Cells chromosome cell cycle. Medical search. Frequent questions

Conditional mutation of Smc5 in mouse embryonic stem cells perturbs condensin localization and mitotic progression. (nih.gov)
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that plays an essential role in viral episome replication and segregation, by recruiting the cellular complex of DNA replication onto the origin (oriP) and by tethering the viral DNA onto the mitotic chromosomes. (ox.ac.uk)
Using several approaches, we have demonstrated a direct interaction between these two proteins and found that the EBNA1 domains responsible for EBNA1 tethering to the mitotic chromosomes are also involved in the interaction with RCC1. (ox.ac.uk)
Finally, using confocal microscopy and Förster resonance energy transfer analysis to follow the dynamics of interaction between the two proteins throughout the cell cycle, we have demonstrated that EBNA1 and RCC1 closely associate on the chromosomes during metaphase, suggesting an essential role for the interaction during this phase, perhaps in tethering EBNA1 to mitotic chromosomes. (ox.ac.uk)
1985) described polytene chromosomes as giant chromosomes produced by changes in the mitotic cycle during the interphase stage. (scielo.br)
Shugoshin-2 is essential for the completion of meiosis but not for mitotic cell division in mice. (nature.com)
Mitotic cell cycle progression is accomplished through a reproducible sequence of events, DNA replication (S phase) and mitosis (M phase) separated temporally by gaps known as G1 and G2 phases. (kegg.jp)
Recombination between homologous sequences is a fundamentally important process both in meiosis and in mitotic cells. (brandeis.edu)
To this end we have expressed the site-specific HO endonuclease in meiotic cells so that we can compare recombination events at the same loci where we have used HO to stimulate recombination in mitotic cells. (brandeis.edu)
Could condensin scaffold the mitotic chromosome? (up.pt)
Treatment with the novel cyclophilin inhibitor NV651, presented a potent antiproliferative effect in HCC cell lines via cell cycle perturbations arresting cells in the mitotic phase. (lu.se)
Targeting the cell cycle has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment with special interest in the mitotic phase. (lu.se)
The mitotic kinase monopolar spindle 1 (Mps1) is a key regulator of the Spindle assembly checkpoint, which ensures the correct chromosome segregation. (lu.se)
We could confirm the increased polyploidy upon Mps1 inhibition in neuroblastoma cell lines and PDX model, leading to mitotic catastrophe activating the caspase-dependent mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. (lu.se)

It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences whereas a chromatid is one of the two copies of DNA making up a duplicated chromosome, which are joined at their centromeres, for the process of cell division (mitosis or meiosis). (icsesolutions.com)
c) An aster is a cellular structure shaped like a star, formed around each centrosome during mitosis in an animal cell whereas spindle fibers are aggregates of microtubules that move chromosomes during cell division. (icsesolutions.com)
Analysis of mitosis and antimitotic drug responses in tumors by in vivo microscopy and single-cell pharmacodynamics. (nature.com)
Nup160 and Nup96 (components of the Nup107-160 nucleoporin complex) localize at spindle poles during mitosis in HeLa cells whereas Nup93 and Nup62 (nucleoporins absent from the Nup107-160 complex)do n. (ucsd.edu)
In addition cells have evolved a damage-sensing checkpoint system whereby the cells delay entry into mitosis until the break has been repaired. (brandeis.edu)
To avert this potential crisis, the cell devotes a substantial amount of energy during early mitosis to gradually reorganizing the sister chromatids into shorter structures that separate more easily. (jove.com)

Chromosome structure in both interphase and M-phase cells is strongly influenced by the action of the cohesin and condensin protein complexes. (nih.gov)
The cohesin complex tethers the identical copies of each chromosome, called sister chromatids, together following DNA replication and promotes normal interphase chromosome structure and gene expression. (nih.gov)
e) If there are 46 chromosomes in a cell there will be 46 chromatin fibres inside the nucleus during interphase. (icsesolutions.com)
The endomitotic cycle (endomitosis) starts with a normal prophase (endoprophase), after which the chromosome contracts further (endometaphase), their sister chromatids separate from each other (endoanaphase) and decondense to assume the interphase nuclear structure, resulting in polyploid cells, with double the chromosome number (endopolyploidy) at the end of each cycle. (scielo.br)
These features exist in ordinary interphase chromosomes but are difficult to observe. (jove.com)

In contrast, because chromosome condensation occurs spontaneously in M-phase extracts, sperm nuclei are added directly to CSF extracts to assay condensation. (nih.gov)
Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 interacts with regulator of chromosome condensation 1 dynamically throughout the cell cycle. (ox.ac.uk)
Here, we have identified regulator of chromosome condensation 1 (RCC1) as a novel cellular partner for EBNA1. (ox.ac.uk)
This reorganization relies on condensin, a protein complex involved in the condensation of chromosomes. (jove.com)
Condensins use energy generated by ATP hydrolysis to promote two major processes that facilitate sister chromatid separation: chromosome condensation and sister chromatid resolution. (jove.com)
During chromosome condensation, chromatids become tightly packed. (jove.com)

d) A haploid cell is a cell that contains one complete set of chromosomes. (icsesolutions.com)
Then, the cell distributes a copy of each chromosome between the two daughter cells so that each daughter cell receives a complete set of chromosomes. (jove.com)

We feature research from the structure and function of chromatin to the dynamics of chromosome movement during cell division. (mcb-seattle.edu)
In such a modified nuclear cycle, the chromatin duplicates its DNA content during the G 1 and S stages, but, instead of passing to the G 2 stage, the nucleus initiates a new G 1 phase, thus starting a new cycle of chromatin duplication. (scielo.br)
Dmt localizes to regions of tightly packed chromatin through interactions with other proteins to launch cohesion, and protects cohesion at other cell cycle timepoints by binding different proteins. (sciencedaily.com)
Nagoya University researchers labeled the Dmt protein with a green fluorescent tag, then used live cell imaging to show that it localizes to the joining point of tightly packed chromatin in Drosophila cells. (sciencedaily.com)
Double minute chromosomes (dmins) are a form of gene amplification presenting as small spherical paired chromatin bodies. (hindawi.com)
Double minute chromosomes (dmins) are cytogenetic indicators of extrachromosomal gene amplification which usually act as small spherical paired chromatin particles [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Scientists from the Institut Pasteur and the CNRS have developed a new method for quantifying chromatin loops and observing chromosomes at high resolution. (pasteur.fr)
These chromatin loops help structure chromosomes and play an important role in basic genome functions such as gene expression. (pasteur.fr)
The organization of chromatin in the cell nucleus is currently mainly studied with the Hi-C technique, which uses sequencing to quantify contacts between different DNA regions. (pasteur.fr)
We developed an approach combining imaging with polymer simulations to describe the chromatin structure in individual human cells," explains Christophe Zimmer, Head of the Imaging and Modeling laboratory at the Institut Pasteur. (pasteur.fr)

Seattle MCB faculty take various approaches to investigate how cells maintain proper cell cycle progression, chromosomal organization, DNA replication, transcription, DNA repair and chromosome segregation. (mcb-seattle.edu)
SMC5/6 is required for replication fork stability and faithful chromosome segregation during neurogenesis. (nih.gov)
A sister chromatid is one half of an identical pair of chromatids formed by the replication of a single chromosome. (sciencedaily.com)
These histones are crucial for efficient packaging of DNA, as well as the replication and segregation of chromosomes themselves. (news-medical.net)
Due to their affiliation with DNA, histones are important for successful cell replication, which takes place via the cell cycle. (news-medical.net)
Histones can be classified as replication dependent or replication independent, which is decided by their expression pattern during the cell cycle. (news-medical.net)
The replication independent histone genes are transcribed at a relatively constant low rate, regardless of cell cycle stage. (news-medical.net)
However, most of the vertebrate histone genes are replication dependent and are therefore more highly expressed during the cell cycle's S phase. (news-medical.net)
MCM2 (Mini chromosome maintenance protein 2) is involved in regulating DNA replication. (thermofisher.com)
MCM2 (also called CDCL1, mitotin and BM28), is a human nuclear protein that is crucial in the cell cycle, being involved in the onset of DNA replication and cell division. (thermofisher.com)
This is the process we have studied most intensively, but we are also interested in an alternative process known as break-induced replication (BIR), where only one end of a chromosome break locates a template sequence and assembles a complete replication fork and can copy sequences to the end of a chromosome, producing a nonreciprocal translocation. (brandeis.edu)

Sister chromatid cohesion is necessary for the equal segregation of chromosomes and subsequent genomic inheritance. (sciencedaily.com)

Egg extracts, in which the cell cycle state can be manipulated, contain stockpiles of nuclear proteins (including condensin and cohesin) sufficient for the assembly of thousands of nuclei per microliter. (nih.gov)
Genes are specific sequences of nucleotides on a chromosome that encode particular proteins which express in the form of some particular feature of the body. (icsesolutions.com)
In chromosomes, DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones. (news-medical.net)
2004). Different spindle checkpoint proteins monitor microtubule attachment and tension at kinetochores in Drosophila cells . (up.pt)
Cells depend on their DNA for coding information to make various classes of proteins that include enzymes, certain hormones, transport proteins, and structural proteins that support life. (cdc.gov)
Specialized cell structures called ribosomes are the cellular organelles that actually synthesize the proteins (RNA transcription). (cdc.gov)

This results in the formation of unique, giant chromosomes, called polytene chromosomes. (jove.com)

Polytene chromosomes are structures found in highly specialized tissues in some animal and plant species, which are amplified through successive cycles of endoreduplication, finally producing several copies of each chromosome. (scielo.br)
In plants, polytene chromosomes have been observed in only a few species, and seemed to be restricted to ovary and immature seed tissues, e.g., in Phaseolus coccineus and P. vulgaris (Nagl, 1981), until relatively recently, when they were observed in the cells of the anther tapetum of Vigna unguiculata (Guerra and Carvalheira, 1994) and of some Phaseolus species (Carvalheira and Guerra, 1994). (scielo.br)
When viewed under a microscope, an alternating pattern of dark bands and lighter interbands can be seen in the polytene chromosomes. (jove.com)

Intracellular signaling pathways leading from cell membrane receptors to nucleus. (mcb-seattle.edu)
The essential difference between endomitosis and the normal cell cycle is the absence of nuclear membrane dissolution in endomitosis, with the whole cycle occurring inside the nucleus. (scielo.br)
In our cells, DNA is coiled up many times, enabling it to fit into the cell nucleus, which is approximately 200,000 times smaller than the length of the uncoiled DNA. (pasteur.fr)
Each cell (except for red blood cells) contains a nucleus that houses these chromosomes. (cdc.gov)

They also provide a listing of suggested courses for those interested in Gene Expression, Cell Cycle & Chromosome Biology. (mcb-seattle.edu)
introductory biochemistry and cell biology. (mcb-seattle.edu)
The MCB Program has a strong focus on understanding various aspects of chromosome biology. (mcb-seattle.edu)
1 Program in Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104. (nih.gov)
3 Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104. (nih.gov)
APlusTopper.com provides step by step solutions for Selina Concise ICSE Solutions for Class 10 Biology Chapter 2 Cell Cycle, Cell Division and Structure Of Chromosomes. (icsesolutions.com)
It is rare to find such a wide-ranging perspective on this topic in one volume and this collection of papers will be valuable to investigators interested in many aspects of cell biology, genetics, and cancer. (cshlpress.com)
Three afternoons will be dedicated to open discussion sessions with IGC researchers and alumni, on research topics ranging from ecology, evolution and theoretical biology to cell cycle development and host-microbe interactions. (gulbenkian.pt)
Molecular Biology of the Cell, 18 (3), 850 - 863. (up.pt)
Biology, Genetics and Cells. (cheatography.com)

In contrast, condensin is active largely in M phase and promotes the compaction of individual chromosomes. (nih.gov)

In the salivary gland cells of Drosophila larvae, this process is taken to an extreme. (jove.com)
Our identification of a protein that acts both to establish and protect cohesion in Drosophila chromosomes may represent an intermediate stage of the evolutionary inheritance of factors involved in maintaining genomic integrity. (sciencedaily.com)

and protein localization to chromosome, centromeric region. (nih.gov)
a) A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein found in cells. (icsesolutions.com)
This gene encodes a member of the RecA/Rad51-related protein family that participates in homologous recombination to maintain chromosome stability and repair DNA damage. (cancerindex.org)
At certain stages of the cell cycle, these chromatids pair and are held together in a process known as cohesion, which involves the cohesin protein. (sciencedaily.com)
The nuclear protein Ki-67 was first identified by the monoclonal antibody Ki-67, which was generated by immunizing mice with nuclei of the L428 Hodgkin lymphoma cell line. (biolegend.com)
Ki-67 protein plays an essential role in ribosomal RNA transcription and cell proliferation. (biolegend.com)
The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between tumor protein 53 (TP53) gene deletion and protein expression and clinical features in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and to evaluate the predictive value of these two characteristics in the prognosis of ESCC. (spandidos-publications.com)
Tumor protein 53 ( TP53 ) is a recognized tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 17q13.1. (spandidos-publications.com)
Similarly, TP53 mutation does not always lead to the accumulation of p53 protein in cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Artemis deficiency (with mutations in the Artemis protein resulting in defective VDJ recombination) decreases both T cells and B cells and can be considered part of a subset of SCIDs. (medscape.com)

Metaphase cells were fixed and stained with CREST sera (red, Alexa Flour 568), CenpI antibody (green, Alexa Fluor. (ucsd.edu)
Here the chromosome is symbolized in the form of an X (metaphase). (pasteur.fr)
By the time the cell reaches metaphase, the sister chromatids are only loosely connected along the arms but are still tightly linked at the centromeres. (jove.com)

The total chromosomal content of a cell involves approximately 105 genes in a specialized macromolecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (cdc.gov)

The latter mechanism facilitates a considerable degree of sister chromatid separation in securin-knockout cells that lack APC/C activity. (nature.com)

During animal cell division, the centrosome divides and the centrioles replicate (make new copies) whereas each chromosome in its condensed form consists of two chromatids joined at some point along the length. (icsesolutions.com)
The endoreduplication cycle differs from endomitosis because it results in polytene cells (cells with many identical paired chromatids). (scielo.br)
Although cohesin is then removed, cohesion around the region of the chromosome where the two sister chromatids link is protected until slightly later in the cell cycle. (sciencedaily.com)
Separating the sister chromatids in this state could lead to chromosome breaks, improper segregation, and even cell death. (jove.com)

Cohesion is then maintained until the point when chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. (sciencedaily.com)
A dual role for Dmt was identified in that it also protects cohesion, thus allowing it to persist during cell division. (sciencedaily.com)

Quantification of cell-cycle state at a single-cell level is essential to understand fundamental three-dimensional (3D) biological processes such as tissue development and cancer. (nature.com)
We applied our workflow to quantify cell-cycle effects of three antimitotic cancer drugs over 8 d in HT-1080 fibrosarcoma xenografts in living mice using a data set of 38,000 cells and compared the induced phenotypes. (nature.com)
In this study, by comparing the activity of normal cell lines and cancer cell lines after treating with resveratrol, it was found that resveratrol has more significant cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines. (mdpi.com)
Resveratrol could play a toxic role through inducing apoptosis of the cancer cell in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. (mdpi.com)
High-risk types (e.g., types 16 and 18) can cause low-grade cervical cell abnormalities, high-grade cervical cell abnormalities that are precursors to cancer, and cancers ( 5 - 7 ). (cdc.gov)
Apoptosis protects the body by removing genetically damaged cells that could lead to cancer, and it plays an important role in the development of the embryo and the maintenance of adult tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
Disruption of normal regulation of the cell cycle can lead to diseases such as cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
Hürthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland is an unusual and relatively rare type of differentiated thyroid cancer. (medscape.com)
In turn, as a result of research into the abnormal cancer cell, the basic understanding of the cell has greatly improved. (medscape.com)
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth and division of a cell with extension beyond the normally limiting basement membrane and through the boundaries of normal cells. (medscape.com)
This is the multihit theory of tumorigenesis, in which a series of multiple triggering events in the genetic and cellular makeup of a cell ultimately cause cancer. (medscape.com)
[ 6 ] These events lead the cancer cell to escape normal cell growth and control mechanisms, to avoid system control mechanisms (ie, immunologic surveillance), and to establish a nutrient supply. (medscape.com)
Many factors are involved in causing and permitting the unregulated proliferation of cells that occurs in cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
Overview of Cancer Cancer is an unregulated proliferation of cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Cancer cells, particularly those arising from the bone marrow or lymphatic system, may have a short generation time, and there usually are a smaller percentage of cells in G0 (resting phase). (msdmanuals.com)
A subpopulation of cells within a cancer has the properties of stem cells. (msdmanuals.com)
A cancer may release cells into the circulation at a very early stage of development. (msdmanuals.com)
Circulating cancer cells are present in many patients with advanced cancer and even in some with localized disease. (msdmanuals.com)
Although most circulating cancer cells die, an occasional cell may penetrate into tissues, generating a metastasis at a distant site. (msdmanuals.com)
Experiments suggest that the abilities to invade, migrate, and successfully implant and stimulate new blood vessel growth are all important properties of the cells that cause metastases, which are likely a subpopulation of the primary cancer. (msdmanuals.com)
Cancer cells often present neoantigens on their cell surface that can be detected as "non-self" by the immune system, resulting in an attack by the immune system. (msdmanuals.com)
Cancer stem cells are a selective clonal subset of tumour cells that have avoided various cell regulatory mechanisms, including terminal differentiation, and yet have retained the self-renewal properties and proliferative potential of adult stem cells. (who.int)

Here, hundreds to thousands of copies of each chromosome are generated without any cell division. (jove.com)

HeLa cells were treated with anti-SENP6 siRNA and double thymidine block for 48 h. (ucsd.edu)
Hela cells were treated with anti-SENP6 siRNA and synchronized by double thymidine block. (ucsd.edu)
Distribution of Nup133 (a component of the Nup107-160 nucleoporin complex, red) and CENP-B (kinetochores, green) in dividing Hela cells. (ucsd.edu)
Nup133 (a component of the Nup107-160 nucleoporin complex, red) localizes to spindle poles and kinetochores while NuMA localizes to spindle poles (green) in prometaphse Hela cells. (ucsd.edu)
Distribution of Nup85 (a component of the Nup107-160 nucleoporin complex, red) and CENP-B (kinetochores, green) in dividing Hela cells. (ucsd.edu)
HeLa cells were treated with anti-SENP6 siRNA for 36 h and then with nocodazole for further 12 hours. (ucsd.edu)

Covers principle molecular mechanisms responsible for tumor initiation and progression, with a specific emphasis on intracellular signaling, DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoints, and loss of normal tissue homeostasis. (mcb-seattle.edu)
Visualizing spatiotemporal dynamics of multicellular cell-cycle progression. (nature.com)
We found that the total transcript level per cell and the expression of most individual genes correlated with progression through the cell cycle, but not with cell size. (frontiersin.org)
The molecular processes behind cell cycle progression have been dissected by numerous morphological studies on live or fixed single cells using a plethora of techniques to visualize components and processes during cell division. (frontiersin.org)
CDKs regulate the cell's progression through the phases of the cell cycle by modulating the activity of key substrates. (kegg.jp)

Cell proliferation includes a series of events that is tightly regulated by several checkpoints and layers of control mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
consequently cells have evolved a variety of mechanisms to repair double-strand breaks (DSBs). (brandeis.edu)

In conclusion, we provide useful experimental approaches and bioinformatics to identify informative and predictive genes at the single-cell level, which opens up new means to describe and understand cell proliferation and subpopulation dynamics. (frontiersin.org)
However, most of our knowledge about cell proliferation comes from studies that average data from large and mixed cell populations. (frontiersin.org)
FLT3 (FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3) located on chromosome 13q12.2 encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that activates the Ras and PI3 kinase pathway leading to the increased proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis in hemopoietic progenitor cells [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
Wild-type TP53 can inhibit the cell cycle and activate apoptosis-related genes that induce apoptosis and regulate cell proliferation ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

The TP53 gene plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle, apoptosis and DNA damage repair ( 8 , 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
If a cell has an error in its DNA that cannot be repaired, it may undergo self-destruction ( apoptosis ). (medlineplus.gov)
Apoptosis is a common process throughout life that helps the body get rid of cells that no longer work or that it doesn't need. (medlineplus.gov)

Most studies have been performed on large cell populations, but detailed understanding of cell dynamics and heterogeneity requires single-cell analysis. (frontiersin.org)

An image depicting head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro can be seen below. (medscape.com)
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vitro (cell culture). (medscape.com)
NV556 treatment in an in vitro 3D human liver Extracellular Matrix (ECM) cultured with a TGFβ1-activated human hepatic stellate cell line led to decreased collagen production. (lu.se)
Human fibroblast monocultures were found to be insufficient to fully replicate in vivo fibrosis outcomes suggesting in vitro predictive potential depends upon more advanced cell culture in vitro models. (cdc.gov)

Such cells, called polyploid cells, contain multiple sets of each chromosome. (jove.com)

b) The centrosome is an area in the cell where microtubules are produced. (icsesolutions.com)

b) Genes are specific sequences of nucleotides on a chromosome. (icsesolutions.com)
Here, we used quantitative real-time PCR, profiling the expression of 93 genes in single-cells from three different cell lines. (frontiersin.org)
Detailed analysis of cell cycle predictive genes allowed us to define subpopulations with distinct gene expression profiles and to calculate a cell cycle index that illustrates the transition of cells between cell cycle phases. (frontiersin.org)
Here, we employed single-cell gene expression profiling to describe the dynamic transition between cell proliferative states in three different cell lines using a panel consisting of 93 marker genes. (frontiersin.org)
Therefore, NPAT could be the link between cell cycle machinery and shared heightened transcription of histone genes during S phase. (news-medical.net)
How do genes control the growth and division of cells? (medlineplus.gov)
A variety of genes are involved in the control of cell growth and division. (medlineplus.gov)
The cell cycle has checkpoints (also called restriction points), which allow certain genes to check for problems and halt the cycle for repairs if something goes wrong. (medlineplus.gov)

Highly simplified diagram of DNA compaction in the chromosome. (pasteur.fr)

Testosterone is determined in men when reduced testosterone production is suspected, e.g., in hypogonadism, estrogen therapy, chromosome aberrations (as in the Klinefelter's syndrome) and liver cirrhosis. (cdc.gov)

Approximately one-half of new cases each year are recorded in China, and the majority is squamous cell carcinoma ( 3 - 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. (who.int)
PMID:18786442 mutations and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. (who.int)
Arbyn M, Bergeron C, Klinkhamer P, Martin-Hirsch squamous cell carcinoma in a high-risk region in Iran. (who.int)

This new approach can be used to visualize chromosomes or chromosome regions at high resolution, in isolation from each other, in intact nuclei without DNA denaturation. (pasteur.fr)

The cell cycle consists of four phases (G1, S, G2 and M), all of which are characterized by different factors. (news-medical.net)

Gametes must be produced by meiosis for sexual reproduction because the numbers of chromosomes are reduced to half during meiosis and then the normal diploid numbers of chromosomes are regained during the process of fertilization. (icsesolutions.com)

Their analyses suggest the simultaneous presence of tens or hundreds of thousands of loops in the genome of individual cells, indicating that the vast majority of human DNA is enclosed in loops maintained by cohesin. (pasteur.fr)

Upregulation of histone gene expression is one of the hallmarks of entry into the cell cycle's S phase. (news-medical.net)

Many more investigations have been made on cells, sorted according to size, or artificially arrested at various cell cycle checkpoints. (frontiersin.org)

Typically, when a diploid cell divides, it first duplicates each of its chromosomes. (jove.com)

In the endoreduplication cycle, the chromatid number is duplicated, but they do not segregate, and after various endoreduplication cycles, larger and thicker chromosomes are produced, called polytenics. (scielo.br)

With the discovery of the polytenics in tapetum tissue, it was observed that in many other species of various angiosperm families the tapetal cells also display polytene, polyploid or both types of nuclei. (scielo.br)
It is, however, important to differentiate between the nuclear cycles that result in polyploid nuclei and those that produce polytene nuclei, because these two terms of the nuclear types are often used indiscriminately in the literature. (scielo.br)
It combines image analysis and machine learning methods for automated 3D segmentation and cell-cycle state identification of individual cell-nuclei with widely varying morphologies embedded in complex tumor environments. (nature.com)
Figure 2: Automatic segmentation of cell nuclei. (nature.com)

In this statement, reduction means that the number of chromosomes are reduced to half i.e. out of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans, only single set of chromosomes are passed on to the sex cells. (icsesolutions.com)

Tight regulation of this process ensures that a dividing cell's DNA is copied properly, any errors in the DNA are repaired, and each daughter cell receives a full set of chromosomes. (medlineplus.gov)

Certain cells undergo multiple cycles of chromosome duplication without undergoing any cell division. (jove.com)
Simple organisms such as the budding yeast carry only one shugoshin gene, while more complex vertebrates have two that function separately in different types of cell division," corresponding author Tomoko Nishiyama says. (sciencedaily.com)
Such data are only indirectly related to quantitative changes in cells at different states of division and growth. (frontiersin.org)
In this lab experience, students explore the consequences of uncontrolled cell division. (flinnsci.com)
Precise activation and inactivation of CDKs at specific points in the cell cycle are required for orderly cell division. (kegg.jp)

Cell 103 , 375-386 (2000). (nature.com)

[ 5 ] The 2022 WHO classification of endocrine tumors has replaced the term Hürthle cell carcinoma with oncocytic carcinoma. (medscape.com)

This case study reports a rare double minute chromosome via FLT3 amplification in CMML by using array-based comparative genomic hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses. (hindawi.com)
Biotech Europe GmbH, Freiburg, Germa- cation of the virus in cells heterozygous for ny) was used to extract genomic DNA the mutation proceeded at an intermediate from white blood cells following the lysis rate [ 5 ]. (who.int)

Here a DSB at the MAT locus is created by a site specific HO endonuclease, which we can induce synchronously in a large population of cells. (brandeis.edu)
We have been fascinated by the process of yeast mating-type gene switching, in which cells replace about 700 bp of Ya or Y-specific DNA sequences at the MAT locus by recombining with one of two donor loci, called HMLDescription: image3 and HMRa. (brandeis.edu)
This translocation involves the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene on chromosome 14 and the BCL1 locus on chromosome 11. (medscape.com)

The 82nd Cold Spring Harbor Symposium focused on Chromosome Segregation & Structure and addressed the enormous progress in our understanding of the nature and behavior of chromosomes during the life cycle of the cell. (cshlpress.com)
Ubiquitination is less studied in terms of its behavior during the cell cycle. (news-medical.net)

Mutations in TP53 can lead to the loss of these functions, inducing uncontrolled cell growth and the promotion of tumor development ( 11 , 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
When the cell cycle proceeds without control, cells can divide without order and accumulate genetic errors that can lead to a cancerous tumor . (medlineplus.gov)
therefore, definitive differentiation of Hürthle cell carcinoma from Hürthle-cell adenoma is based on vascular invasion and/or capsular invasion, as well as on permanent histologic sections or extrathyroidal tumor spread and lymph node and systemic metastases. (medscape.com)
Initial exponential tumor growth is followed by a plateau phase when cell death nearly equals the rate of formation of daughter cells. (msdmanuals.com)

Using synchronized cells undergoing recombination that is initiated at a specific site on a chromosome by an inducible endonuclease, we use physical monitoring techniques (Southern blots, PCR analysis) to follow the sequence of molecular events that occur in real time. (brandeis.edu)

A single human chromosome may have about a million nucleosomes. (icsesolutions.com)

Cyclophilin overexpression is a common event in fibrotic tissues playing a key role in different stages of the fibrotic process, including inflammation, hepatocyte death, and activation of the hepatic stellate cells leading to increased collagen production. (lu.se)

Traditionally, B cells have been believed to be the lymphocytes responsible for antibody production via maturation into plasma cells (ie, humoral immunity), and T cells have been believed to be the lymphocytes responsible for killing other cells or organisms (ie, cellular immunity). (medscape.com)
[ 2 ] Oncocytic cells in the thyroid are often called Hürthle cells, and oncocytic change is defined as cellular enlargement characterized by an abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm as a result of accumulation of altered mitochondria. (medscape.com)

The cells are polyhedral and have abundant granular cytoplasm with well-defined cell borders. (medscape.com)

Within an animal cell centrosome, there is a pair of small organelles called the centrioles. (icsesolutions.com)

During the M phase, the duplicated chromosomes are separated and distributed to two genetically identical daughter cells. (jove.com)

Several of these processes change during the cell cycle, but unlike transcriptional changes, the post-translational changes occur throughout the cell cycle. (news-medical.net)
these processes occur over two main phases of the cell cycle. (jove.com)

23 pairs of chromosomes. (cdc.gov)

Thus, our results identify an unexpected function of SGO2 in mitotically dividing cells and a mechanism of separase regulation that is independent of securin but still supervised by the SAC. (nature.com)
Cyclin-CDK inhibitors (CKIs), such as p16Ink4a, p15Ink4b, p27Kip1, and p21Cip1, are involved in the negative regulation of CDK activities, thus providing a pathway through which the cell cycle is negatively regulated. (kegg.jp)
We have shown that this regulation involves the action of a small Recombination Enhancer (RE) sequence that enables a donor on the left chromosome arm to recombine preferentially in MATa cells. (brandeis.edu)

Its prominent properties are A lack of cell differentiation Local invasion of adjoining tissue Metastasis, which is spread to distant sites through. (msdmanuals.com)

Most cases of MCL are associated with chromosome translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32). (medscape.com)

Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damage by activating signaling pathways that promote cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. (kegg.jp)
A number of direct and indirect radiation interaction pathways can produce damage to the DNA of irradiated cells. (cdc.gov)
Several pathways involved in cell cycle and DNA repair were affected upon NV651 treatment. (lu.se)

For this reason, they have been very important in elucidating chromosome fine structure and physiology, especially in diptera. (scielo.br)
In this paper some aspects of the occurrence of plant polytenes will be summarized along with the structure and function of these chromosomes. (scielo.br)
The structure of DNA and chromosomes is a major focus of research, but still holds a number of mysteries. (pasteur.fr)
Radiation can disrupt the structure of the DNA (and other macromolecules), thereby disrupting normal cell and organ functions. (cdc.gov)

Orthologous to human SMC5 (structural maintenance of chromosomes 5). (nih.gov)
To investigate genotoxicity of NDMW and HTMW compared to PMW we used two human lung epithelial cell types, an immortalized BEAS-2B and primary SAEC. (cdc.gov)
Imaging and modeling human chromosomes. (pasteur.fr)
The human body has nearly 1013 cells. (cdc.gov)
The National Human Genome Research Institute's Talking Glossary provides information about the cell cycle . (medlineplus.gov)
This technologic and biologic revolution continued through the 1960s to today, and the explosion in technology has fueled the current expansion of knowledge into the working of the human cell. (medscape.com)

Permissive histologic interpretation may result in the designation of some non-neoplastic Hürthle cell lesions as malignant tumors. (medscape.com)
Early clonal genetic events in benign hyperplastic lesions show losses at chromosomes 9p21 and 3p. (medscape.com)

Anatomy63

Organisms8

Diseases15

Chemicals and Drugs61

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Phenomena and Processes146

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

Mitotic14

Mitosis6

Interphase5

Condensation6

Complete set of chromosomes2

Chromatin10

Replication11

Segregation of chromosomes1

Proteins6

Giant chromosomes1

Polytene chromosomes3

Nucleus4

Biology10

Condensin1

Drosophila2

Protein10

Metaphase3

Chromosomal1

Sister chromatid separation1

Chromatids4

Cohesion2

Cancer22

Copies1

Hela Cells6

Progression5

Mechanisms2

Proliferation4

Apoptosis3

Dynamics1

Vitro4

Polyploid cells1

Microtubules1

Genes8

Compaction1

Aberrations1

Squamous cell carc4

Visualize1

Consists1

Meiosis1

Cohesin1

Gene Expression1

Checkpoints1

Diploid1

Segregate1

Nuclei4

Humans1

Daughter cell receives1

Division5

20001

20221

Genomic2

Locus3

Behavior2

Tumor4

Molecular1

Nucleosomes1

Tissues1

Cellular2

Cytoplasm1

Centrioles1

Identical1

Processes2

Pairs1

Regulation3

Differentiation1

Translocation1

Pathways3

Structure4

Human6

Lesions2