• But thankfully most bacteria have a cell wall and so notice that the cell wall is this light blue layer that you see in between here and that cell wall is made of a molecule. (pearson.com)
  • MVs are released from the outer membrane of bacterial cells, such as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Gram-negative bacteria, and from the cytoplasmic membrane of cells, such as MVs from Gram-positive bacteria. (nature.com)
  • Recently, some specific Gram-positive bacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium glutamicum , were found to possess a novel cell wall structure consisting of an arabinogalactan layer covalently linked to the peptidoglycan layer, and a special outer membrane consisting of mycolic acids (mycomembrane) [ 19 ]. (nature.com)
  • Unit 2: Ecology Unit 3: The Life of a Cell Unit 4: Genetics Unit 5: Change Through Time Unit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi Unit 7: Plants Unit 8: Invertebrates Unit 9: Vertebrates Unit 10: The Human Body. (slideserve.com)
  • Pyrodictium abyssi is a gram-negative bacteria that displays normal cell wall functions, but interesting features stem from the cell during cell growth. (kenyon.edu)
  • Bacteria are just about everywhere, consist of about a thousand types, and can be either harmful or harmless. (all-science-fair-projects.com)
  • The rumen is a complex eco-system consisting of various symbiotic anaerobic micro-organisms such as bacteria, archaea, ciliated protozoa and fungi. (wur.nl)
  • The dlt operon of Gram-positive bacteria is required for the incorporation of D -alanine esters into cell wall-associated teichoic acids (TAs). (frontiersin.org)
  • In most gram-positive bacteria, this operon consists of five genes dltXABCD but the involvement of the first ORF ( dltX ) encoding a small protein of unknown function, has never been investigated. (frontiersin.org)
  • Scanning electron microscopy experiments showed morphological alterations of these mutant bacteria, suggesting that depletion of D -alanine from TAs affects cell wall structure. (frontiersin.org)
  • The cell wall of gram-positive bacteria contains highly charged anionic polymers called teichoic acids (TAs) that consist of alditol phosphate repeats. (frontiersin.org)
  • Approximately 40%-80% of the dry weight of gram-positive bacteria consists of peptidoglycan, while gram-negative bacteria have only a single layer of peptidoglycan. (medscape.com)
  • When ethanol is used as decolorizing agent, gram-negative bacteria lose their outer membrane because of the higher content of lipid, allowing crystal violet complex to leak through the cell wall. (medscape.com)
  • Organisms without a cell wall (eg, Mycoplasma species) and small bacteria (eg, Chlamydia and Rickettsia species) do not stain with Gram stain. (medscape.com)
  • Overview of Bacteria Bacteria are microorganisms that have circular double-stranded DNA and (except for mycoplasmas) cell walls. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Non-microbial exogenous (non-self) antigens can include pollen, egg white, and proteins from transplanted tissues and organs or on the surface of transfused blood cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • In order to keep the cytotoxic cells from killing cells just for presenting self-proteins, self-reactive T cells are deleted from the repertoire as a result of tolerance (also known as negative selection , which occurs in the gametes of a cow. (wikidoc.org)
  • To develop an effective vaccine, two elements are needed: a target recognized by the immune system, such as cells, proteins, DNA or RNA sequences, and an adjuvant able to effectively stimulate the immune response", says Nicolas Mach, an oncologist at the HUG Division of Oncology, and a professor at UNIGE Faculty of Medicine Department of Medicine and Translational Research Centre in Onco-Haematology, and co-author of this study. (unige.ch)
  • This review summarizes some immunological factors involved in the development and control of this oral disease, such as: the participation of inflammatory cells in local inflammation, the synthesis of chemotaxis proteins with activation of the complement system and a range of antimicrobial peptides, such as defensins, cathelicidin and saposins. (bvsalud.org)
  • We propose that blood carries an as yet unknown "inflammatory potential" consisting of modified proteins or other biomolecules and reaction byproducts that affects a pathological bioactivity which can be assessed using endothelial cells as biosensors. (cdc.gov)
  • Among the intraoral tissues, the epithelial cells from inflammatory lesions, but not benign tumors, were found to be intensively stained with the anti-CHI3L1 antibody. (bvsalud.org)
  • Lesions consist of a nevoid formation of abortive hair follicles at the site where sebaceous glands attach. (medscape.com)
  • Processes involved in atherosclerosis include coagulation, inflammation, lipid metabolism, intimal injury, and smooth muscle cell proliferation (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • CHI3L1 is known to play a role in biological responses such as cell proliferation, tissue remodeling, and inflammation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Alterations consisted of acute bronchiolitis, interstitial pneumonitis, proliferation of alveolar cells, and hyperplasia of the tracheal epithelium with hypermucous secretion. (cdc.gov)
  • Disruption of these genes may interfere with proper control (regulation) of cell growth and division (proliferation), resulting in the excessive proliferation of plasma cells that characterizes multiple myeloma. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Brown algae are unique among heterokonts in developing into multicellular forms with differentiated tissues, but they reproduce by means of flagellated spores and gametes that closely resemble cells of other heterokonts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Just as veins and arteries play different, but unified, roles in transporting essential elements via blood from one part of the human body to another, the phloem and xylem tissues consist of tubes that transport essential fluids and nutrients in sap, from one part of the plant to another. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • The vast majority of fungi used in studies with cell extracts are pathogens to plants and/or humans, which adds difficulties related to handling and discharge. (aiche.org)
  • Fungi are everywhere-in the air and water, on damp basement walls, in gardens, on foods, and sometimes even between people's toes. (slideserve.com)
  • Fungi used to be classified in the plant kingdom because, like plants, many fungi grow anchored in soil and have cell walls. (slideserve.com)
  • My research project investigates the mechanisms of fungal decomposition concerning the plant cell wall by saprotrophic fungi. (lu.se)
  • In the epidermal, palisade and cortex parenchymal cells of the vegetative organs, yellow-orange essential (lavender) oil is noted. (scirp.org)
  • The major portion of the testa consists of approximately 14-20 layers of flattened parenchymal vascular tissue. (nuthealth.org)
  • Many molecular components involved in plant cell wall polymer synthesis have been identified, but it remains largely unknown how these molecular players function together to define the length and decoration pattern of a polysaccharide. (mdpi.com)
  • A growing number of them describe the use of cell filtrate for the production of silver nanoparticles, indicating that the synthesis mechanism may be linked to molecules produced during cell growth. (aiche.org)
  • The procedure used for nanoparticle synthesis consisted in adding an appropriate amount of CuCl 2 (J. T. Baker®) solution to a sample contained in a falcon tube of 50mL. (aiche.org)
  • It consists of cells entrapped in an extracellular matrix of hollow tubules, the "cannulae"[x]. (kenyon.edu)
  • I present evidence from reciprocal crosses, cytoplasmic substitution lines, and cell fusion lines that hybrid weakness and sterility often arise from interactions between the nuclear genome and the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes. (bioone.org)
  • This indicates that the cannulae interconnect individual cells with each other on the level of their periplasmic space, but not into cytoplasmic membrane possibly attributing to its stability. (kenyon.edu)
  • The evolution of this vascular tissue allowed for an early dominance of these plants on land (first appearing 430 million years ago, during the Silurian period), giving them the ability to transport water and dissolved minerals through specialized strands of elongated cells that run from the plant root to the tips of the leaves . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • In vascular plants, the principal generation phase is the large, dominant, nutritionally-independent sporophyte , which is diploid with two sets of chromosomes per cell . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • In non-vascular plants, the principal generation phase is often the gametophyte , which is haploid with one set of chromosomes per cell. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Early vascular plants only developed by primary growth , in which the plants grew through cell division of the plant body. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • Secondary growth developed early (the Devonian period, 380 million years ago) in the evolution of vascular plants, which allowed for cell division to take place in the active regions of the plant's periphery. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
  • The ability to isolate and grow these stem cells has allowed us to study the effects of many biologically active molecules on these cells critical for vascular repair and re-narrowing. (ca.gov)
  • This method allows us to track the mobilization of vessel wall stem cells more precisely in the vascular repair process. (ca.gov)
  • Serum from exposed mice increased endothelial cell surface vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and proinflammatory transcripts, and decreased ATP-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production. (cdc.gov)
  • In the breast, intraductal papilloma (IDP) is a benign lesion that consists of branching fibrovascular cores with overlying layers of epithelial and myoepithelial cells. (medscape.com)
  • Mastitis results in the inflammation of the mammary glands, which leads to an increased number of somatic cells within the milk of animals affected by the disease. (kenyon.edu)
  • The inflammation encourages the tissue cells in the vessel walls to migrate and form a coat around the core to encapsulate and limit the extent of the constriction. (lu.se)
  • A single peak (compound I) was found to consist of N-acetylglucosamine, glucose, and glucitol residues in the ratio 1:2:1. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The SRM consists of 13 N-linked glycans that are among the most abundant and most common glycans associated with therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. (nist.gov)
  • We now know that the immune system does not consist of only antibodies . (wikidoc.org)
  • Depending on the antigen presented and the type of the histocompatibility molecule, several types of immune cells can become activated. (wikidoc.org)
  • The integration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from microorganisms with their surface receptors in the immune cells, induces the production of several cytokines and chemokines that presents either a pro- and/or anti-inflammatory role by stimulating the secretion of a great variety of antibody subtypes and the activation of mechanisms of controlling the disease, such as the regulatory T cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • A core is formed, consisting of fat and dead immune cells which, when consuming large quantities of the fat, become poisoned and die. (lu.se)
  • They may consist of delicate felt-like strands of cells, as in Ectocarpus, or of 30-centimeter-long (1 ft) flattened branches resembling a fan, as in Padina. (wikipedia.org)
  • SRM 3655, Glycans in Solution, consists of 13 different glycan molecules each stored in a test tube. (nist.gov)
  • APCs then present the fragments to T helper cells ( CD4 + ) by the use of class II histocompatibility molecules [2] on their surface. (wikidoc.org)
  • The fragments are then presented on the cell surface in the complex with MHC class I molecules. (wikidoc.org)
  • Tumor antigens or Neoantigens are those antigens that are presented by MHC I or MHC II molecules on the surface of tumor cells . (wikidoc.org)
  • They form essential structures that make up cell walls, facilitate communication between cells, and carry out other biological processes. (nist.gov)
  • To gain an in-depth understanding of interactions between the human microbiome and body's cells. (symrise.com)
  • And so this requires the bacterial cells to have a protective layer that surrounds the cell. (pearson.com)
  • And so this is why most bacterial cells have a cell wall and a cell wall can be defined as a semi rigid structural layer located on the outside of the membrane located on the outside of the cell membrane. (pearson.com)
  • Consists of thick polysaccharide capsule (slime layer adhesin). (powershow.com)
  • Rhamnogalacturonan II type is complex, highly branched polysaccharide where the backbone consists exclusively of D-galacturonic acid units. (bvsalud.org)
  • Um it's a collection of the cell wall, the cell membrane and an outer membrane as well if that outer membrane is present. (pearson.com)
  • Now you'll also see that part of the cell envelope that the peptidoglycan cell wall is part of the cell envelope and the cell envelope also includes an outer membrane if it's present or capsule. (pearson.com)
  • And so really this is showing you the outer layers that are surrounding a bacterial cell. (pearson.com)
  • The testa has an outer epidermis, which consists of relatively large thin-walled cells, which range from 100 to 300 μm in width. (nuthealth.org)
  • Electron microscopy studies demonstrate cyst wall cells undergoing trichilemmal keratinization similar to that of the isthmus portion of the outer hair sheath. (medscape.com)
  • His main research interests concern the identification of genes and enzymes involved in this pathway, the regulation of this metabolism, the mode of action of antibiotics and bacteriocins interfering with this pathway and the corresponding resistance mechanisms, as well as the molecular bases for the recognition of bacterial cell-wall peptidoglycan by host innate immunity mechanisms. (degruyter.com)
  • The translocation likely affects genes that play a critical role in regulating cell division by preventing cells from dividing too rapidly or in an uncontrolled way. (medlineplus.gov)
  • We can, for example, find out which genes are expressed and which components the plaque consists of. (lu.se)
  • We first asked whether the stress hormone was regulating the stem cells directly and checked by taking out the receptor for corticosterone, but this turned out to be wrong. (definitions.net)
  • Instead, we found that the stress hormone actually acts on a cluster of dermal cells underneath the hair follicle, known as the dermal papilla, dermal papilla is known to be critical for activating hair follicle stem cells , but none of the previously identified factors secreted from dermal papilla changed when stress hormone levels were altered. (definitions.net)
  • Rather, the stress hormone prevented dermal papilla cells from secreting Gas6, a molecule that the researchers showed can activate the hair follicle stem cells . (definitions.net)
  • A population of cells resident in the vessel wall consists of stem cells that divide and grow into the vessel lumen when vessels are injured. (ca.gov)
  • Our goal is to understand the biology of these stem cells in the repair of injured arteries- how vessel injury signals these cells to divide and invade the vessel lumen, what molecular effectors control the cellular responses, and how to intercept these signals and effectors to prevent vessel re-narrowing. (ca.gov)
  • In the past year, we have successfully developed in the laboratory a more efficient method of isolating the vessel wall stem cells (or adventitial stem cells) and growing these cells in test tubes. (ca.gov)
  • We are now using this method to study molecular pathways that can modify the biological behavior of the vessel wall stem cells. (ca.gov)
  • Furthermore, we have developed a different method of injuring the blood vessels to study how the vessel wall stem cells respond to different types of vessel injury. (ca.gov)
  • We are using this method to study the activity of vessel wall stem cells following injury. (ca.gov)
  • Patients with prolonged neutropenia after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or chemotherapy and patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics and high doses of corticosteroids are predisposed to fungal infections. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This is one of the two largest kingdoms, and it includes many-celled organisms that, unlike plants, don't have cell walls, chlorophyll, or the capacity to use light to make energy (photosynthesis). (dummies.com)
  • Gram-positive organisms have a higher content of peptidoglycan in their cell wall than gram-negative organisms. (medscape.com)
  • In contrast, in gram-positive organisms, because of the higher content of peptidoglycan in the cell wall, crystal violet is trapped inside the cell. (medscape.com)
  • This disease results from atherosclerosis or fatty deposits in the vessel wall that causes blockage of coronary arteries. (ca.gov)
  • However, as a response to PTCA, cells from the vessel wall are mobilized to divide and grow into the vessel lumen, causing re-narrowing of the artery. (ca.gov)
  • The repair process mediated by these cells directly contributes to vessel re-narrowing. (ca.gov)
  • After that procedure viable cells (V) were obtained. (aiche.org)
  • The objective of this study is to investigate how the expressions of CHI3L1 and a Chitosome complex in human oral cavity epithelial cells are linked with intraoral inflammatory diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • The most apparent difference between these two foams is that one type has tiny spaces, or cells, that are entirely closed and contained, whereas the other has open cells, but, let's take a closer look at comparing open cell vs. closed cell foam. (foambymail.com)
  • Some open-cell foams, like our Dryfast can be used outdoors, and may retain little to no moisture. (foambymail.com)
  • Open-cell foams tend to have a lower R-value, and are not suitable for use in places or climates with extreme temperatures. (foambymail.com)
  • Open-cell foams can sometimes shrink over time, depending on what conditions it is in. (foambymail.com)
  • Closed-cell foams are ideal for uses that require a sturdier option, such as in packaging and commercial uses. (foambymail.com)
  • Rigid polyurethane foams are denser and have a high percentage of closed cells. (iqsdirectory.com)
  • Foams with closed cells do not easily allow air to escape from the foam. (iqsdirectory.com)
  • These tumours are derived from ependymal cells that line cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled ventricles, spinal canal and filum terminale ( Del Bigio, 1995 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The genome of the isolate consists of 2,264,319 base pairs. (kenyon.edu)
  • The approach involves applying serum from exposed animals to cultured primary endothelial cells or ex vivo isolated arteries. (cdc.gov)
  • A type of neuroglia, ependymal cells are essential for CSF production and have a cuboidal, multi-ciliated morphology ( Brody et al , 2000 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Since they are closed, they do not interconnect with other cells. (foambymail.com)
  • In order to obtain cells extracts, viable and non-viable cells were suspended in 100mL of double deionized water in 500 mL Erlenmeyer flasks and kept in shakers at the growth conditions for 24 hours. (aiche.org)
  • To efficiently boost the immune system, the scientists used the tool they developed over the last two years, a genetically modified muscle cell line secreting GM-CSF, a protein known to promote the growth of white blood cells and able, under certain conditions, to train very effectively the immune system to react against a pathogenic target. (unige.ch)
  • Humans normally have 46 chromosomes in each cell, divided into 23 pairs. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A rearrangement (translocation) that moves genetic material from one of several other chromosomes to a region of chromosome 14 called 14q32 occurs in 20 to 60 percent of cases of multiple myeloma, which is a cancer arising from plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The capsules and the cells used in this study are certified for Phase I and II clinical trials in oncology and are produced by the HUG's clinical cell therapy centre. (unige.ch)
  • For more than 15 years he has been involved in discovery of inhibitors of bacterial cell-wall biosynthesis as potential antibacterial agents. (degruyter.com)
  • The translocation is somatic, which means it is acquired during a person's lifetime and is present only in certain cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Closed Cell Foam vs. Open Cell Foam: What's the Difference? (foambymail.com)
  • Open-cell foam behaves more like a spring. (foambymail.com)
  • Open cell foam typically weighs anywhere from 1.2lbs per cubic foot to 2.8lbs per cubic foot. (foambymail.com)
  • Lower breathability than open-cell foam. (foambymail.com)
  • We hope we've been able to help answer your questions about the differences between closed-cell and open-cell foam. (foambymail.com)
  • A type of microcellular foam is Poron®, an open-cell foam used to make gaskets, protective gear, and footwear. (iqsdirectory.com)
  • If activated cytotoxic CD8 + T cells recognize them, the T cells begin to secrete various toxins that cause the lysis or apoptosis of the infected cell. (wikidoc.org)
  • Loaded with cells modified to secrete a substance capable of stimulating the immune system, the capsule can be used as an adjuvant cargo ship. (unige.ch)
  • Since the encapsulated cells survive for days, weeks or even months, they allow for prolonged exposure to the substance they secrete, here the vaccine adjuvant. (unige.ch)
  • Regardless of if you are new to our foam products or have been with us a while, you have probably noticed we provide both open-cell and closed-cell foam types. (foambymail.com)
  • While both kinds of foam are ideal for a vast array of applications, some of the differences between open-cell and closed-cell foam may influence your choice of which foam to use. (foambymail.com)
  • A foam is classified as an open cell when more than half of its cells are open. (foambymail.com)
  • Open-cell acoustic foam can help dampen soundwaves. (foambymail.com)
  • Closed-cell foam consists of cells that are entirely enclosed by walls. (foambymail.com)
  • Nominal tubing dimensions of product are 0.118" inner diameter x 0.025" wall thickness. (nih.gov)
  • Endogenous antigens are antigens that have been generated within the cell, as a result of normal cell metabolism , or because of viral or intracellular bacterial infection . (wikidoc.org)
  • He is director of research at CNRS and, since 2001, is the head of the Laboratory of Bacterial Envelopes and Antibiotics which, for more than 30 years, has been studying the biochemistry, genetics and physiology of the bacterial cell-wall peptidoglycan biosynthesis pathway as a whole. (degruyter.com)
  • And so you can see that we're labeling the cell wall as potato Glicken because that is the predominant molecule that makes up the cell wall. (pearson.com)
  • This standard reference material consists of 13 different test tubes, each with a glycan molecule, a group of sugar chains. (nist.gov)
  • Cells present their antigens to the immune system via a histocompatibility molecule . (wikidoc.org)
  • Nevertheless, they play crucial roles in cell morphology and division and are important for many cell envelope-dependent processes such as the activity of autolytic enzymes, the binding of divalent cations, and susceptibility to innate host defenses ( Weidenmaier and Peschel, 2008 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The cells were separated from the extracts by filtration using paper filters. (aiche.org)
  • In addition, serum from MWCNT-exposed mice reduced cell migration in a traditional scratch assay experiment. (cdc.gov)
  • The tumor can invade nearby tissue such as the chest wall or lymph glands. (epnet.com)
  • Cancer cells invade the lymphatic vessels of the skin and is very likely to spread to the local lymph nodes. (epnet.com)
  • Cell encapsulation consists of filling a semipermeable capsule with engineered cells before implanting it subcutaneously. (unige.ch)
  • The cells contained in the capsule are thus kept alive without spreading in the body, unlike their secretion, which is free to diffuse through the capsule wall. (unige.ch)
  • Cytokines are substances that can activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), antibody-secreting B cells , macrophages , and other particles. (wikidoc.org)
  • P. abyssi grows in an extensive 3D network composed of cells and cannulae, which are hollow, extracellular tubules with a diameter of about 25nm. (kenyon.edu)
  • In contrast to a conventional reinforced concrete wall with large diameter rebar, the system as engineered for the 850-ft. structure redirects steel to composite panels: Half- or ¾-in. (concreteproducts.com)
  • Wood cells in hardwoods of comparatively large diameter that have open ends and are set one above the other to form continuous tubes called vessels. (advantagelumber.com)
  • And so it's important to note that the water pressure on the inside of a bacterial cell is typically higher than its surroundings. (pearson.com)
  • Two-cell core modules, starting about one-third up the structure, have seven panels and six corner columns. (concreteproducts.com)
  • The form consists of four data cells, named as demos. (webdesignerwall.com)
  • Tumor antigens can also be on the surface of the tumor in the form of, for example, a mutated receptor, in which case they will be recognized by B cells . (wikidoc.org)
  • The cancer cells may eventually form a tumor. (epnet.com)
  • Comparison of the structural and functional specialisations of cells lining the stomach with those of the cells lining the small intestine. (markedbyteachers.com)
  • Cancer is a disease in which cells do not grow the way they are supposed to. (epnet.com)
  • The cancer cells can also enter the lymph and blood streams. (epnet.com)
  • This means they can carry cancer cells away from the original tumor site, and spread it to other lymph tissue or other parts of the body. (epnet.com)
  • The immune system is able to identify cancer cells and fight them, just as it does against a viral or bacterial pathogen. (unige.ch)
  • METHOD: CHI3L1 and Chitosome complex mRNA expressions were analyzed using human oral squamous cancer cell lines, HSC3 and HSC4 cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • The CBTRUS analytic file consists of population-based incidence data on all primary brain and CNS tumours collected by 49 central cancer registries ( Dolecek et al , 2012 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Hydrolysis involves usually a catalytic triad consisting of the thiol group of the cysteine, the imidazolium ring of a histidine, and a third residue, usually asparagine or aspartic acid, to orientate and activate the imidazolium ring. (embl.de)
  • A poster containing the case definition of meningitis was fixed to the wall in 18% of the hospitals. (who.int)
  • So down below, in our example, we're showing you how the cell wall protects the cell from rupturing from high water pressure that's found on the inside. (pearson.com)
  • N-linked glycans are commonly found in the complex cells of humans and other animals. (nist.gov)
  • Cave 11 is also known as 'Darbar Hall' that consists of a vast hall with a verandah. (indianetzone.com)
  • These antigens can sometimes be presented by tumor cells and never by the normal ones. (wikidoc.org)
  • More common are antigens that are presented by tumor cells and normal cells, and they are called tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) . (wikidoc.org)
  • Cytotoxic T lymphocytes that recognize these antigens may be able to destroy the tumor cells before they proliferate or metastasize . (wikidoc.org)
  • If cells keep dividing when new cells are not needed, a mass of tissue called a tumor forms. (epnet.com)
  • I am willing to be persuaded into seeing any other person's perspective as long as they possess, at the very least, two properly functioning brain cells . (definitions.net)