Cells are infected. Medical search. Frequent questions

Scanning electron microscopy of Vero E6 cells infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus at 15 h after infection. (cdc.gov)
A few hours after an infection, the body emits an alarm signal, interferon, enabling cells that have not yet been infected to produce antiviral proteins. (pasteur.fr)
Scientists from the Institut Pasteur and the CNRS set out to investigate the consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection for cell function and the antiviral role of innate immunity. (pasteur.fr)
Interferon is a substance with antiviral activity that stimulates cells' natural defenses by inducing the synthesis of proteins that protect them from infection. (pasteur.fr)
Our findings give us a better understanding of the harmful effects of SARS-CoV-2 on cells and the role of innate immunity and interferon in controlling infection, " comments Olivier Schwartz, lead author of the study and Head of the Virus and Immunity Unit at the Institut Pasteur. (pasteur.fr)
The goal is for harmless TIPs to outnumber flu virus genetic elements so infected cells would generate relatively few infectious viruses and a bumper crop of "dud viruses" with TIP genes, rapidly diluting the harmful viruses and halting the infection, according to DARPA. (rutgers.edu)
In vitro models of RV infection of BEAS-2B and primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells were used. (nih.gov)
Although HIV-specific CD4 cells have not been a major focus of vaccine research, these cells may have an important role in controlling HIV infection. (harvard.edu)
A subpopulation of the immune cells targeted by HIV may play an important role in controlling viral loads after initial infection, potentially helping to determine how quickly infection will progress. (harvard.edu)
We observed the emergence of CD4 T cells able to kill HIV-infected cells in those patients who are able to control viral replication soon after acute infection," says Harvard Medical School Assistant Professor of Medicine Hendrik Streeck, a Ragon Institute faculty member and senior author of the report. (harvard.edu)
These cells appear very early in HIV infection, and we believe they may set the stage for the course of the disease. (harvard.edu)
To investigate whether CD4 T cell responses are important in the early control of HIV infection, the Ragon Institute team enrolled a group of 11 volunteers who were in the earliest stages of HIV infection, a time when viral levels are exceedingly high. (harvard.edu)
To validate these findings, the researchers examined a larger group of HIV-infected individuals and found that those with higher levels of granzyme A in their HIV-specific CD4 T cell response immediately after infection progressed more slowly to AIDS and did not require antiretroviral therapy as quickly as did those with lower levels of the protein. (harvard.edu)
While it's well known that the upper airways and lungs are primary sites of SARS-CoV-2 infection, there are clues the virus can infect cells in other parts of the body, such as the digestive system, blood vessels, kidneys and, as this new study shows, the mouth. (nih.gov)
In salivary gland tissue from one of the people who had died, as well as from a living person with acute COVID-19, the scientists detected specific sequences of viral RNA that indicated cells were actively making new copies of the virus - further bolstering the evidence for infection. (nih.gov)
The virus then fuses with the endosome membrane and injects its genetic material (labeled blue) inside the cell-the steps necessary to kick off a cycle of viral infection and replication. (phys.org)
The acidic environment allows enzymes in the endosome or on the cell surface-including TMPRSS2, a key enabler of SARS-CoV-2 infection-to cut the spike protein and facilitate membrane fusion, the team found. (phys.org)
Upon HIV infection, CD4 T cells, which are an important part of our protective immune system, can be depleted and drop dramatically in numbers, leading to a weak immune system with the progression of the disease to AIDs. (medicalxpress.com)
Associate Professor Gras and her colleagues found that HIV controllers are able to retain CD4 T cells of a higher quality, and are able to detect and react to minute amounts of virus, therefore representing a great opportunity to study their potential role in HIV infection. (medicalxpress.com)
The infection appears to leave lasting traces in host cells by removing the m6A modification, which can cause persistent COVID-like symptoms, the scientists note. (sflorg.com)
Interestingly, the study team found significant SARS-Cov-2 infection of the astrocytes - star-shaped neural cells that hold neurons in place and help with their proper functioning while the other neural cell types showed minimal infection in the brain. (aku.edu)
This suggests that astrocytes are more susceptible to infection compared to other neural cell types. (aku.edu)
In this study, researchers also discovered another interesting finding that unlike COVID-19 infection in other organs which uses human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the entry point, the virus uses other receptors to enter and infect the brain. (aku.edu)
They found interaction with receptors DPP4 and CD147 in infected astrocytes suggesting that they are also involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection in the human brain. (aku.edu)
DPP4 is abundantly expressed in astrocytes before virus infection, suggesting it may be a key receptor in astrocyte infection," says Dr Jahan Salma, Assistant Professor at AKU's Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research. (aku.edu)
Unstained neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cell monolayer 72 hours postinfection at low multiplicity of infection (MOI) with equine herpesvirus type 1 showing cell rounding and retraction from the substrate leaving gaps in the monolayer. (asm.org)
Scientists transform human intestinal cells into 'mini guts' to follow the infection process. (scitechdaily.com)
However, it remained unclear how intestinal cells mount their immune response to the infection. (scitechdaily.com)
Coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, cause infection by latching on to specific protein receptors found on the surface of certain cell types. (scitechdaily.com)
Interestingly, the researchers showed that the infection is not explained solely by the presence of ACE2 on the surface of the cells, highlighting our still limited knowledge about COVID-19, even after a year of tremendous research efforts worldwide. (scitechdaily.com)
A down-regulation of mRNA expression was observed for the main regulators of p53 protein stability during infection by the complete set of viruses tested, and a significant decrease in p53 mRNA expression was also observed in H5N1 infected cells. (nih.gov)
T cells provide protection to infection by cytokine-mediated mechanisms or through production of antibodies. (omicsonline.org)
CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) are also involved in the mechanism of immune regulation against Plasmodium infection. (omicsonline.org)
Natural Treg cells during primary exposure to malaria enhanced Th1 memory responses and increased disease severity during re-infection. (omicsonline.org)
A number of polypeptides synthesized specifically in Trichoplusia ni multiple nucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus ( T. ni MNPV)-infected Spodoptera frugiperda cells are phosphorylated both early and late in infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Many cell proteins continue to be phosphorylated throughout infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Infection of Spodoptera frugiperda cells with Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Elsegeiny established a mouse model that proved that a single application of rituximab could cause P. jiroveci infection in mice and weaken the type II immune response in the lungs, inactivating the role of CD4+ T cells in the protective immune response[ 8 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
E ) Percentage of viral reads measured in all single cells by days post infection (dpi). (elifesciences.org)
In 1996, Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M. Zinkernagel won a Nobel choose which cells to target during a viral infection. (animalresearch.info)
With further experiments, it became clear that certain viral proteins were 'presented' by infected cells to the T-lymphocytes, to indicate infection. (animalresearch.info)
Early in infection, the surfaces of infected cells are embossed by scattered groups of twisted strands, and diffuse patches of label for viral antigens cover regions marked by these strands. (rupress.org)
Cell lines infected by HTLV-I express levels of TCR beta mRNA similar to PHA stimulated lymphocytes, suggesting that this gene is not transcriptionally activated as a result of infection by HTLV-I. Cloned T cells of known antigen specificity that are infected by HTLV-I in vitro show impairment of immune function, including loss of antigen-specific responsiveness and the acquisition of alloreactivity. (rupress.org)
PV can also persistently infect primary cultures of human fetal brain cells and the majority of cells which survive infection belong to the neuronal lineage. (pasteur.fr)
The results obtained with the three models of persistent PV infection in human cells suggest that several mechanisms are used by PV to establish and maintain persistent infections in neural and non-neural cells. (pasteur.fr)
The authors found that Cryptosporidium infection induced significantly aberrant expression of circular RNA profiles in HCT-8 cells, a finding which has far-reaching implications. (biomedcentral.com)
All HIV-infected persons at risk for infection with M. tuberculosis must be carefully evaluated and, if indicated, administered therapy to prevent the progression of latent infection to active TB disease and avoid the complications associated with HIV-related TB. (cdc.gov)
Adding to CDC's current recommendations for administering isoniazid preventive therapy to HIV-infected persons with positive tuberculin skin tests and to HIV-infected persons who were exposed to patients with infectious TB, this report also describes in detail the use of new short-course (i.e., 2 months) multidrug regimens (e.g., a rifamycin, such as rifampin or rifabutin, combined with pyrazinamide) to prevent TB in persons with HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
We hypothesized that a primary C. trachomatis infection may evade the IFNγ response, and that the protective effect of this cytokine results from its activation of tryptophan catabolism in bystander cells. (duke.edu)
Therefore, the IDO1-mediated tryptophan catabolism is functional in these cells, transforming these bystander cells into inhospitable hosts for a secondary C. trachomatis infection. (duke.edu)
Starting with blood samples from hundreds of infants infected with RSV, human rhinovirus, or influenza over half a dozen cold and flu seasons, the Ohio State University College of Medicine's Octavio Ramilo and colleagues from the US and Finland used array-based gene expression profiling to track down a transcriptional signature coinciding with RSV infection. (genomeweb.com)
After dividing samples from the 135 cases with acute RSV infection into four different cohorts, they used Illumina arrays to assess expression patterns in the 45 samples from RSV-infected infants in one of the cohorts, designated the training cohort. (genomeweb.com)
These cells die before they can mature to help fight infection. (medlineplus.gov)
The loss of infection-fighting cells results in the signs and symptoms of SCID. (medlineplus.gov)
To assess the association of HIV infection, HIV disease parameters (including CD4+ T-cell counts, HIV viral load, and AIDS) and antiretroviral medication use with subclinical carotid artery atherosclerosis. (elsevierpure.com)
These data suggest that immunization with MVA.HIVA is a feasible strategy to enhance potentially protective T-cell responses in individuals with chronic HIV-1 infection. (ox.ac.uk)
There is also growing evidence that coronaviruses can enter the retina of the eye, yet it is unclear which retinal structures are infected by SARS-CoV-2 and whether the retinal pathologies identified in COVID-19 patients are a direct or indirect result of retinal infection. (debuglies.com)
A collaborative team of researchers led by Thomas Rauen and Hans Schöler of the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine and virologist Stephan Ludwig of the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster has now decided to utilize organoids - an organ-like model system - of the retina from human reprogrammed stem cells to study SARS-CoV-2 infection of the retina. (debuglies.com)
The study, published Sept. 6 in Cell Reports , describes the effect of Zika virus infection in the eyes of mouse fetuses, newborns and adults. (sciencedaily.com)
To determine what effect Zika infection has on the eye, the researchers infected adult mice under the skin -- similar to the way humans are infected by mosquitoes -- and found live virus in the eyes seven days later. (sciencedaily.com)
Eye infection raises the possibility that people could acquire Zika infection through contact with tears from infected people. (sciencedaily.com)
The researchers found that the tears of infected mice contained Zika's RNA -- the genetic material from the virus -- but not infectious virus when tested 28 days after infection. (sciencedaily.com)
Fevrier M, Dorgham K, Rebollo A (2011) CD4 + T cell depletion in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: role of apoptosis. (virosin.org)
Des prélèvements d'urine ont fait l'objet d'un examen microbi- ologique (examen au microscope et mise en culture) à la recherche d'une infection urinaire, et des tests de sensibilité ont été réalisés avec divers antibiotiques pour les germes isolés. (who.int)
[ 5 , 6 ] In a localized primary infection, the virus penetrates the mucosal epithelium and invades the cells of the basal layer, where the viral DNA inserts into the host DNA. (medscape.com)
At a multiplicity of infection of 75 particles per cell, cytopathic effects occurred in 75 to 100% of the cells within 48 h. (lu.se)
The virus-infected cells were harvested at various times after infection and analyzed for the ability to bind strains of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. (lu.se)
Adenovirus infection did not change the adherence of cells of poorly adhering strains of S. pneumoniae or H. influenzae. (lu.se)

Infected cell protein 47 also ICP-47 or ICP47 is a protein encoded by the viruses such as Herpes simplex virus and Cytomegalovirus that allows them to evade the human immune system's CD8 T-cell response by interfering with an infected cell's ability to show viral epitopes to T cells. (wikipedia.org)
This new research sheds light on the mechanism Ebola virus uses to enter cells," notes NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. "These findings raise the possibility of a broad-spectrum antiviral therapy that could be effective against multiple hemorrhagic fever viruses. (sciencedaily.com)
Viral fusion can also occur when the cell is infected and produces new viruses. (pasteur.fr)
TIPs, like viruses, can enter cells, but they don't replicate unless the cells are also infected with the virus. (rutgers.edu)
The second part of the video shows many such viruses inside the cell. (phys.org)
It has been shown that RNA modifications take place in various viruses, but exactly how the viruses affect the RNA modification processes when they infect cells is unknown. (sflorg.com)
We recently investigated and compared the cellular gene expression profiles of human lung A549 cells infected by five different subtypes of human and avian influenza viruses (Josset et al. (nih.gov)
Our data reveal that influenza viruses cause an overall down-regulation of the host p53 pathway and highlight this pathway and p53 protein itself as important viral targets in the altering of apoptotic processes and in cell-cycle regulation. (nih.gov)
Two tissue culture media for production of lepidopteran cell lines and nuclear polyhedrosis viruses. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Scholars@Duke publication: Generation of reovirus core-like particles in cells infected with hybrid vaccinia viruses that express genome segments L1, L2, L3, and S2. (duke.edu)
When mouse L fibroblasts are infected with various combinations of recombinant vaccinia viruses possessing thymidine kinase (TK) genes with inserted reovirus genes that encode core components, particles are formed that closely resemble reovirus cores. (duke.edu)
CD8 + T cells play a critical role in immunity to viruses. (mdpi.com)
Epidemiologists can predict the spread of a disease based on known rates of transmission for related viruses and the viral level in the bloodstreams of infected people. (sciencedaily.com)
Infected saliva or droplets spread the viruses in the oral cavity. (medscape.com)
However, some viruses can stay inside cells for a long time without killing them. (msdmanuals.com)
Some viruses infect people. (msdmanuals.com)
Other viruses infect only animals. (msdmanuals.com)
Only a few viruses can infect both people and animals. (msdmanuals.com)
Certain viruses change how your cells work, which can lead to cancer. (msdmanuals.com)

By this model, persistent and rebound viremia originates from the occasional activation of a small fraction of the pool of latently-infected cells. (frontiersin.org)

We compared clinical outcomes among HIV-infected participants receiving ART who were randomized to viral load (VL) and CD4 cell count monitoring in comparison to CD4 cell count monitoring alone in Tororo, Uganda. (biomedcentral.com)
The most notable changes in these guidelines reflect both the findings of clinical trials that evaluated new drug regimens for treating and preventing TB among HIV-infected persons and recent advances in the use of antiretroviral therapy. (cdc.gov)
Early diagnosis and effective treatment of TB among HIV-infected patients are critical for curing TB, minimizing the negative effects of TB on the course of HIV, and interrupting the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to other persons in the community. (cdc.gov)
Ideally, the management of TB among HIV-infected patients taking antiretroviral drugs requires a) directly observed therapy, b) availability of experienced and coordinated TB/HIV care givers, and in most situations, c) use of a TB treatment regimen that includes rifabutin instead of rifampin. (cdc.gov)
Among HIV-infected individuals, a low CD4+ T-cell count was independently associated with an increased prevalence of carotid lesions. (elsevierpure.com)
Compared with the reference group of HIV-uninfected individuals, the adjusted prevalence ratio for lesions among HIV-infected individuals with CD4+ T-cell count less than 200 cells/μl was 2.00 (95% confidence interval, 1.22ĝ€"3.28) in women and 1.74 (95% confidence interval, 1.04ĝ€"2.93) in men. (elsevierpure.com)

They found that the virus could infect and replicate within mature fat cells, known as adipocytes, and these infected cells became inflamed. (livescience.com)
The results presented in this work indicate that the association CoLV/chloroplasts, observed in the ultrastructural studies, might be a casual event in the host cell, and that the virus does not replicate inside the organelle. (unesp.br)
Furthermore, the researchers show that coronaviruses can also replicate in these cell types. (debuglies.com)
HHVs replicate in the host cell nucleus. (medscape.com)

It works by inhibiting transfer of viral particles to the human TAP proteins and thus entry of viral peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum, which is supposed to bind them to MHC class I molecules for extracellular T-cell recognition so the viral component will trigger immune defense response as a foreign entity. (wikipedia.org)
But interferon counters this phenomenon by inducing cellular proteins that prevent the fusion of infected cells. (pasteur.fr)
The scientists demonstrated that in cells infected with SARS-CoV-2, IFITM proteins inhibit syncytium formation, thereby giving us an insight into the way in which interferon might control the evolution of COVID-19. (pasteur.fr)
In a cell infected with both a flu virus and a TIP, the cell makes copies of the TIP genome that compete for viral proteins. (rutgers.edu)
Vulnerable cells contain RNA instructions for making "entry proteins" that the virus needs to get into cells. (nih.gov)
RNA for two key entry proteins - known as the ACE2 receptor and the TMPRSS2 enzyme-was found in certain cells of the salivary glands and tissues lining the oral cavity. (nih.gov)
This indicated increased vulnerability because the virus is thought to need both entry proteins to gain access to cells. (nih.gov)
The first part of the video shown here follows a virus engineered to sprout SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins (labeled pink) as it is captured at a cell surface and engulfed by a cellular compartment called an endosome. (phys.org)
The cells' RNA is modifiable to allow correct transfer of the DNA information to the proteins. (sflorg.com)
Certain non-structural proteins and the major basic internal protein are the main phosphoproteins detected in infected cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
However, limited data are available about sequence variability in CD8 + T cell epitope regions of mumps virus (MuV) proteins. (mdpi.com)
Adherence was not affected by pretreatment of the cells with virus particles or viral proteins. (lu.se)

BUD and FORM suppress RV-induced chemokines and growth factors in bronchial epithelial cells in a concentration-dependent, synergistic or additive manner. (nih.gov)
In HHV-1 and HHV-2 oral infections, viral replication within the oral epithelium may cause lysis of epithelial cells, with vesicle formation. (medscape.com)
The present study analyzed the effect of adenovirus on bacterial adherence to human respiratory tract epithelial cells. (lu.se)

The scientists applied broad-spectrum enzyme inhibitors to mammalian cells before exposing them to Ebola virus. (sciencedaily.com)

Innate immunity occurs rapidly and can act in just a few hours, well before the other two forms of immunity - humoral immunity (the production of neutralizing antibodies that block virus entry into cells) and cell-mediated immunity (involving white blood cells such as cytotoxic lymphocytes that are capable of destroying infected cells). (pasteur.fr)
In comparison to HD, the lymphocyte percentage was slightly decreased, the percentages of CD4 and CD8 T cells in lymphocytes are similar, whereas B cell percentage increased in COVID-19 patients. (medrxiv.org)
In the 1970s, Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M. Zinkernagel studied the immune responses of mice to uncover how T-lymphocytes decide which cells to kill and which to spare. (animalresearch.info)
The pair found that T-lymphocytes only kill virus-infected cells if they come from the same organism: one mouse's T-lymphocyte will not kill another mouse's infected cell. (animalresearch.info)
It also became clear that the major histocompatibility complex (HLA), which had been known to play a part in transplant rejection, allows our T-lymphocytes to recognise our own cells in normal immune responses. (animalresearch.info)
This enzyme is found throughout the body but is most active in specialized white blood cells called lymphocytes. (medlineplus.gov)

Some cells appear to have large amount of extracellular virus on the cell surface (arrowhead), whereas neighboring cells seem deprived of any extracelluar virus particles. (cdc.gov)
B) Virus particles are protruding from the edge of cells (arrows). (cdc.gov)
We hypothesized that only a small fraction of cells within the AMBI-1 clone are activated to produce virus particles during cell division while the majority remain latent despite division, ensuring their survival. (frontiersin.org)
Finally, regions of the membrane displaying twisted strands protrude to form ridges or bulges, and the freeze-fractured membrane surrounding these protrusions is characterized by an abundance of particles small than those found on the rest of the cell membrane. (rupress.org)
The fractured membranes of viral buds are continuous sheets of these small particles, and the spacing between both nucleocapsids and stripes of surface antigen in buds is less than in the surrounding cell membrane. (rupress.org)
Thus, surface antigens, membrane particles, and nucleocapsids attached to the cell membrane are mobile within the plane of the membrane during viral maturation. (rupress.org)
if, in addition, the cells are also infected with vaccinia virus that expresses protein lambda 2, particles are formed that also possess the characteristic icosahedrally located projections/spikes that are present on reovirus cores. (duke.edu)
If, in either case, the cells are also infected with vaccinia virus that expresses the reovirus RNA polymerase, protein lambda 3, the resultant particles are morphologically identical with those formed in its absence, but also contain protein lambda 3. (duke.edu)

They also found that specific subsets of immune cells housed within the fat tissue, called macrophages, also became infected and kicked off a much more intense inflammatory response. (livescience.com)
Notably, the virus could not make new copies of itself inside the macrophages - the pathogen could break into the immune cells, but the buck stopped there. (livescience.com)
Excess fat can also spur chronic, low-grade inflammation throughout the body, as fat cells release inflammatory substances called cytokines and macrophages do the same, in an effort to clear dead fat cells from the body, Science reported. (livescience.com)
In fact, in patients suffering from severe COVID-19, massive infiltration of proinflammatory immune cells, including activated macrophages, was detected in infected lung tissue. (nature.com)
Additional experiments revealed that the HIV-specific CD4 T cell responses showed activity associated with cell-killing and could even destroy HIV-infected macrophages - an unusual function for CD4 T cells, which have traditionally been seen as helper cells. (harvard.edu)

Scientists from the Virus and Immunity Unit (Institut Pasteur/CNRS) investigated viral fusion, the mechanism by which viral membranes and cellular membranes fuse, allowing viral genetic material to enter the target cell. (pasteur.fr)
and their importance is illustrated by how completely the immune response collapses after the cells, the main cellular targets of HIV, are destroyed. (harvard.edu)
These findings show that the vast majority of HIV-1 proviruses within expanded T cell clones, including intact proviruses, may be transcriptionally silent at any given time, implying that infected T cells may be able to be activated to proliferate without inducing the expression of the integrated provirus or, alternatelively, may be able to proliferate without cellular activation. (frontiersin.org)
We have here examined various cell-derived cytokines for their ability to enhance both the cellular outgrowth of newly infected B cells and the clonability of infected B cells and lymphoblastoid cell lines. (lu.se)
Our results show that the murine thymoma cell line EL-4 is superior to peripheral blood mononuclear cells in both cellular outgrowth and cloning experiments, whereas monocyte-derived factors and monocyte cell lines were less capable than peripheral blood mononuclear cells in enhancing cellular outgrowth and cloning. (lu.se)
Since CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells are crucial to HIV-1 control, stimulation of potent cellular responses by therapeutic vaccination might be exploited to reduce antiretroviral drug exposure. (ox.ac.uk)

The new coronavirus latches onto a protein called dipeptidyl peptidase 4, or DPP4, which decorates the surface of many cells, including some in human airways and kidneys, Bart Haagmans of Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and colleagues report in the March 14 Nature . (sciencenews.org)
Though the virus is related to the SARS coronavirus, DPP4 is different from the protein that SARS needs to infect cells. (sciencenews.org)
The scientists don't know yet whether the protein also resides on cells in the nose or throat. (sciencenews.org)
In addition, the researchers determined that the presence of a specific cell-death protein called granzyme A prominently distinguished HIV-specific CD4 cells of participants maintaining a lower "viral set point" from those less able to control viral levels. (harvard.edu)
One of the modifications affected by SARS-CoV-2, known as m6A (a multifaceted regulator of gene expression), is highly important for RNA's basic functions, including transportation of data to the protein-making parts of the cell, and transcription and translation into amino acids there. (sflorg.com)
Protein synthesis in cells infected by Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Ac-NPV): the effect of cytosine arabinoside. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Baculovirus replication: protein synthesis in Spodoptera frugiperda cells infected with Trichoplusia ni nuclear polyhedrosis virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Gastpar R, Gehrmann M, Bausero MA, Asea A, Gross C, Schroeder JA, Multhoff G (2005) Heat shock protein 70 surface-positive tumor exosomes stimulate migratory and cytolytic activity of natural killer cells. (virosin.org)

Expansion and diversification of virus-specific T cells following immunization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals with a recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara/HIV-1 Gag vaccine. (ox.ac.uk)
In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the changes in virus-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell responses occurring after vaccination of 16 HIV-1-infected individuals with a recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara-vectored vaccine expressing the consensus HIV-1 clade A Gag p24/p17 sequences and multiple CD8(+) T-cell epitopes during highly active antiretroviral therapy. (ox.ac.uk)

The researchers now are planning complementary studies in human patients infected with the virus. (sciencedaily.com)

SARS-CoV-2 likely infects fat cells and immune cells within fat, a study shows. (livescience.com)
The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 directly infects fat cells and specific immune cells found in fat tissue, sparking inflammation that can then spread to uninfected "bystander" cells nearby. (livescience.com)
What's more, in two patients who died of COVID-19, the team found inflammatory immune cells had assembled around infected adipocytes in the fat tissue surrounding the heart. (livescience.com)
In addition, as fat builds up in the body, fat cells infiltrate the spleen, bone marrow and thymus, where many immune cells are produced. (livescience.com)
This can weaken the immune system by both reducing the number and undermining the efficacy of immune cells produced. (livescience.com)
In the Feb. 29 issue of Science Translational Medicine , a team of researchers from the Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard describe finding a population of HIV-specific CD4 T cells - cells traditionally thought to direct and support activities of other immune cells - that can directly kill HIV-infected cells. (harvard.edu)
Monash researchers, together with colleagues from the Pasteur Institute in Paris, have discovered a unique set of "super" receptors on immune cells capable of killing HIV across genetically diverse populations, making them a potential candidate for immunotherapy treatments. (medicalxpress.com)
The combination of SUW133 and injections of healthy natural killer immune cells completely cleared the HIV in 40% of the HIV-infected mice. (ucla.edu)
The researchers also analyzed the mice's spleens - because the spleen harbors immune cells, it's a good place to look for latent HIV-infected cells - and did not detect the virus there, suggesting that cells harboring HIV were eliminated. (ucla.edu)

To determine the expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-2) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and the difference in its expression level between positive and negative HPV-16 (human papilloma virus- 16) OSCC patients. (bvsalud.org)
HPV infections have received particular attention in recent years, as high-risk strains have been linked to some cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma. (medscape.com)

According to Sergio Triana, lead author and a doctoral candidate in EMBL's Alexandrov team, the researchers observed how infected cells seem to start a cascade of events that produce a signaling molecule called interferon. (scitechdaily.com)
Interestingly, although most cells in our mini guts had a strong immune response triggered by interferon, SARS-CoV-2-infected cells did not react in the same way and instead presented a strong pro-inflammatory response," Sergio says. (scitechdaily.com)
Scholars@Duke publication: Chlamydia trachomatis-infected cells and uninfected-bystander cells exhibit diametrically opposed responses to interferon gamma. (duke.edu)

Experiments with B cell deficient mice have demonstrated that B cells and antibodies are essential for complete clearance of parasites from blood of the host [2]. (omicsonline.org)
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a potent inducer of polyclonal B lymphocyte proliferation and is widely used as a tool for the establishment of B cell lines producing human monoclonal antibodies. (lu.se)
Parasite-infected-cell-agglutination and indirect immunofluorescence assays for detection of human serum antibodies bound to antigens on Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. (ox.ac.uk)
Two methods are described for detecting the binding of serum antibodies from adults in an endemic malarious area (The Gambia) to surface antigens on Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. (ox.ac.uk)
In contrast to the results with freshly collected isolates, antibodies from sera of Gambian adults did not bind to the surface of infected cells from five different culture-adapted isolates of P. falciparum. (ox.ac.uk)

In a study using mice, a UCLA-led team of researchers have improved upon a method they developed in 2017 that was designed to kill HIV-infected cells. (ucla.edu)
In the earlier study, the researchers gave antiretroviral drugs to mice whose immune systems had been altered to mimic those of humans, and then infected with HIV. (ucla.edu)
In the new study, while the mice were receiving antiretrovirals, the researchers used SUW133 to flush HIV infected cells out of hiding. (ucla.edu)
Kumar V, Rakha A, Saroa R, Bagai U (2015) CD4+T Cells Expansion in P. berghei (NK-65) Infected and Immunized BALB/C Mice. (omicsonline.org)
The study, in mice, helps explain why some people with Zika virus develop eye disease, and suggests that contact with infected eyes may play a role in spreading the disease. (sciencedaily.com)

Monash University researchers used the Australian Synchrotron, effectively a giant microscope the size of a football field, to study the binding of this super T cell receptor in complex with the HIV antigen. (medicalxpress.com)
Researchers from the University of California San Francisco and Gladstone Institutes in the USA, and the Aga Khan University in Pakistan, investigated if human neural cells can be infected by SARS-CoV-2. (aku.edu)
The researchers were able to monitor the virus's growth in organoids derived from human intestinal cells. (scitechdaily.com)
Lars Steinmetz's research group at EMBL recently developed TAP-seq, which the researchers combined with powerful computational tools, enabling them to detect, quantify, and compare expression of thousands of genes in single cells within the organoids. (scitechdaily.com)
Ulvan, the major water-soluble polysaccharide extracted from the cell wall of green seaweed, could help stop coronavirus from infecting human cells, according to a team of researchers from Tel Aviv University. (michaelsavage.com)

RNA for SARS-CoV-2 (pink) and the ACE2 receptor (white) was found in salivary gland cells, which are outlined in green. (nih.gov)
The likelihood of finding the exact same T cell receptor in different individuals is extremely low, like winning the lottery, and is likely playing a role in the control of HIV" Monash BDI's Dr. Carine Farenc, a co-lead author of the study said. (medicalxpress.com)
Configuration and expression of the T cell receptor beta chain gene in human T-lymphotrophic virus I-infected cells. (rupress.org)
We studied the configuration and expression of the gene encoding the beta chain of the T cell receptor (TCR beta) in cell lines and primary tumor cells infected by the human T cell leukemia/lymphoma (lymphotrophic) virus type I (HTLV-I). Most of the cell lines and all the primary tumor cells showed rearrangement of the TCR beta gene, and in each case the rearrangement was distinct. (rupress.org)
The present results also suggest that one potential role of the MP6-derived thioredoxin could be the up regulation of IL-6 receptor expression in EBV-infected B cells. (lu.se)

HIV-1 proviruses can persist during ART in clonally-expanded populations of CD4+ T cells. (frontiersin.org)
Here we collected the blood samples from 18 healthy donors (HD) and 38 COVID-19 patients to analyze changes in the adaptive immune cell populations and phenotypes. (medrxiv.org)
To test this hypothesis, we developed a novel method to separate a pool of cells exposed to C. trachomatis into pure populations of live infected and bystander cells and applied this technique to distinguish between the effects of IFNγ on infected and bystander cells. (duke.edu)

Moreover, the findings point to the possibility that the mouth plays a role in transmitting SARS-CoV-2 to the lungs or digestive system via saliva laden with virus from infected oral cells. (nih.gov)
These findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 may have the ability to infect astrocytes via a leaky BBB route which causes disruptions in astrocytes role that can severely impact the overall brain function resulting in seizures, inability to control motor function, and other neurological symptoms. (aku.edu)
Our findings revealed that the protective induction of IDO1 is suppressed specifically within primary infected cells because Chlamydia attenuates the nuclear import of activated STAT1 following IFNγ exposure, without affecting STAT1 levels or phosphorylation. (duke.edu)

These killer CD4+ T cells could recognise very low amounts of HIV thanks to the expression of "super" T cell receptors on their surface. (medicalxpress.com)
T cell receptors recognise virus or bacteria fragments bound to specialised molecule called Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA). (medicalxpress.com)

Ebola virus reproduction in laboratory-grown cells is severely hampered by enzyme-inhibiting chemicals, and these chemicals deserve further study as possible treatments for Ebola virus infections in humans, report scientists supported in part by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). (sciencedaily.com)

Fractionation of cells into nucleus and cytoplasm showed that polypeptides located in both the cytoplasm and nucleus were phosphorylated. (microbiologyresearch.org)

An antibody-mediated parasite-infected-cell-agglutination assay (without secondary antibody) and an indirect immunofluorescence assay employing an anti-Fc secondary reagent were used to detect bound antibody. (ox.ac.uk)

Based on data from our laboratories, we suspected at least some of the virus in saliva could be coming from infected tissues in the mouth itself," Warner said. (nih.gov)

The configuration of the TCR beta gene in primary tumor cells infected by HTLV-I was compared with that in the derived cell lines. (rupress.org)
which means both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. (medlineplus.gov)

We discovered that those CD4 T cells, usually viewed as helper cells for the killer CD8 T cells that destroy infected cells, could be turned into killer cells themselves in HIV controllers. (medicalxpress.com)
But HIV has the ability to elude antiretrovirals by lying dormant in cells called CD4+ T cells, which signal another type of T cell, the CD8, to destroy HIV-infected cells. (ucla.edu)

A) One pronounced surface morphologic change is the proliferation of psuedopodia at the cell periphery (arrows). (cdc.gov)
Gag-specific CD8(+) and CD4(+) T-cell proliferation also increased postvaccination. (ox.ac.uk)

In a study, published Sept. 22 in the journal Science Translational Medicine , scientists experimented with fat tissue obtained from patients undergoing bariatric, heart and chest surgeries, to see if the tissue could be infected by the coronavirus . (livescience.com)

A new coronavirus that has sickened 14 people, killing eight of them, can slip into cells in many types of animals, a new study shows. (sciencenews.org)
Her role will be to provide imaging and quantification methods to study, in cells and eventually animals, which parts of the influenza virus genome have mutated and to what degree. (rutgers.edu)
Overall, the present study describes a novel and potent pathway of pDC activation that is linked to the macrophage-mediated clearance of infected cells. (nature.com)
The study found that blood cells were also infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus at a lower level than astrocytes. (aku.edu)
However, the study found no difference in clinical outcomes between participants who were randomized to VL and CD4 cell count monitoring in comparison to CD4 cell count monitoring, alone after 3 years of follow-up. (biomedcentral.com)
Among participants in the Womens Interagency HIV Study (1331 HIV-infected women, 534 HIV-uninfected women) and Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (600 HIV-infected men, 325 HIV-uninfected men), we measured subclinical carotid artery lesions and common carotid artery intima-media thickness using B-mode ultrasound. (elsevierpure.com)
According to the study, SARS-CoV-2 actually infects retinal cells, especially retinal ganglion cells, but also light-sensitive cells. (debuglies.com)
In the present study, sequences of 40 CD8 + T cell epitope candidates, including previously and newly identified, obtained from Jeryl-Lynn mumps vaccine strains were compared with genomes from 462 circulating MuV strains. (mdpi.com)
Zika virus is capable of infecting the eye, according to a new study. (sciencedaily.com)

For the first time in virology, Fabris and her team will use imaging tools with gold nanoparticles to monitor mutations in the influenza virus, with unprecedented sensitivity, when it enters cells. (rutgers.edu)

In Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi (AS), T helper cells of host have been reported to be necessary for inducing a protective immune response against the blood stages of parasite [1]. (omicsonline.org)

Its poor airborne transmission may be because DPP4 exists on cells in the lungs, where the virus can't be readily coughed or sneezed out. (sciencenews.org)

Although the virus initially attacks the respiratory system and disrupts respiratory functions by impairing cells in the lungs, there has been growing evidence of the virus infecting other organs including the brain. (aku.edu)
All tissues and organs are made of billions of different cells. (msdmanuals.com)

These pre-adipocytes cannot be directly infected by SARS-CoV-2, the team found, but through this chain reaction, they were indirectly affected by the virus. (livescience.com)

CD4 + T cells play an important role in conferring protective immunity towards the liver stages of the malaria parasite [ 3 ]. (omicsonline.org)
It has also been reported that protective immunity can be transferred to naive hosts by transfer of immune CD4+ T cells [ 4 ]. (omicsonline.org)
Transplantation can result in granulocytopenia as well as impairment of barrier defenses, cell-mediated immunity, and humoral immunity. (medscape.com)

Using real-time video microscopy, the scientists demonstrated that infected cells fuse with neighboring cells to form syncytia, or giant cells containing dozens of virus-producing cells, which eventually die. (pasteur.fr)
An international team of scientists has found evidence that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, infects cells in the mouth. (nih.gov)
In a first, scientists have captured on video all the steps a virus follows as it enters and infects a living cell in real time and in three dimensions. (phys.org)
The advance could move scientists a step closer to being able to reduce the amount of virus, or even eliminate it, from infected people who are dependent on lifesaving medications to keep the virus from multiplying and illness at bay. (ucla.edu)

RVs infect the lower airways and induce the production of pro-inflammatory and remodelling-associated mediators. (nih.gov)
CD4 + T cells stimulate B cells to induce significant level of antimalarial antibody response and also help in the induction of CD8 + T-cell responses which help in arresting the growth of liver-stage parasites in the host. (omicsonline.org)
Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Helicobacter Pylori-Infected Gastric Cancer Cells Induce Lymphangiogenesis and Lymphatic Remodeling via Transfer of miR-1246. (bvsalud.org)

Increasing numbers of non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals with non-Hodgkin's B cell lymphoma treated with rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone have been diagnosed with Pneumocystis pneumonia. (ijpsonline.com)
Non-B-Cell Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) is now first line treated with Rituximab plus Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine and Prednisone (R-CHOP)[ 1 ]. (ijpsonline.com)

Every successful licensed vaccine induces CD4 T cell responses to some extent," Streeck explains, "and we know from many other viral infections that the success of the immune system in gaining control is best achieved in the presence of strong CD4 T cell responses. (harvard.edu)
Retrospective analysis of samples taken throughout the year showed striking differences in the CD4 T cell responses in both groups. (harvard.edu)
While the HIV-specific CD4 responses in the group that did not control HIV replication quickly dropped and stayed low, the same response increased significantly in participants able to effectively control the virus, suggesting a role for HIV-specific CD4 cells in viral control. (harvard.edu)
This subset of T cells play critical role in maintaining immune homeostasis and controlling excessive immune responses [ 5 ]. (omicsonline.org)
These assays are suitable for studies on the antigenic diversity of erythrocyte antigens in natural infections and specific antibody responses to these antigens in infected patients. (ox.ac.uk)

Depending upon the cytokines secreted by the Helper T cells, they are classified into two subpopulations: Th1 and Th2 cells. (omicsonline.org)

Human CMV grows only in human cells and replicates best in human fibroblasts. (medscape.com)

Fusion and penetration can occur at the cell surface of cells expressing TMPRSS2 if the extracellular pH is ∼6.8. (phys.org)

The approach coaxes the dormant virus to reveal itself in infected cells, so it can then be targeted and killed. (ucla.edu)

Measuring HIV persistence is complex due to the low frequency of cells containing virus in vivo. (researchsquare.com)

The surface of erythrocytes containing mature parasites bound antibody, but the surface of uninfected cells or cells containing early parasite stages did not react. (ox.ac.uk)

T cells, especially CD8 T cells, showed an enhanced expression of late activation marker CD25 and exhaustion marker PD-1. (medrxiv.org)
Relative expression levels of CD74 ( A ) and MHCII ( B ) in HCMV- infected cells and uninfected cells, measured by RT-qPCR at 6hpi, 3dpi and 6dpi. (elifesciences.org)
B and C ) Relative expression level of the viral transcripts RNA2.7 and UL138 ( B ) or MHCII and CD74 transcripts ( C ), as measured by RT-qPCR in HCMV- infected cells, sorted by either MHCII (left) or CD74 (right) cell-surface levels at 3dpi. (elifesciences.org)
In a final validation cohort that included 28 RSV-infected infants and eight uninfected infants, the team saw that the same transcript signature, used in conjunction with a different expression array, could correctly classify 27 of the infected infants. (genomeweb.com)

They used primary human cortical tissues and cortical organoids derived from stem cells to test if SARS-CoV-2 can directly infect brain cells. (aku.edu)

All HIV-infected patients undergoing treatment for TB should be evaluated for antiretroviral therapy, because most patients with HIV-related TB are candidates for concurrent administration of antituberculosis and antiretroviral drug therapies. (cdc.gov)

Associate Professor Stephanie Gras and her team from Monash University's Biomedicine Discovery Institute (BDI) and ARC Centre of Advanced Molecular Imaging, and her colleagues from the Pasteur Institute in Paris, studied fifteen unique individuals who all had been infected with HIV (ANRS CO21 CODEX cohort), but have immune systems that protect them from AIDs progression. (medicalxpress.com)

Unstained rat lung fibroblast monolayer 72 hours postinfection at low MOI with equine herpesvirus type 1 showing cell destruction as characterized by cell rounding and retraction from the substrate leaving gaps in the monolayer. (asm.org)
Unstained rabbit kidney (LLC-RK1) cell monolayer 6 hours postinfection at low MOI with equine herpesvirus type 1 showing a focal area of polykaryocyte (also called syncytium or giant cell) (green arrow). (asm.org)
One such response involves a certain type of white blood cell, the T-lymphocyte, which is capable of killing virus-infected cells. (animalresearch.info)

Anatomy70

Organisms17

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs75

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment35

Phenomena and Processes54

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science3

Infection68

Viruses19

Latently-infected cells1

Among HIV-infected6

Replicate4

Proteins12

Epithelial Cells3

Mammalian1

Lymphocytes6

Particles8

Macrophages5

Cellular6

Protein8

Recombinant2

Patients infected1

Immune cells9

Oral squamous cell carc2

Interferon3

Antibodies5

Mice5

Researchers5

Receptor5

Populations3

Findings3

Receptors2

Humans1

Nucleus1

Assay1

Saliva1

Gene2

Destroy2

Proliferation2

Tissue1

Study9

Virology1

Helper cells1

DPP41

Organs2

Directly infected1

Immunity3

Scientists4

Induce3

Lymphoma2

Responses5

Cytokines1

Fibroblasts1

Extracellular1

Reveal1

Persistence1

Parasites1

Expression4

Organoids derived1

Antiretroviral therapy1

AIDS1

Type3