than in other T cell subsets. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, the TCRα chain can combine with a restricted number of possible TCRβ chains to form a functional MAIT cell TCR, further limiting TCR diversity. (wikipedia.org)
MAIT cells were initially specified as T cells that do not express the TCR co-receptors CD4 or CD8 on the cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
However, CD8+ MAIT cells have been recently observed. (wikipedia.org)
In humans, MAIT cells express high levels of CD161, interleukin-18 (IL-18) receptor, and chemokine receptors CCR5, CXCR6, and CCR6 on the cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
Additionally, as an indication of their memory-like phenotype in the periphery, mature MAIT cells express a CD44+, CD45RO+, CCR7−, CD62Llo phenotype. (wikipedia.org)
Like all T cell subsets, MAIT cells develop in the thymus. (wikipedia.org)
However, rather than undergoing selection on MHC class I or II molecules, MAIT cells interact with the MHC class I-like molecule, MR1, on thymocytes. (wikipedia.org)
MR1 also serves as the antigen-presenting molecule outside of the thymus that binds to TCR and activates MAIT cells. (wikipedia.org)
MAIT cells display effector-like qualities before leaving the thymus, which is why they are often described as innate-like T cells in the peripheral tissue. (wikipedia.org)
This thymic development process is found in both mice and human MAIT cell populations. (wikipedia.org)
In total, MAIT cells make up roughly 5% of the peripheral T cell population. (wikipedia.org)
MAIT cells are most common in the liver, where they usually comprise 20-40% of the T lymphocyte population. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, parenchymal and nonparenchymal liver cells are efficient antigen presenting cells for MAIT. (wikipedia.org)
The total murine MAIT cell population is roughly ten times smaller than the human MAIT cell population. (wikipedia.org)
While MAIT cells display effector characteristics immediately out of the thymus, they may also undergo clonal expansion in the periphery and establish antigen memory. (wikipedia.org)
In this way, MAIT cells display both innate and adaptive characteristics. (wikipedia.org)
MAIT cells can be activated in ways that involve, and do not involve, MR1-mediated antigen presentation. (wikipedia.org)
However, MR1-independent and MR1-dependent activation elicit separate MAIT cell functions as part of an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
During MR1-independent activation against Mycobacteria, MAIT cells bind extracellular IL-12, which is often secreted by stressed macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
In response to IL-12, MAIT cells produce and secrete interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), a cytokine that activate macrophages, assists in the maturation of dendritic cells, and promotes the expression of MHC class II on antigen presenting cells. (wikipedia.org)
MAIT cells also secrete IL-17, an important pro-inflammatory cytokine, after binding IL-23. (wikipedia.org)
MAIT cells are also activated in a MR1-dependent manner, in which a MAIT cell's semi-invariant TCR binds to the MR1 protein presenting antigen. (wikipedia.org)
While most T cell subsets have TCRs that recognize peptide or lipid-based antigens in association with MHC or CD1, MAIT cells are unique in that they recognize small molecules created through the process of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) and B9 (folic acid) biosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
The vitamin B2 related molecules that activate MAIT cells are chemically unstable, and undergo spontaneous degradation in water, although they have now been successfully chemically synthesised and isolated. (wikipedia.org)
When MR1 associates with these small molecules and becomes expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, the MAIT TCR then binds to MR1, leading to MAIT cell activation, clonal expansion, memory, and an array of antimicrobial responses. (wikipedia.org)
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional T-cells that recognize microbial-derived metabolites and provide an initial defense to pathogens through their rapid production of type-1 or type-17 cytokines. (aacrjournals.org)
While MAIT-cells have been shown to infiltrate colorectal tumors, it remains to be determined how MAIT-cells contribute to tumorigenesis and whether commensals regulate MAIT-cell function. (aacrjournals.org)
Here we show that MAIT-cells are a substantial skin-resident population capable of producing IL-17A. (aacrjournals.org)
IL-23 signaling promotes the accumulation of cutaneous MAIT-cells and skin commensals induce local MAIT-cell proliferation and IL-1-dependent IL-17A production. (aacrjournals.org)
In the absence of commensals, MAIT-cells are dramatically decreased, indicating that the microbiota is necessary for the development of this population. (aacrjournals.org)
Analysis of MAIT cells and MDSCs in peripheral blood from patients by flow cytometry. (biomedcentral.com)
Representative pseudocolor with the gating strategy identifying CD8 + , CD4 + , DN MAIT (A). CD3 + CD161 + Vα7.2 + cells were gated at first. (biomedcentral.com)
Basing on CD4 and CD8, and three subsets were identified: CD8 + , CD4 + and DN MAIT cells. (biomedcentral.com)
In human beings, MAIT cells are abundant, comprising ~10% of the CD8(+) T-cell compartment in blood. (ox.ac.uk)
MAIT cells are defined by the expression of a semi-invariant T-cell receptor (Vα7.2-Jα33/12/20) and are restricted by the non-polymorphic, highly evolutionarily conserved MHC class Ib molecule, MHC-related protein (MR)1. (ox.ac.uk)
Consistent with this, MAIT cells are responsive to riboflavin-metabolizing bacteria, including Salmonella. (ox.ac.uk)
In human beings, MAIT cells are decreased in frequency in the blood of patients with tuberculosis or pneumonia, and their frequency has been inversely correlated with the risk of subsequent systemic bacterial infection in patients in intensive care. (ox.ac.uk)
Intriguingly, MAIT cells are also depleted from the blood early in HIV infection and fail to recover with anti-retroviral therapy, which may contribute to the susceptibility of patients infected with HIV to certain bacterial infections, including non-typhoidal Salmonella. (ox.ac.uk)
In this review, we will discuss what is currently known about MAIT cells, the role that Salmonella has played in elucidating MAIT cell restriction and function, and the role MAIT cells might play in the control of Salmonella infection. (ox.ac.uk)
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and effector memory (EM) T cells were enriched in the intervillous blood compared to peripheral blood, suggesting that MAIT cells and other EM T cells home to the placenta during pregnancy. (frontiersin.org)
Furthermore, pregnant women had lower proportions of peripheral blood MAIT cells compared to non-pregnant women. (frontiersin.org)
Migration assays showed that MAIT cells and EM T cells migrated toward conditioned medium from placental explants. (frontiersin.org)
A multivariate factor analysis indicated that high levels of MIF and CCL25 were associated with high proportions of MAIT cells in intervillous blood. (frontiersin.org)
Blocking of MIF or a combination of MIF, CCL25, and CCL20 in migration assays inhibited MAIT cell migration toward placenta conditioned medium. (frontiersin.org)
Finally, MAIT cells showed migratory capacities toward recombinant MIF. (frontiersin.org)
Together, these findings indicate that term placental tissues attract MAIT cells, and that this effect is at least partly mediated by MIF. (frontiersin.org)
However, our recent findings showed that mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and effector memory (EM) T cells are enriched in the IVB of term placentas ( 4 ), indicating that certain immune cell subsets are recruited to or retained in the intervillous space. (frontiersin.org)
MAIT cells are an invariant type of T cell that respond to microbial derived metabolites from riboflavin synthesis presented by the non-polymorphic MHC class I related molecule (MR1) ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)

Life stress and mucosal inflammation may influence symptom onset and severity in certain gastrointestinal disorders, particularly irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), in connection with dysregulated intestinal barrier. (nih.gov)
Our aims were to prove that crowding stress induces mucosal inflammation and intestinal dysfunction, to characterize dynamics in time, and to evaluate the implication of stress-induced mast cell activation on intestinal dysfunction. (nih.gov)
Stress-induced intestinal chrono-pathobiology was determined by measuring intestinal inflammation, epithelial damage, mast cell activation and infiltration, and intestinal barrier function. (nih.gov)
Taken together, we have provided evidences that long-term exposure to psychosocial stress promotes mucosal inflammation and mast cell-mediated barrier dysfunction in the rat bowel. (nih.gov)
In the present study, cell viability was analyzed using Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay, while inflammation was detected using ELISA and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR. (spandidos-publications.com)
In summary, the present results revealed that hyperforin suppressed IL‑13‑induced nasal epithelial cell inflammation and barrier damage by targeting BCL6/p38 MAPK/CCL11, which may provide promising therapeutic targets for AR. (spandidos-publications.com)
For instance, hyperforin can improve imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice by regulating γδ T cells that produce IL-17A ( 13 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Thus, the present study aimed to explore the functional roles of hyperforin on IL-13-stimulated nasal epithelial cells and discuss the mechanism by which hyperforin influences nasal epithelial cell viability, inflammation and barrier damage. (spandidos-publications.com)
However, when the initial lung inflammation and cytotoxicity was high after exposure to a pneumotoxic particle, significant differences were observed when comparing cell counts from the automated, flow cytometry and manual methods. (socmucimm.org)
CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that chronic psychological stress can be an initiating factor in intestinal inflammation by impairing mucosal defenses against luminal bacteria and highlight the importance of mast cells in this process. (mcmaster.ca)
Regulatory T cells suppress systemic and mucosal immune activation to control intestinal inflammation. (ox.ac.uk)
Previous work by our group has shown that the expression levels of some members of the Mas-related gene receptor (Mrgpr) family in both enteric neurons and mucosal mast cells change during intestinal inflammation. (uantwerpen.be)
We will also propose a research agenda to improve our understanding of the role of mucosal inflammation in the development of RA. (medscape.com)
Mucosal alteration of self-proteins (e.g. citrullination by pathogen-mediated inflammation or carbamylation through microbial-related respiratory burst. (medscape.com)
High-quality longitudinal natural history studies of rheumatic disease that can be used to evaluate the temporal relationship between mucosal inflammation, exposure to environmental risk factors (including the microbiome) and genetics on the development of autoimmunity. (medscape.com)
Robust analytical methods to evaluate the relationship between the microbiome and mucosal inflammation and autoimmunity. (medscape.com)

The treatment of choice for mucosal melanoma, like cutaneous melanoma, is complete excision with adequate negative margins. (medscape.com)
Manifestations include cutaneous, mucosal, and visceral syndromes. (msdmanuals.com)

In this review we will discuss this hypothesis by first succinctly describing the structure, development and function of mucosal surfaces. (medscape.com)

Early studies recognized the unique phenotype and attributes of T cells found in mucosal tissues, such as the intestines, skin, lung and female reproductive tract. (e-booksdirectory.com)
Little is known about the maternal immune cells at this site, which are in direct contact with fetal tissues. (frontiersin.org)
These mice are well-suited to dissect the function of mucosa-associated immune system tissues as a result, including B cells, in the pathogenesis of enterically-initiated prion disease. (kinasechem.com)
Following effective priming in lymph nodes, T cells traffic to tumors and other peripheral tissues. (frontiersin.org)
whereas T EM cells were shown to recirculate predominantly through blood, and peripheral tissues ( 10 ). (frontiersin.org)
In the early 2000's, large and persistent populations of antigen (Ag)-specific CD8 T cells in peripheral tissues were initially classified as T EM cells in recirculation from the blood ( 8 , 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
SP nerve fiber density was measured in nasal mucosal tissues using immunocytochemistry. (cdc.gov)
Mucosal leishmaniasis affects nasopharyngeal tissues and can cause gross mutilation of the nose and palate. (msdmanuals.com)

In this epithelium, as well as in the more fragile single cell layer epithelium of endocervix, the cells are held together by proteins that form desmosomes, tight junctions, and adherens junctions, which decrease its permeability [ 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
In addition, CD4 + cells infiltrating the epithelium can act as potential target cells to initiate transmission [ 21 ]. (hindawi.com)
Overall, the micropatterned co-culture system described here is envisioned as a valuable new tool for delineating how HIV and other infections contribute to dysfunction of mucosal epithelium. (elsevierpure.com)
Furthermore, B lymphocytes exert a significant organogenic function in the GALT 21,22 and so are apt to be mixed up in B cell-dependent advancement of the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE). (kinasechem.com)
gammadelta T cells are present in the mucosal surface of the airways and may contribute to the injury/repair response of the epithelium. (cdc.gov)

Immunol Cell Biol;101(10): 975-983, 2023. (bvsalud.org)

To this end, we included anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF)-naïve and anti-TNF-exposed patients with active UC, and utilized single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) and high-dimensional flow cytometry (Cytek) to assess the peripheral blood and the gut mucosal compartments. (ecco-ibd.eu)
Gut mucosal biopsies from inflamed and non-inflamed regions, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from UC patients 2 wks before (t0) and 14 wks after (t4) the start of VDZ administration. (ecco-ibd.eu)
We have characterized the T cell composition and chemokine profile in paired intervillous and peripheral blood samples from healthy mothers giving birth following term pregnancies. (frontiersin.org)
The intervillous blood (IVB) is exchanged 2-3 times per minute ( 1 ), suggesting that the cell composition in IVB may reflect that of peripheral blood (PB). (frontiersin.org)
Unlike the normal mucosa, the UC mucosa contains large numbers of IgG plasma cells, reminiscent of a typical peripheral immune response towards an invading pathogen, leading to local deposition of IgG on epithelial cells. (bmj.com)
18 Studies on B cell receptor gene usage of these infiltrating IgG positive lymphocytes demonstrate that they are of peripheral and not mucosal origin in UC versus controls. (bmj.com)
9 Early PrPSc deposition could be discovered in FDCs within B cell follicles in lymphoid tissue of sufferers with vCJD 10 and in rodents inoculated with scrapie by peripheral routes. (kinasechem.com)
Recent studies in mouse tumor models have shown that T RM cells are induced by cancer vaccines delivered in peripheral tissue sites, or by the depletion of regulatory T cells. (frontiersin.org)
Such tumor-specific T RM cells are recognized as both necessary and sufficient for long-lived protection against tumors in peripheral tissue locations. (frontiersin.org)

In this review, we discuss the major regulatory pathways, including transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), and their role in Treg-mediated control of systemic and mucosal responses. (ox.ac.uk)
We will also examine how other factors such as genes, microbes and other environmental toxins (including tobacco smoke) could influence the triggering of autoimmunity at mucosal sites and eventually systemic organ disease. (medscape.com)
In particular we will examine the role of microbes in shaping mucosal and systemic immune responses. (medscape.com)
Mucosal sites might be targeted by systemic autoimmunity resulting in local immune-mediated injury. (medscape.com)

Vedolizumab (VDZ), a monoclonal antibody that targets α4β7 integrin, was approved to treat moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis (UC) based on the presumption that it blocks T cell recruitment to the inflamed intestinal mucosa. (ecco-ibd.eu)
The mucosa in ulcerative colitis (UC) is replete with antibody producing plasma B cells and polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN). (bmj.com)

While mast cell counts remained mostly unchanged, piecemeal degranulation increased along time, as the mucosal content and luminal release of rat mast cell protease-II. (nih.gov)
Stress-induced mitochondrial injury and increased jejunal permeability, both events strongly correlated with mast cell activation at day 15. (nih.gov)
Our aim was to verify the effects of prednisone related to gastrointestinal motility, intestinal histology, and mucosal mast cells in rats. (unesp.br)
Mast cells and other histologic analyses were performed in order to correlate to gastric emptying, cecum arrival, and small intestine transit evaluated by Alternating Current Biosusceptometry. (unesp.br)
Results showed that prednisone in adult rats increased the frequency of gastric contractions, hastened gastric emptying, slowed small intestinal transit, and reduced mucosal mast cells. (unesp.br)
METHODS: Mast cell-deficient (Ws/Ws) rats and wild-type control (+/+) rats were submitted to water avoidance stress or sham stress (1 h/day) for 10 consecutive days, as a model of ongoing life stress. (mcmaster.ca)
Moreover, hyperplasia and activation of mast cells, infiltration of neutrophils and mononuclear cells, and increased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were documented in the mucosa. (mcmaster.ca)
Neuropeptide AF induces piecemeal degranulation in murine mucosal mast cells : a new mediator in neuro-immune communication in the intestinal lamina propria? (uantwerpen.be)
Recent evidence indicates that RFamides act as mediators in mast cell-sensory nerve communications related to allergic disease. (uantwerpen.be)
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether RFamides of the NPFF group are expressed in the gastrointestinal tract and to identify possible targets and receptors that might be involved in RFamide-associated mast cell modulation. (uantwerpen.be)
To this end, the expression and distribution patterns of NPFF/AF receptors and the NPFF precursor protein were determined in bone marrow-derived mucosal mast cells (BMMCs) by immunocytochemistry and (RT-) PCR. (uantwerpen.be)

This special topic issue will cover many aspects of mucosal-resident T cell biology during infection and disease. (e-booksdirectory.com)
He received his Ph.D. degree in the laboratory of Dr. En-Duo Wang in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology from Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Chinese Academy of Science in 2008, where he studied the structural and functional interplay of transfer RNA (tRNA) and tRNA synthetase in bacteria, yeast and human. (rochester.edu)
Robust, safe and feasible methods to assess mucosal biology in human subjects. (medscape.com)

Furthermore, our data showed that the expression levels of RALDH1 in small intestinal epithelial cells correlated with the activity of vitamin A-converting enzymes in mesenteric lymph node dendritic cells, along with increased numbers of intestinal regulatory T cells and a higher production of luminal IgA. (aai.org)
We have investigated the role of T cells in effecting alterations in small intestinal epithelial cell populations induced by infection with the nematode Trichinella spiralis. (ox.ac.uk)
Small intestinal tissue sections from euthymic and athymic (nude) mice, and mice with combined deficiency in T-cell receptor beta and delta genes [TCR(beta/delta)-/-] infected orally with T. spiralis larvae, were examined by electron microscopy and after histochemical and lineage-specific immunohistochemical staining. (ox.ac.uk)
In conclusion, a unique, likely thymic-independent population of mucosal T cells modulates innate small intestinal host defense in mice by increasing the number of Paneth and intermediate cells in response to T. spiralis infection. (ox.ac.uk)

The stomach also expresses high levels of glutamine synthetase and this study aimed to investigate a possible pathophysiological role of glutamine synthetase in ammonia-induced gastric mucosal injury. (elsevierpure.com)
Methods: Normal rat gastric mucosal epithelial (RGM-1) cells were treated with ammonia, and a specific glutamine synthetase inhibitor (methionine sulfoximine) was used to assess the action of glutamine synthetase. (elsevierpure.com)
Conclusions: Our results suggested that the energy exhaustion which resulted from an overload of ammonia to glutamine synthetase may have initiated the apoptotic signaling in gastric mucosal cells. (elsevierpure.com)
The etiopathogenetic cascade currently available treatments, surgery to multiple endoscopic gastric mucosal of the infection leads to various errors in and radio-chemotherapy, is less than tissue biopsies. (who.int)

Coulter Counter®), flow cytometry or manual (i.e. hemocytometer) methods, to determine inflammatory cell influx. (socmucimm.org)
In intestine of Ws/Ws rats, epithelial function and morphology were unchanged by chronic stress, bacterial-epithelial cell interaction was not demonstrated, and there was no evidence of inflammatory cell infiltration. (mcmaster.ca)
Epithelial cells along human gastrointestinal mucosal surface express pathogen-recognizing receptors and actively participate in the regulation of inflammatory reactions in response to microbial infection. (bio-cavagnou.info)
This combination of effector cells requires a crosslinking antigen to evoke an antibody driven PMN inflammatory response via their Fc receptors. (bmj.com)
Changes in mucosal bacteria, and a switch from internal to surface antigen/antibody reactivity of a predominantly IgG1 type, leads to greater opsonisation of the respiratory burst in PMN, providing a mechanism for maintaining the inflammatory state in UC. (bmj.com)
Identification of specific mechanisms by which autoimmunity is generated at a mucosal site (molecular mimicry, alteration of human proteins or creation of an inflammatory environment in which autoimmunity develops). (medscape.com)

Here we demonstrate that dendritic cells (DCs) of the lamina propria can sample and process both circulatory and luminal antigens. (listlabs.com)

However, whether hyperforin is involved in nasal epithelial cell damage caused by AR is unknown. (spandidos-publications.com)

We conclude that lamina propria CX3CR1(+) DCs facilitate the surveillance of circulatory antigens and act as a conduit for the processing of self- and intestinally absorbed antigens, leading to the induction of CD8(+) T cells, that partake in the control of T cell activation during mucosal immune responses. (listlabs.com)
We developed a CD8 + T-cell-based vaccine platform based on intramuscular (i.m.) injection of a DNA vector coding for antigens of interest fused at the C-terminus of a biologically inactive Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Type 1 Nef protein (Nef mut ) having an unusually high efficiency of incorporation into EVs. (nature.com)
Upon i.m. injection of DNA vectors expressing Nef mut -derivatives, nanovesicles containing antigens fused with Nef mut are released by muscle cells, can freely circulate into the body, and can be internalized by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (nature.com)
The mucosal surface serves as site of initial contact and as portal of entry for foreign antigens. (medscape.com)

The upper portion of the female reproductive tract consists of the fallopian tubes, uterus body, and endocervix, which has columnar epithelial cells and is distincted from ectocervix which is part of the lower tract characterized by squamous epithelial cells [ 4 , 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
For some, this is an impenetrable barrier for agents such as HIV, but Langerhans cells within the squamous layer have been shown to transmit the virus for target cells [ 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
Worldwide, squamous cell carcinoma is predominant, while in Western countries, esophageal adenocarcinoma is most prevalent. (medscape.com)
Only a few tumours have been reported originating from this location including lymphoma, 1 Kaposi's sarcoma, 2 adenocarcinoma, 3 angiofibroma, 4 and squamous cell carcinoma. (bmj.com)

Increasing evidence shows that natural killer (NK) cells have an important role in control of HIV infection, but the mechanism(s) by which they mediate antiviral activity in the gut is unclear. (nih.gov)
Here, we show that two distinct subsets of NK cells exist in the gut, one localized to intraepithelial spaces (intraepithelial lymphocytes, IELs) and the other to the lamina propria (LP). The frequency of both subsets of NK cells was reduced in chronic infection, whereas IEL NK cells remained stable in spontaneous controllers with protective killer immunoglobulin-like receptor/human leukocyte antigen genotypes. (nih.gov)
Transfer of mesenteric lymph node cells before infection led to an increase in Paneth and intermediate cells in TCR(beta/delta)-/- mice. (ox.ac.uk)

Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck is a relatively rare condition, representing 8-15% of all malignant melanomas of the head and neck region and accounting for less than 1% of all melanomas. (medscape.com)
The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of mucosal melanoma is not clearly defined, and malignant melanoma has traditionally been regarded as relatively insensitive to radiation, but some studies have suggested a positive benefit. (medscape.com)
Furthermore SIRT1 has been identified as a target for more than 16 miRNAs in both malignant and non-malignant human cell types [17]. (bio-cavagnou.info)
Cancer can be considered a disease of immune dysfunction, with a failure of immune recognition leading to the outgrowth of malignant cells as tumors ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
Wide local excision of malignant mucosal melanoma. (bmj.com)

A retrospective study by Bakkal et al of 10 patients with mucosal melanoma of the head and neck region found 3-year disease-free and overall survival rates to be 11.7% and 35%, respectively, while the 5-year rates were 11.7% and 23.3% respectively. (medscape.com)
A study by Meerwein et al of patients with sinonasal mucosal melanoma found that of those treated with curative intent, the 1- and 3-year overall survival rates were 60% and 40%, respectively. (medscape.com)
Most patients with sinonasal mucosal melanoma present with unilateral nasal obstruction, epistaxis, or a combination of the two. (medscape.com)
Mucosal melanoma represents 1-2% of all melanomas, 6 with 25-50% in the head and neck-that is, upper respiratory tract, oral cavity, and pharynx. (bmj.com)

mice had some FDC-M1-positive cells in their atrophic Peyers patches, but not in spleen nor in lymph nodes. (kinasechem.com)
The mucosal surfaces contain regional lymph structures (MALT or regional lymph nodes) and in certain conditions ectopic lymphoid tissue. (medscape.com)

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue is a major target and reservoir of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected T-cells. (elsevierpure.com)

The development and function of the immune system is dependent on interactions between haematopoietic cells and non-hematopoietic stromal cells. (e-booksdirectory.com)
The gastrointestinal tract is continuously exposed to many environmental factors that influence intestinal epithelial cells and the underlying mucosal immune system. (aai.org)
Mucosa serves to educate the immune system, leading to a host that is more susceptible to autoimmunity through alteration of regulatory cells. (medscape.com)

Surgeons should perform endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) for all visible lesions in the presence of neoplasia to make an accurate histopathologic diagnosis of early-stage esophageal cancer, said a physician presenting at the 2022 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium. (medscape.com)
Combining endoscopic mucosal resection for visible lesions with ablation for the rest of the at-risk lining can achieve an eradication rate of 93% with a more favorable complication profile. (medscape.com)

8 That is perhaps because B lymphocytes stimulate maturation of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) by giving tumor necrosis aspect- (TNF-) and lymphotoxin / (LT/) trimers to lymphoid organs. (kinasechem.com)
The patient received 20 sessions of radiotherapy (50 Gy) to the right maxillary antrum, and also immunological therapy (vaccination with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with allogenic tumour lysate, and whole body hyperthermia accompanied by low dose interferon). (bmj.com)

abstract = "Background/Aims: Glutamine synthetase is a key enzyme necessary for ammonia detoxification in the brain, but excessive activation of this enzyme can be cytotoxic to neural cells as a consequence of excessive consumption of ATP and glutamate. (elsevierpure.com)

Studies in human as well as in animal models suggest a role for regulatory T cells (Tregs) in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. (ox.ac.uk)

The goal of the study was to compare the different counting methods to determine which is optimal for examining BAL cell influx after exposure by inhalation or intratracheal instillation (ITI) to different particles with varying inherent pulmonary toxicities in both rat and mouse models. (socmucimm.org)
General findings indicate that total BAL cell counts using the automated and manual methods tended to agree after inhalation or ITI exposure to particle samples that are relatively nontoxic or at later time points after exposure to a pneumotoxic particle when the response resolves. (socmucimm.org)
Methods to reliably obtain high-quality biospecimens that can be tested for a variety of factors, including metabolic, immune and microbiome, need to be established for each mucosal region. (medscape.com)

Candida albicans VPS4 contributes differentially to epithelial and mucosal pathogenesis. (medscape.com)
14 On the other hand, the function of intestinal B cells in prion pathogenesis pursuing oral challenge continues to be unclear. (kinasechem.com)
This suggests that RA pathogenesis might originate in an extra-articular location, which we hypothesize is a mucosal site. (medscape.com)

Mucosal antibody responses following Vaxzevria vaccination. (bvsalud.org)
Antibody enhancement of the respiratory burst in PMN was also investigated, against a range of mucosal isolates. (bmj.com)

Mucosal antibodies play a key role in protection against breakthrough COVID-19 infections and emerging viral variants. (bvsalud.org)
However, little is known about how Vaxzevria vaccination impacts the ability of mucosal antibodies to induce Fc responses, particularly against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs). (bvsalud.org)
Here, we profiled paired mucosal ( saliva , tears ) and plasma antibodies from COVID-19 vaccinated only vaccinees (uninfected, vaccinated) and COVID-19 recovered vaccinees (COVID-19 recovered, vaccinated) who both received Vaxzevria vaccines . (bvsalud.org)
SARS-CoV-2 ancestral-specific IgG antibodies capable of engaging FcÎ³R3a were significantly higher in the mucosal samples of COVID-19 recovered Vaxzevria vaccinees in comparison with vaccinated only vaccinees. (bvsalud.org)
Our data highlight that while intramuscular Vaxzevria vaccination can enhance mucosal antibodies responses in COVID-19 recovered vaccinees, restrictions by ancestral-centric bias may have implications for COVID-19 protection . (bvsalud.org)
Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)

The mucosal surfaces primarily affected by candidiasis are the oral cavity, esophagus, angles of the mouth, and genitals (causing vulvovaginitis in females, balanitis in males). (medscape.com)
Patients should be counseled about smoking, and they should be warned about the risk of developing mucosal candidiasis after taking medications that impair salivation, antibiotics, corticosteroids, and other immunosuppressants. (medscape.com)

In +/+ rats, chronic stress induced barrier dysfunction in the ileum and colon (increased macromolecular permeability and depletion of mucus) and ultrastructural changes in epithelial cells (enlarged mitochondria and presence of autophagosomes) associated with bacterial adhesion and penetration into enterocytes. (mcmaster.ca)

In addition, we give an overview of the known mechanisms of lymphocyte migration to the intestine and discuss how CD103 expression can influence the balance between regulatory and effector T cells. (ox.ac.uk)
Mucosal T cells regulate Paneth and intermediate cell numbers in the small intestine of T. spiralis-infected mice. (ox.ac.uk)

The role of gamma delta T cells in airway epithelial injury and bronchial responsiveness after chlorine gas exposure in mice. (cdc.gov)
Epithelial cell counts in BAL after Cl2 exposure were greater in TCR-delta-/- mice, but macrophages showed a later peak and granulocyte numbers were lower in TCR-delta-/- than in wild type mice. (cdc.gov)
Epithelial proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining was increased at 1 and 3 days post exposure and was similar in the two groups. (cdc.gov)

Th2 cytokines also induce the breakdown of the epithelial barrier in allergic diseases, and epithelial cells release cytokines to promote Th2 immune response ( 6 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

Expanding our knowledge of the regulation of IgA B-cell responses and how effective mucosal vaccines can be designed are of critical importance. (lu.se)
Here we discuss recent developments in the field that shed light on the uniqueness and complexity of mucosal IgA responses and the control of protective IgA responses in the gut, specifically. (lu.se)
But whether or how this process controls mucosal immune responses remains unknown. (listlabs.com)
Therefore a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of immune responses in epithelial cells including cholangiocytes (epithelial cells lining the biliary tract) is critical to the development of new therapeutic strategies for contamination. (bio-cavagnou.info)
Informed by studies in infectious disease models, and instructed by a clear role for T RM cells in autoimmunity, we will discuss strategies for therapeutically promoting T RM responses in settings where they don't naturally occur. (frontiersin.org)
The persistence of such responses is fundamentally thought to be based on the ability of T cells to act as potent effectors and, subsequently, generate long-lived memory ( 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
We will also outline how microbes, as well as other factors such as smoking, can trigger immune responses at mucosal sites and eventually lead to RA. (medscape.com)
Finally, we propose a research agenda for greater understanding of the role of mucosal immune responses in the initiation of autoimmunity and RA. (medscape.com)

Moreover, these receptors are functional, as treatment of FRT tissue cells with ligands for TLR and NOD induces production of proinflammatory CXCL8 [ 13 ], and those receptors actively participate in immune response to pathogens, as Neisseria gonorrhea and HIV-1 [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)

Epithelial cell barrier damage was measured using western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. (spandidos-publications.com)
Our studies seek to recapitulate, in vitro, interactions between HIV-infected T-lymphocytes and intestinal epithelial cells in order to investigate the mechanisms underlying the disruption of normal epithelial cell and barrier function. (elsevierpure.com)

However, multiple hurdles exist for the realisation of a universal T cell vaccine. (mdpi.com)

Meanwhile, naive B cells migrated from PPs to the bone marrow during fasting and then back to PPs during refeeding when stromal cells sensed nutritional signals and upregulated CXCL13 expression to recruit naive B cells. (listlabs.com)

Thus our data suggest that regulates SIRT1 expression in human biliary epithelial cells in response to microbial challenge suggesting a new role of in the regulation of NF-κB-mediated epithelial innate immune response. (bio-cavagnou.info)
In epithelial cells miR-200a suppresses SIRT1 expression and subsequently SB225002 regulates epithelial to mesenchymal transition-like transformation [18]. (bio-cavagnou.info)
We recently discovered a new type of stress-responsive, protein-directed human RNA switch that regulates expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A in human monocytic cells (Ray, PS, et al. (rochester.edu)

Mucosal melanomas in the head and neck region account for half of all mucosal melanomas, occurring mainly in the upper respiratory tract, oral cavity, and pharynx. (medscape.com)
Oral-resident natural Th17 cells and γδ T cells control opportunistic Candida albicans infections. (medscape.com)
Oral mucosal diseases: evaluation and management. (medscape.com)

Mucosal mRNA levels were 100 times greater for interferon (IFN)γ and interleukin (IL) 15, 60 times greater for tumour necrosis factor α, and 35 times greater for inducible nitric oxide synthase in MC compared with controls. (bmj.com)
Mucosal IFNγ mRNA levels correlated with the degree of diarrhoea, and returned to normal in remission. (bmj.com)
The proportion of microspherelabeled cell bodies expressing high levels of PPT mRNA was increased above control levels at 24 and ·48 hrs. (cdc.gov)
Tissue repair was assessed by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivity and by expression of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) mRNA by real-time PCR. (cdc.gov)

Apart from a trend for increased levels of IL10, levels of other T helper cell type 2 (T H 2) cytokines including IL2 and IL4 were too low to be accurately quantified. (bmj.com)
mice, which Capn1 have normal lymphocyte counts but lack the two cytokines TNF- and LT, 26 to B cell-deficient MT mice, 27 and to RAG-1? (kinasechem.com)

that regulate the differentiation and activation of these cells. (cdc.gov)

Epithelial cells play a key protective role, since they are the first physiological barrier against allergen infiltration ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
While innate immune cells are important for early tumor immune surveillance, T cells are fundamentally recognized for their crucial role in the antigen-specific recognition and elimination of malignantly transformed cells ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
Indeed a wealth of studies from humans and mouse models establishes a particularly potent role for CD8 T cells in controlling the outgrowth of malignancies ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
1. To be able to describe the role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in Date of Original Release: April 2014. (cdc.gov)
NKT: Natural killer T innate lymphoid cells and their role in asthma. (cdc.gov)

Histopathological analysis of the biopsy showed sheets of epithelioid cells with prominent nucleoli and vesicular cells on a routine haematoxylin and eosin stain (fig 3). (bmj.com)

Immunology1

Immunity24

MAIT55

Inflammation16

Cutaneous2

Function of mucosal1

Tissues8

Epithelium5

Immunol1

Peripheral9

Systemic4

Ulcerative colitis2

Mast11

Biology3

Small intestinal4

Gastric4

Inflammatory6

Luminal1

Involved in nasal1

Antigens4

Squamous4

Infection3

Malignant5

Melanoma4

Lymph Nodes2

Lymphoid tissue1

Immune system3

Endoscopic2

Dendritic2

Abstract1

Regulatory T cel1

Methods3

Pathogenesis3

Antibody2

Antibodies6

Candidiasis2

Bacterial1

Intestine2

Exposure3

Induce1

Responses8

Receptors1

Epithelial cell2

Vaccine1

Stromal Cells1

Regulates3

Oral3

MRNA4

Cytokines2

Regulate1

Role5

Biopsy1