• p21 and other tumor suppressor genes' inactivation are therefore most likely involved in the first steps of the cancer model, with later stages possibly involving protooncogene activation and inflammation. (medscape.com)
  • The multistep transformation of normal cells into malignant cells involves genetic and epigenetic alterations that promote the aberrant expression of critical oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes [ 1 , 2 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • In the post-genomic era, the cancer research is focused on the dysregulation of transcriptional dysregulation mediated by epigenetic modifications in the enhancer, SE, and gene promoter regions of key tumor suppressor and tumor-promoting genes [ 5 , 6 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • Early studies of transforming retroviruses led to discovery of oncogenes, while studies of DNA viruses (like AV40) led to discovery of p53 and Rb and tumor suppressor genes. (stackexchange.com)
  • These characteristics are caused by altered gene expression, as a result of genetic mutations that inactivate tumour suppressor genes and / or activate oncogenes. (savedelicious.com)
  • During cell growth and proliferation, ubiquitin plays an outsized role in promoting progression through the cell cycle. (intechopen.com)
  • Notably, the G1/S boundary represents a major barrier to cell proliferation and is universally dysfunctional in cancer cells, allowing for the unbridled proliferation observed in malignancy. (intechopen.com)
  • Numerous E3 ubiquitin ligases, which facilitate the ubiquitination of specific substrates, have been shown to control G1/S. In this chapter, we will discuss components in the ubiquitin proteasome system that are implicated in G1/S control, how these enzymes are interconnected, gaps in our current knowledge, and the potential role of these pathways in the cancer cycle and disease proliferation. (intechopen.com)
  • Our findings indicated that VS-5584 administration resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of NSCLC cell proliferation, as well as the induction of apoptosis and cycle arrest. (bvsalud.org)
  • We found that onvansertib significantly induced the apoptosis and inhibited the proliferation and migration of LUAD cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Of interest, MM-derived MVs were enriched with the biologically active form of CD147, a transmembrane molecule previously shown by us to be crucial for MM cell proliferation. (oncotarget.com)
  • In summary, this study demonstrates the significance of MV shedding and MV-mediated intercellular communication on malignant plasma cell proliferation, and identifies the role of MV-enriched CD147 in this process. (oncotarget.com)
  • 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)-test was used to observe the proliferation of human breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells induced on VALD-3. (researchsquare.com)
  • Negative growth regulation generally occurs during the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, yet the redundancy and complexity among components of this regulatory network have made it difficult to discern how negative growth cues protect cells from aberrant proliferation. (uwo.ca)
  • To investigate the effects of silibinin on the growth of oral cancer cells, cell proliferation and anchorage-independent colony formation tests were conducted on YD10B and Ca9-22 oral cancer cells. (jcancer.org)
  • Silibinin effectively suppressed YD10B and Ca9-22 cell proliferation and colony formation in a dose-dependent manner. (jcancer.org)
  • Further, trans-caryophyllene and -humulene, two sesquiterpenes present in the remove, were proven to synergize and inhibit cell development and proliferation in MCF-7 breasts cancer tumor cells (29). (unambitiousus.com)
  • IM combined with IR can synergistically inhibit the proliferation, apoptosis, clonogenesis, invasion, migration and cell cycle of GIST cells. (researchsquare.com)
  • Many factors are involved in causing and permitting the unregulated proliferation of cells that occurs in cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Загальні відомості про злоякісні новоутворення Cancer is an unregulated proliferation of cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It has been proposed that metformin inhibits proliferation via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) or by blocking proliferation at the G0/G1 phase in the cell cycle with a reduction in cyclin D1. (uwm.edu)
  • Metformin also reduced cell proliferation and increased lipolysis in PCa cells at physiological obtainable doses (0.02 and 0.5 mM). (uwm.edu)
  • Tolentino, Miguel Angel, "Metformin-Induced PEDF Expression Regulates Cell Proliferation and Lipid Metabolism in Prostate Cancer Cells" (2013). (uwm.edu)
  • An obvious requirement for the stringent control of cell cycle progression is the prevention of deregulated proliferation - loss of control may result in tumors and cancers. (janechin.net)
  • Three molecular mechanisms involved in tumor dormancy have been identified: cellular dormancy (quiescence or mitotic arrest), angiogenic dormancy (limited tumor size), and immunologic dormancy (immunosurveillance, balance between clearance and proliferation) (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dormancy can be induced by more than one mechanism: cellular dormancy (quiescence), angiogenic dormancy (tumor mass size limit), and immunologic dormancy (immunosurveillance, balance between proliferation and apoptosis). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In patients with prolonged clinical dormancy, the presence of dormant cells is often identified by their lack of the cellular proliferation marker Ki-67 as well as the lack of apoptotic markers [ 12 - 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Tissue regeneration occurs due to the proliferation of stem cells, which can not only divide, but also differentiate into cells of the tissue whose regeneration is taking place. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • The broad spectrum anti-tumor effects of calcitriol and analogs are mostly based on inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and invasiveness, induction of differentiation and apoptosis, and promotion of angiogenesis. (jcancer.org)
  • Mnt overexpression suppressed cell cycle entry and cell proliferation, suggesting that the ratio of Mnt-Max to c-Myc-Max is critical for cell cycle entry. (silverchair.com)
  • These results demonstrate that Mnt-Myc antagonism plays a fundamental role in regulating cell cycle entry and proliferation. (silverchair.com)
  • Low power laser irradiation (LPLI) promotes proliferation of multiple cells, which (especially red and near infrared light) is mainly through the activation of mitochondrial respiratory chain and the initiation of cellular signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met), a member of tyrosine protein kinase receptors (TPKR), is phosphorylated during LPLI-induced proliferation, but tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) receptor has not been affected. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell proliferation is a very important physiological effect for low power laser irradiation (LPLI) used in clinical practice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the mechanisms of cell proliferation induced by LPLI are poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recently, a large number of signaling proteins reported play an important key role in the process of LPLI-induced cell proliferation, probably due to the fact that the molecular events they are involved in are the basic response of the cells to extracellular stimuli. (biomedcentral.com)
  • I need help or guide on cell proliferation assays. (stackexchange.com)
  • Apatinib selectively binds to and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, which may inhibit VEGF-stimulated endothelial cell migration and proliferation and decrease tumor microvessel density. (medkoo.com)
  • specifically apatinib inhibits VEGF-mediated endothelial cell migration and proliferation thus blocking new blood vessel formation in tumor tissue. (medkoo.com)
  • In previously reports , Plasmodium vivax was found to be able to directly inhibited erythroid cell proliferation and differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, in vitro cultures of erythroid cells derived from haematopoietic stem cells has demonstrated that P. vivax is able to directly inhibit erythroid cell proliferation and differentiation [ 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, COX-2 is a target of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and its selective inhibitors could effectively prevent inflammation, proliferation and angiogenesis and induce apoptosis in human cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Treatment with VS-5584 led to an upregulation of genes associated with apoptosis and cell cycle, such as c-caspase 3 and P21. (bvsalud.org)
  • Next, transcriptome analyses revealed that VS-5584 treatment altered the abundance of 1520 genes/transcripts in PC-9 cells, one of which was polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). (bvsalud.org)
  • These differentially expressed genes were primarily enriched in biological processes such as cell cycle regulation and cell apoptosis, which are closely linked to the P53 and apoptosis pathways. (bvsalud.org)
  • Appearance profiles from the cells in the G0 stage uncovered that they portrayed a couple of genes linked to cell fat burning capacity, inflammatory response, tumor and epigenetics suppression. (e-core.org)
  • We highlight the role of SE-driven genes, enhancer RNAs (eRNAs), lncRNAs, and miRNAs in the digestive system tumor growth and progression. (ijbs.com)
  • Here, we show that c-Myc induction during cell cycle entry leads to a transient decrease in Mnt-Max complexes and a transient switch in the ratio of Mnt-Max to c-Myc-Max on shared target genes. (silverchair.com)
  • Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of these genes identified an overrepresentation of genes related to the cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We discovered an unprecedented burst of differential expression of cell cycle related genes at one particular point during transition to flowering. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Progression through the cell cycle is driven by the oscillating activity of Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs). (intechopen.com)
  • Activation of each phase is dependent on the proper progression and completion of the previous one. (wikipedia.org)
  • Substantial data have provided convincing evidence establishing that human cancers emerge from cancer stem cells (CSCs), which display self-renewal and are resistant to anticancer drugs, radiation, and apoptosis, and express enhanced epithelial to mesenchymal progression. (oaepublish.com)
  • Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) is a key regulator of cell division, and its abnormal expression is related to the progression and prognosis of cancers. (bvsalud.org)
  • Pyroptosis is a new proinflammatory form of programmed cell death that plays a critical role in the progression of multiple diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • The observation of this intercellular communication and that MM cells modify the microenvironment is highly suggestive that one of the first biologically relevant changes necessary for progression of MGUS or SMM to MM is for a member(s) of the clone to evolve and acquire the molecular changes needed to reprogram its immediate microenvironment into a supportive, growth-promoting microenvironment. (oncotarget.com)
  • Transforming growth factor (3(TGF-P) is a crucial mediator of mammary epithelial morphogenesis and can negatively regulate cell cycle progression. (uwo.ca)
  • These findings were extended to explore the importance of the pRB anti- proliferative response during tumour formation and progression. (uwo.ca)
  • These studies expose that LOE suppresses important features of the progression of aggressive breast cancer cells and provides a basis for further definition of its underlying mechanisms of action and anticancer potential. (unambitiousus.com)
  • Comparative biochemical studies of rapamycin and wortmannin on transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1)-mediated G(1)-S cell cycle progression in C3H-10T1/2 embryonic fibroblasts. (janechin.net)
  • Therefore, understanding biochemical dynamics of cell cycle progression may lead to target-specific therapy with improved side effect profiles. (janechin.net)
  • These factors couple extracellular signals to intracellular processes to determine cell cycle progression. (janechin.net)
  • Tumor dormancy may contribute to tumor progression and relapse, either locally or metastatically at distant sites, years or decades after treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Aberrant epigenetic modifications play a vital role in the progression of digestive system tumors. (ijbs.com)
  • Aberrant changes in epigenetic mechanisms regulating DNA methylation, histone methylation and acetylation, expression of noncoding RNAs, and mRNA methylation are associated with the initiation, growth, and progression of digestive system tumors [ 2 , 4 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • LPLI-induced cell cycle progression can be regulated by the activation or elevated expressions of cell cycle-specific proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Development status of Apatinib: There is a Phase II/III study recruiting patients in China to determine whether apatinib can improve progression free survival compared with placebo in patients with metastatic gastric carcinoma who have failed two lines of chemotherapy (September, 2009). (medkoo.com)
  • In cells with nuclei (eukaryotes, i.e., animal, plant, fungal, and protist cells), the cell cycle is divided into two main stages: interphase and the mitotic (M) phase (including mitosis and cytokinesis). (wikipedia.org)
  • During interphase, the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis, and replicates its DNA and some of its organelles. (wikipedia.org)
  • The eukaryotic cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G1 phase, S phase (synthesis), G2 phase (collectively known as interphase) and M phase (mitosis and cytokinesis). (wikipedia.org)
  • M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes: mitosis, in which the cell's nucleus divides, and cytokinesis, in which the cell's cytoplasm divides forming two daughter cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • These results demonstrate that Cdk2-E activity is required for centrosome duplication during S phase and suggest a mechanism that could coordinate centrosome reproduction with cycles of DNA synthesis and mitosis. (umassmed.edu)
  • Stages of the cell cycle are G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), G2, M (Mitosis), and G0 (quiescence), with mitosis as the shortest and most visually dramatic process of the cycle after which two daughter cells result, Figure 1-1. (janechin.net)
  • 4. Mitosis: The cell divides into two daughter cells. (careforlifee.com)
  • Mitosis, or cell division, is a vital process that happens throughout our lives. (careforlifee.com)
  • Establishment of tumor derived cell lines Principal mouse mammary tumors were minced with a razor blade and digested in DMEM/F12 media sup plemented with 5% fetal bovine serum and 2 mg/ml collagenase for two hours at 37 C. (micrornainhibitors.com)
  • Similarly, their close relationship with the tumor microenvironment creates greater complexity in developing novel treatment strategies targeting CSCs. (oaepublish.com)
  • The tumor microenvironment (TME) is related to chronic inflammation and is currently identified as a risk factor for the occurrence and development of endometrial cancer (EC). (bvsalud.org)
  • Over the last decade, significant investigation in the MM field has demonstrated that the interaction of malignant PCs with BM stromal cells within the microenvironment is essential for survival of the PC clone [ 5 , 6 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • In this short review, we summarize recent experimental and clinical evidence for these three mechanisms and other possible tumor microenvironment mechanisms that may influence tumor dormancy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A tumor microenvironment that is altered (such as by frontline treatment) can mediate tumor cell entrance into, maintenance, and exit from dormancy through interaction with cells at niches, such as endothelial cells, stroma, or immune cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cytostatic control is considered a key tumour suppressive mechanism in the mammary gland. (uwo.ca)
  • Cell lifestyle Triple-negative breasts cancer tumor (MDA-MB-231 and CRL-2321) and regular mammary epithelial (MCF10A) cell lines had been extracted from the American Type Lifestyle Collection. (unambitiousus.com)
  • We also demonstrated that NOTCH1 sig naling is needed for mammary tumor initiating cell action, as NOTCH1 inhibition success in fast mam mary tumor regression and delays and, in some instances, prevents disorder recurrence. (micrornainhibitors.com)
  • By utilizing gene expression profiling, we recognized the embryonic stem cell transcrip tion element Nanog like a novel NOTCH1 regulated gene in mammary tumor cells. (micrornainhibitors.com)
  • Mammary extra fat pad transplants For limiting dilution scientific studies, major mammary tumors have been digested as previously described. (micrornainhibitors.com)
  • Therefore, these specific patterns of stemness regulation in various cancers have created significant complexity and specificity in various tumor types, which, in turn, may create a complicated situation with respect to therapeutic interventions aimed at eradicating CSCs from different tumor types. (oaepublish.com)
  • Moreover, the therapeutic potential of onvansertib was assessed in vivo by using xenograft tumor and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dysregulation of processes driven by these factors is a severe liability to the cell and therefore represents potential areas for therapeutic intervention. (janechin.net)
  • Li XP, Qu J, Teng XQ, Zhuang HH, Dai YH, Yang Z, Qu Q. The Emerging Role of Super-enhancers as Therapeutic Targets in The Digestive System Tumors. (ijbs.com)
  • A: "Double-phase" refers to direct killing of tumor cells while improving body immune function and "broad spectrum" means that different kinds of tumors are quickly responded to KLT treatment with satisfactory therapeutic effect. (kanglaite.com)
  • KLT has satisfactory therapeutic effect on various advanced tumors in palliative treatment in addition to its unique effect on cachexia and cancerous pain. (kanglaite.com)
  • One of the treatments applied in cancer is radiotherapy (RT), a therapeutic modality that uses ionizing radiation to induce damage in unwanted cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, strategies focused on inhibiting the inflammatory reaction using specific small molecule inhibitors could offer significant therapeutic value in the treatment of malignant tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • But at the same time, renewing tissues are subject to hyperproliferation, which leads to the formation of tumors, including malignant ones. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • This can lead to the formation of tumors. (careforlifee.com)
  • Non-proliferative (non-dividing) cells in multicellular eukaryotes generally enter the quiescent G0 state from G1 and may remain quiescent for long periods of time, possibly indefinitely (as is often the case for neurons). (wikipedia.org)
  • The word "post-mitotic" is sometimes used to refer to both quiescent and senescent cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • useful in looking into stem cells aswell as quiescent cells. (e-core.org)
  • This constant state is named the quiescent or the G0 phase. (e-core.org)
  • The quiescent cells have already been regarded as dormant, waiting around to enter the cell routine3,4,5. (e-core.org)
  • The known degrees of p27 are higher in quiescent cells than in bicycling cells30,31,32,33. (e-core.org)
  • Nevertheless, this marker could recognize and isolate the quiescent cells. (e-core.org)
  • These molecular features are in keeping with the type of quiescent cells as lately reported, helping the feasibility of our bodies. (e-core.org)
  • uncovered that marker was helpful for discovering the quiescent cell inhabitants in skeletal muscle tissue using the markers of muscle tissue stem cells. (e-core.org)
  • probe that recognizes quiescent cells To build up fluorescent probes that visualize the cells in the G0 stage, we initial fused mVenus towards the N-terminus of outrageous type p27 and retrovirally transduced the ensuing fusion protein (mVenus-p27WT) to NIH3T3 cells. (e-core.org)
  • Cellular dormancy is a state in which cells are in a quiescent state (the G0 phase). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Quiescent normal adult stem cells serve as a source of self-renewal in the maintenance of multiple adult epithelial tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Plumbagin, for example, was shown to inhibit the DNA-binding activity of NF-B and induce apoptosis in triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cells (20). (unambitiousus.com)
  • KLT can directly inhibit and kill cells of various tumors, control lesions, and prevent metastasis. (kanglaite.com)
  • These findings suggest that parasite proteins are able to inhibit erythroid cell growth by down-regulation of ezrin phosphorylation, leading to ineffective erythropoiesis ultimately resulting in severe malarial anaemia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This knowledge could help scientists to better understand glioma brain tumors and develop. (cell-lavie.com)
  • Gliomas are the most common primary tumors in the central nervous system (CNS), accounting for approximately 60 to 70% of primary brain tumors [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Oral cancer is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors worldwide. (jcancer.org)
  • Silibinin significantly inhibited xenograft tumor growth in nude mice, with no obvious toxicity. (jcancer.org)
  • Importantly, silibinin effectively suppressed xenograft tumor growth in nude mice. (jcancer.org)
  • While BRCA2 expression is involved in cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair, the mechanisms of cell cycle-dependent regulation of BRCA2 gene expression remains elusive. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Encouraging progress in understanding cell cycle regulation occurred over the past five years. (janechin.net)
  • Such regulation ensures faithful reproduction of DNA for subsequent distribution to daughter cells. (janechin.net)
  • The G1 phase is a period of intense metabolic activity and regulation. (janechin.net)
  • This is due to irregularities in the regulation of cell division and an increased frequency of mutagenesis in actively dividing cells. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • As main findings, 23 miRNAs were already identified as being involved in genetic regulation of PCa cell response to RT. (frontiersin.org)
  • Immunohistochemistry for H2AX was conducted for the identification of double-strand breaks, CHK2, and P53 to evaluate the expression of this protein in cell cycle regulation. (knoblauchpublishing.com)
  • These data show that NOTCH1 activation stimulate luminal lineage produce ment and implicate NOTCH1 from the regulation of mam mary tumor initiating activity. (micrornainhibitors.com)
  • Nonetheless, the outcomes of this report propose that IR induced G2/M cell cycle arrest as well as the regulation selleck chemicals PF299804 of Rac1 on the IR induced G2/M checkpoint response is apparently inde pendent of p53, as among the four breast cancer cell lines applied to the studies, MDA MB 231 and T47D cells express mutant p53, whereas MCF seven and ZR75 1 express wild sort p53. (micrornainhibitors.com)
  • In addition HIV-1 Vpr protein alters the cell-cycle regulation by hijacking centrosome functions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, a phosphoproteomic approach was performed to dissect the molecular mechanism of phosphoprotein regulation, which is involved in the inhibitory effect of parasites on erythroid cell development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This result suggests that phospho-ezrin is important for actin cytoskeleton regulation during erythroid cell growth and division. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The regulation of complex and dynamic signal transduction proteins contributes to the destination of targeting proteins and the signal transduction of cell growth, and exposure to parasites can also influence signaling pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Over the past decade, numerous studies indicate that various mechanisms of tumor dormancy exist, including cellular dormancy (quiescence), angiogenic dormancy, and immunologic dormancy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In order to protect against itself, special cellular mechanisms of tumor suppression have formed in the body. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth and division of a cell, with extension beyond the normally limiting basement membrane and through the boundaries of normal cells. (medscape.com)
  • Because of its mutated aggressive genetics, this cell has a selective growth advantage over its neighbors. (medscape.com)
  • [ 6 ] These events lead the cancer cell to escape normal cell growth and control mechanisms, to avoid system control mechanisms (ie, immunologic surveillance), and to establish a nutrient supply. (medscape.com)
  • It is also called the growth phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Overall, VS-5584 effectively suppressed the growth of NSCLC cells both in vitro and in vivo. (bvsalud.org)
  • VS-5584 combined with NMS-P937 exhibited a synergistic effect in inhibiting NSCLC cell growth. (bvsalud.org)
  • Herein we present clear evidence that not only do both patient MM cells and human MM cell lines (HMCLs) release MVs, but that these MVs stimulate MM cell growth. (oncotarget.com)
  • By xenografting human breast cancer cells into nude mice, we found that VALD-3 significantly suppressed tumor cell growth while showing low toxicity against major organs. (researchsquare.com)
  • The expression of BRCA2 gene is silenced at the G0/G1 phase of cell growth and is de-silenced at the S/G2 phase. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the G0/G1 growth phase ZAR2 is predominantly located inside the nucleus of the breast cells, binds to the BRCA2 promoter and inhibits the expression of BRCA2. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The notion could be that unique cellular mechanisms are triggered in the breast cancer cells to stimulate BRCA2 gene expression as a temporary measure to regulate the growth of the breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Initial exponential tumor growth is followed by a plateau phase when cell death nearly equals the rate of formation of daughter cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The slowing in growth rate may be related to exhaustion of the supply of nutrients and oxygen for the rapidly expanding tumor. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Exogenous PEDF treatment reduces prostate tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis. (uwm.edu)
  • Mammalian cells are recognized to leave the cell routine in response to environmental adjustments such as for example depletion of diet or growth elements, adjustments in cell adhesion, and elevated cell density through the early G1 stage1,2,3,4,5. (e-core.org)
  • Dormant cells are characterized by their slow growth, their ability to escape frontline treatment and host immunity, and their capability to self-renew. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Their growth arrest is reversible and under certain conditions, such as induction by growth factors, cytokines, nutrients, or chemical agents, the cells can re-enter the cell cycle to proliferate again. (biomedcentral.com)
  • With aging, the cell stops dividing: it does not respond to growth factors and becomes resistant to apoptosis. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • The role of BCSCs in cancer formation, growth, invasiveness, therapy resistance and tumor recurrence is becoming increasingly clear. (wjgnet.com)
  • An unwanted clone of cells and establishment of secondary areas of growth is called. (ilmkidunya.com)
  • The length of G1 varies from cell to cell and is determined by the cell's need for growth and development. (careforlifee.com)
  • Lysed IE significantly inhibited gEC growth at 48 and 72 h and cell division resulting in the accumulation of cells in G0 phase. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The abnormally high number of centrosomes found in many human tumor cells can lead directly to aneuploidy and genomic instability through the formation of multipolar mitotic spindles. (umassmed.edu)
  • Interestingly, specific dysregulated signaling pathways maintain CSCs renewal capacity with unique patterns among various tumor types. (oaepublish.com)
  • Studies using commercially available reagents of these compounds have shown they have pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects on various tumor cell lines. (unambitiousus.com)
  • The in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of ATL was also analyzed in xenografted nude mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The first miRNA was discovered in 1993 by Lee, Freinbaum and Ambros ( 6 , 7 ), and since then an increasing load of literature data have pointed that they can act as both tumor suppressors and oncogenes ( 1 - 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Further, we reveal that cell routine protein and apoptotic markers, aswell as essential NF-B regulatory substances, are modulated by treatment with LOE, thus shedding light on the mechanism of actions behind the anticancer ramifications of LOE. (unambitiousus.com)
  • Mechanism for switch of embryonic stem cells from 'fast' cell cycle to 'normal' cell cycle? (stackexchange.com)
  • The mechanism was perhaps related to inhibiting lymphocyte apoptosis and promoting the balance of Th1/Th2 cell subsets. (hindawi.com)
  • Centrosome duplication is tightly regulated and limited at once per cell cycle through a mechanism that prevents re-duplication. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As such, many studies on the mechanism by which CAP induces cancer cell death have been reported [ 26 - 33 ], but for the indirect treatment utilizing PAM, there is still a lack of research on physical changes in the stage before death occurs. (hindawi.com)
  • CSCs represent a heterogeneous tumor cell population and lack specific cellular targets, which makes it a great challenge to target and eradicate them. (oaepublish.com)
  • Studying such mechanisms not only provides mechanistic insights into these cells that are unresponsive to drugs, but may lead to the development of targeted and effective therapeutics to eradicate CSCs. (oaepublish.com)
  • The biological importance of activation targets of Nanog, Oct4, SOX-2, and c-Myc in CSCs, which are more frequently overexpressed in poorly differentiated tumors than in well-differentiated tumors, has been shown by correlating signature characteristics of these cells and poor survival [ 3 ] . (oaepublish.com)
  • Although most circulating cancer cells die, an occasional cell may penetrate into tissues, generating a metastasis at a distant site. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Tumor dormancy can lead to tumor recurrence locally or to metastasis at a distant site. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Calcitriol elicits anti-tumor effects mainly through the induction of cancer cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, differentiation, angiogenesis and the inhibition of cell invasiveness by a number of mechanisms. (jcancer.org)
  • Additional studies demonstrate that inhibition of ERK1/2 abrogates the G2/M checkpoint response just after DNA harm, resulting in elevated sen sitivity of cells to DNA damaging agents. (micrornainhibitors.com)
  • Rac1 inhibition abolishes IR induced activation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 Preceding scientific studies from our laboratory demonstrated that IR publicity of cells effects in activation of ERK1/2 sig naling. (mek-inhibitors.com)
  • For example, pinocembrin, a flavanone which comprises nearly 55% of the total LOE, has been shown to decrease viability and prevent epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by TGF- in Y-79 retinoblastoma cells (25). (unambitiousus.com)
  • Mammalian SNF5 is essential for normal cell viability, and loss or mutation of the human SNF gene is the molecular basis for familial malignant rhabdoid tumorigenesis. (umassmed.edu)
  • ZAR2 binds to BRCA2/ZAR2 bi-directional promoter in vivo and is responsible, at least in part, for the silencing of BRCA2 gene expression in the G0/G1 phase in human breast cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Reactions against the dominating undescribed epitopes had been from the memory space T-cell subset and may even be recognized directly former mate vivo after Th2 cell enrichment. (enmd-2076.com)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • Currently, clinical trials are underway of drugs that selectively eliminate old cells in organs and tissues, thereby preventing degenerative changes in organs and cancer. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • In our body, there are renewing tissues in which there is a pool of constantly dividing cells that replace spent or dying cells. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • Stem cells that exist in almost all organs and tissues are able to divide indefinitely. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • Stem cells are present in the myocardium, in the brain (in the hypocampus and in the olfactory bulbs) and in other tissues. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • The main goal of RT consists in delivering a precise dose of radiation in a target volume, such as tumor, promoting the tumor cells eradication with as minimal damage as possible in surrounding normal tissues ( 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • When contouring is completed, the radiation oncologist uses the planning software to target the radiotherapy beam to the tumor while trying to spare normal tissues from irradiation as much as possible. (todaysveterinarypractice.com)
  • The light must be absorbed by the endogenous chromophores of cells or tissues for actions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This essential technique to reduce host cell toxicity in response to methotrexate (MTX) therapy is often referred to as leucovorin (folinic acid) rescue. (medquizzes.net)
  • FLASH irradiation reportedly produces less normal tissue toxicity, while maintaining tumour response. (knoblauchpublishing.com)
  • Its prominent properties are A lack of cell differentiation Local invasion of adjoining tissue Metastasis, which is spread to distant sites through. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The SEs consist of critical epigenetic regulatory elements, which modulate the biological characteristics of digestive system tumors including tumor cell identity and differentiation, tumorigenesis, environmental response, immune response, and chemotherapeutic resistance. (ijbs.com)
  • A switch from glycolysis to mitochondrial respiration drives these cells toward differentiation, but the mechanisms that control this switch are poorly defined. (lww.com)
  • This is the multihit theory of tumorigenesis, in which a series of multiple triggering events in the genetic and cellular makeup of a cell ultimately cause cancer. (medscape.com)
  • To ensure the proper replication of cellular components and division, there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints after each of the key steps of the cycle that determine if the cell can progress to the next phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • The mammalian cell cycle typically completes in 24 hours, where dramatic changes occur in cellular metabolism and cytoskeletal physiology. (janechin.net)
  • The 'Restriction Point' (R-Point) describes a cellular commitment to enter DNA synthesis under suitable conditions. (janechin.net)
  • Restriction points receive signals from central- and peripheral cellular networks to determine subsequent cell fate. (janechin.net)
  • Factors mandating cellular consequence include cell surface-receptors, cytoplasmic proteins, and nuclear proteins. (janechin.net)
  • The mammalian cell is furnished with receptors linked to interactive series of cytoplasmic networks for controlling cellular processes. (janechin.net)
  • During the mitotic phase, the replicated chromosomes, organelles, and cytoplasm separate into two new daughter cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Some cells enter the G0 phase semi-permanently and are considered post-mitotic, e.g., some liver, kidney, and stomach cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Handle contaminated cells at two hours immediately after IR, the expression of N17Rac1 apparently blocked this impact of IR, leading to a substantial maximize in level of mitotic cells compared with Ad. (mek-inhibitors.com)
  • Previous studies have reported that CAP exhibited antimicrobial activity in bacteria [ 7 - 10 ] and induced angiogenesis by regulating wound healing molecular expression in skin cells [ 11 - 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • It turned out that old cells, on the one hand, act as tumor suppressors (since they irreversibly stop dividing themselves and reduce the risk of transformation of surrounding cells), and on the other hand, the specific metabolism of old cells can cause inflammation and degeneration of neighboring precancerous cells into malignant ones. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • However, many patients who exhibit no clinical symptoms after frontline therapy subsequently suffer, often many years later, aggressive tumor recurrence. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Tumor cell dormancy may help to explain treatment resistance and recurrence or metastatic reactivation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During cell division, tissue rejuvenation occurs: new cells take the place of damaged ones, while repair (elimination of DNA damage) occurs more intensively and regeneration is possible in case of tissue damage. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • Mutations occur rarely, and in order for a cell to become cancerous - this is calculated for human fibroblasts - about 100 divisions must occur (this number of divisions usually occurs in a person at about the age of 40) [5]. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • As we see in this diagram , G0 phase occurs after M phase and at a specific point within G1 phase. (stackexchange.com)
  • With the development of tumor molecular heterogeneity theory(12), there are still some patients with GIST who are sensitive to radiotherapy, especially for the patients with advanced stage(13-16).In addition, with the development of imaging technology and modern tissue and organ radiation technology, it has become a reality to concentrate high-dose radiation locally in abdominal cavity tumors(12), which challenges RT's insensitivity to GISTs. (researchsquare.com)
  • A: With its active ingredient extracted from seed of "semen coicis", a natural anti-tumor herbal plant, Kanglaite Injection (KLT) is a novel dual-function, broad spectrum and molecular-targeting anti-neoplastic formulation for intravenous and intra-arterial application. (kanglaite.com)
  • In recent years, molecular mechanisms of cell aging, their connection with oncological diseases and inflammation have been discovered. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • Many molecular pathways in eukaryotic cells are modulated by specific signaling proteins that are controlled, by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, through the activity of kinase and phosphatase enzymes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • IKKβ kinase activity was determined using a cell IKKβ kinase activity spectrophotometry quantitative detection kit and a molecular docking study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study is the first to show that VALD-3 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer cells by suppressing Wnt/β-catenin signaling, indicating that it could be a potential drug for the treatment of breast cancer. (researchsquare.com)
  • BRCA2 gene expression is tightly regulated during the cell cycle in human breast cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While studying the activity of BRCA2 gene promoter in breast cancer cells, we discovered that this promoter has bi-directional activity and the product of the reverse activity (a ZAR1-like protein, we named ZAR2) silences the forward promoter at the G0/G1 phase of the cell. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Subcellular location of ZAR2 and its expression from the reverse promoter of the BRCA2 gene are stringently regulated in a cell cycle dependent manner. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The mutations of BRCA2 gene predispose the cells towards neoplastic development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • BRCA2 gene expression is stringently regulated during the cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Modern approaches to treating cancer take advantage of critical biochemical differences between cancer cells and normal cells - from radiation therapy to chemotherapy to experimental gene therapy. (janechin.net)
  • Indeed, it has been shown that miRNAs play an important role in gene expression, mainly when associated with the monitoring of several cell and metabolic pathways, being also an essential component of the gene silencing machinery in most eukaryotic organisms ( 4 , 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • An HIV-positive woman who received a blood stem cell transplant to treat acute myeloid leukemia appears to have been cured of HIV.The stem cells, from umbilical cord blood, contained a gene variant that makes them resistant to HIV infection.The woman has been free of HIV for 14 months since the. (cell-lavie.com)
  • Can I assume that it is easier to do targeted gene knock-in in rapidly dividing cells because they should have a short period of G1? (stackexchange.com)
  • Herein, we also provide evidence that LOE inhibits NF-B signaling by reducing RIP1 protein levels in MDA-MB-231 cells. (unambitiousus.com)
  • Standard techniques like cell synchronization by serum starvation, flow cytometry, N-terminal or C-terminal FLAG epitope-tagged protein expression, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, dual luciferase assay for promoter evaluation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were employed during this study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Each stage of the cell cycle is profiled by distinct protein complexes and phosphorylation events. (janechin.net)
  • As reported in prior studies, we created a fluorescent protein-based sign program to monitor the cell routine status, known as the fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell routine Asenapine maleate sign (Fucci)20,21. (e-core.org)
  • In today's research, to visualize the cells in the G0 stage, we transduced a probe, utilizing a fusion protein between your fluorescent protein mVenus and a p27K? (e-core.org)
  • To study the potential role in this metabolic shift of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL), a protein component of a ubiquitin ligase complex, the authors generated nephron progenitor cell-specific VHL knockout mice. (lww.com)
  • Equipped with a mouse model of stress (5-HT1A-R-/- mice) and a 5-HT1A-R-expressing hippocampal neuron-derived cell line, HN2-5, our earlier studies have reported that a 5-HT1A-R-mediated signaling pathway functions via extracellular receptor-activated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)-catalyzed activation of protein kinase C alpha (PKC) to promote synaptogenesis at P15 in the hippocampal CA1 region [12,16]. (thetechnoant.info)
  • It had been discovered that two protein that can be found on a single particle could function collectively which T cells particular for one proteins could offer help for B cells particular for the next proteins (20). (enmd-2076.com)
  • These results suggest that among various reactive species produced by PAM, hydrogen peroxide plays a key role in inducing cancer cell apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
  • Some chemotherapy drugs work by targeting cells in specific phases of the cell cycle. (careforlifee.com)
  • This can replenish stem cells when a person's bone marrow has been damaged by chemotherapy, radiation, or a disease. (cell-lavie.com)
  • Resistance to chemotherapy is when the cancer cells do not respond to the drugs. (savedelicious.com)
  • These events include the duplication of its DNA (DNA replication) and some of its organelles, and subsequently the partitioning of its cytoplasm, chromosomes and other components into two daughter cells in a process called cell division. (wikipedia.org)
  • This phase is important because it ensures that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. (careforlifee.com)
  • During this phase, the cell makes sure that its DNA is intact and that the chromosomes are correctly arranged in the nucleus. (careforlifee.com)
  • During this phase, the cell's chromosomes are separated into two equal sets, and each set is moved into a separate daughter cell. (careforlifee.com)
  • The cell's chromosomes are duplicated during this phase, but they remain in the nucleus. (careforlifee.com)
  • Prometaphase: In this phase, the chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers, which will help to pull them apart during division. (careforlifee.com)
  • Metaphase: The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell in this phase. (careforlifee.com)
  • The chromosomes are pulled apart by the spindle fibers and move to opposite ends of the cell. (careforlifee.com)
  • Cells that have temporarily or reversibly stopped dividing are said to have entered a state of quiescence called G0 phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • probe is certainly a useful device in looking into stem cell biology aswell as the systems maintaining quiescence. (e-core.org)
  • The expression of pro-apoptotic proteins and anti-apoptotic proteins in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells was investigated by Western blotting. (researchsquare.com)
  • My work provides mechanistic clues for cyclinspecific events during the cell cycle, demonstrates the usefulness of synthetic strategies in problem solving and also possibly resolves long-standing uncertainties regarding functions of some cell cycle proteins. (umassmed.edu)
  • In this operational system, G1 phase-specific proteolysis of Geminin and S/G2/M phase-specific proteolysis of Cdt1 are supervised using two types of probes comprising the fusion proteins between your degrons of Geminin and of Cdt1 to fluorescent proteins. (e-core.org)
  • By attaching to and modifying proteins and fats, glycans influence how proteins fold, how cues are sent between cells, and other cell-to-cell interactions. (cell-lavie.com)
  • These results demonstrate a mixed unbiased transcriptomic, proteomic, and immunomic strategy identifies a significantly broadened repertoire of proteins antigens targeted by T cells involved with allergy pathogenesis. (enmd-2076.com)
  • The finding of proteins that creates Th2 cells but aren't IgE reactive may permit the advancement EI1 of safer immunotherapeutic strategies. (enmd-2076.com)
  • Although occasionally it's been demonstrated that T cells can only just or preferentially offer help B cells particular for the same proteins (17, 18), in additional systems this limitation was not the situation (19, 20). (enmd-2076.com)
  • The mechanisms of radioresistance are still poorly understood, despite it has been suggested that miRNAs play an important role in cell signaling pathways. (frontiersin.org)
  • OSCC of non-smokers were well-differentiated tumors in 50% of the cases, and those of smokers were equally distributed into moderately differentiated and poorly differentiated tumors (35.3% each). (knoblauchpublishing.com)
  • Moreover, it induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase, apoptosis, and ROS generation in these cells. (jcancer.org)
  • Silibinin considerably reduced the development of oral cancer cells by inducing apoptosis, G 0 /G 1 arrest, ROS generation, and activation of the JNK/c-Jun pathway. (jcancer.org)
  • Steady with our observation, results from other studies also present that p53 standing has no influence on IR induced G2/M cycle arrest. (micrornainhibitors.com)
  • in Figure 5B, cells transfected with Rac1 siRNA unveiled a marked attenuation in IR induced G2/ M arrest in contrast with control siRNA transfected cells. (mek-inhibitors.com)
  • Constitutive nuclear factor-B (NF-B) signaling offers been shown to contribute to the heightened inflammatory state and survival in TNBC cells. (unambitiousus.com)
  • Creation of T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines [IL-4, -5, and -13 (6)] regulates these occasions because they're crucial for the change to IgE creation by differentiating B cells and promote the influx of eosinophils and additional inflammatory cells that donate to airway pathology. (enmd-2076.com)
  • The cancer stem cell (CSC) paradigm emerged from investigating a subpopulation of less-differentiated CD34+/CD38- cells possessing stem cell-like renewal ability and robust malignant-initiating capacity in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) [ 1 ] . (oaepublish.com)
  • A subpopulation of cells within a cancer has the properties of stem cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Current knowledge about the most aggressive forms of BC points to the role of specific cells with stem properties located within BC, the so-called "BC stem cells" (BCSCs). (wjgnet.com)
  • Learn more about the possible side effects of stem cell treatment before entering your cell therapy clinic in Bangkok. (cell-lavie.com)
  • What are stem cell transplants? (cell-lavie.com)
  • A stem cell transplant is when healthy stem cells are injected into a person's bone marrow or blood. (cell-lavie.com)
  • The chances of restoring fertility through sperm stem cell transplant are as random as a coin toss. (cell-lavie.com)
  • A groundbreaking study found that stem cells reduce the amount of virus causing AIDS, boost the body's antiviral immunity, and restore the gut's lymphoid follicles damaged by HIV. (cell-lavie.com)
  • Scientists are developing a promising approach for treating type 1 diabetes by using stem cells to create insulin-producing cells (called beta cells) that could replace nonfunctional pancreatic cells. (cell-lavie.com)
  • Biomedical engineering researchers developed a new cell classifier tool that takes a higher-resolution look at the life cycle of neuroepithelial stem cells, which led to the discovery and exploration of a new resting phase called Neural G0. (cell-lavie.com)
  • It is well-known that embryonic stem cells have a fast cell cycle (very roughly about 12 hours), while typically normal cells have a much longer cell cycle (very roughly about 24 hours). (stackexchange.com)
  • This study describes the first comparative phosphoproteome analysis of growing erythroid cells (gECs), derived from human haematopoietic stem cells, exposed to lysates of infected erythrocytes (IE)/uninfected erythrocytes (UE) for 24, 48 and 72 h. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Digestive system tumors include malignancies of the stomach, pancreas, colon, rectum, and the esophagus, and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. (ijbs.com)
  • Digestive system tumors including esophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, hepatic cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, and gallbladder carcinoma are associated with significantly high mortality and morbidity rates [ 1 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by the clonal expansion of malignant plasma cells within the bone marrow. (oncotarget.com)
  • Cancer cells, particularly those arising from the bone marrow or lymphatic system, may have a short generation time, and there usually are a smaller percentage of cells in G0 (resting phase). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Such cells exist in the crypts of the intestine, in the basal layer of the skin epithelium, in the bone marrow (hematopoietic cells). (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • When the healthy cells come from bone marrow, it is also known as. (cell-lavie.com)
  • Strikingly, these data also reveals that this tumour suppressive effect is context-dependent. (uwo.ca)
  • Co-treatment with VS-5584 and PLK1 inhibitor NMS-P937 resulted in enhanced cancer cell death, exhibiting synergistic inhibitory activity. (bvsalud.org)
  • When a patient is referred for radiotherapy, the veterinary radiation oncologist reviews the biopsy results, performs a physical examination, reviews any images, and localizes the anatomy of the tumor to be treated before performing a computed tomography (CT) scan of the patient and the anatomic area affected. (todaysveterinarypractice.com)
  • After the CT scan is imported into the radiotherapy planning system, the radiation oncologist contours (draws) the tumor and normal anatomy using planning software. (todaysveterinarypractice.com)
  • Here, we review recent findings of relevant genetic abnormalities, novel discoveries regarding tumor dormancy, and possible mechanistic links. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The effects of silibinin on the migration and invasion of oral cancer cells were evaluated using transwell assays. (jcancer.org)
  • Further, halofuginone inhibited the nuclear localization of NF-B and AP1, which are essential transcriptional activators of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), therefore reducing migration and invasiveness of these cells (21). (unambitiousus.com)
  • The biological functions of ATL in GBM cells were investigated using migration/invasion, colony formation and cell cycle/apoptosis assays. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell renewal can occur quite intensively: for example, connective tissue cells in the pancreas are replaced every 24 hours, gastric mucosa cells - every three days, leukocytes - every 10 days, skin cells - every six weeks, approximately 70 g of proliferating small intestine cells are removed from the body daily [1]. (vechnayamolodost.ru)
  • Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease resulting from the destruction of insulinproducing β cells in the pancreas, that leads to hyperglycemia [1,2,20]. (researchgate.net)
  • Specifically, the boundary between G1 and S-phase is tightly regulated by the ubiquitin proteasome system. (intechopen.com)
  • Many cells do not enter G0 and continue to divide throughout an organism's life, e.g., epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • For instance, many patients that are referred to a radiation oncologist for a brain tumor have had a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan completed to make the diagnosis. (todaysveterinarypractice.com)
  • CAP has been known to induce apoptosis in most cancer cells by treatment to cells using direct and indirect treatment methods. (hindawi.com)
  • In this study, we applied an indirect treatment method to determine how CAP can induce cancer cell death. (hindawi.com)
  • In particular, CAP contains highly reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), and it can induce cell death by causing oxidative damage to cancer cells. (hindawi.com)
  • First, direct treatment can induce strong cell death by reaching the plasma species to the cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Regardless of the need for Th2 cells and their connected cytokines in the pathogenesis of sensitive respiratory disease, research of antigens regarded as causes of T-cell reactions have up to now been mostly limited by those recognized to bind IgE antibodies (7, 8) and induce IgE-mediated instant hypersensitivity reactions (9). (enmd-2076.com)
  • While the intracellular ROS of A549 cells was rapidly increased at 2 hours, there was no significant change in that of PAM-treated normal cells. (hindawi.com)
  • As their main target is cell division, they affect all rapidly dividing cells, including normal cells. (savedelicious.com)
  • The c-Myc oncoprotein is strongly induced during the G0 to S-phase transition and is an important regulator of cell cycle entry. (silverchair.com)