• Peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.129) is an enzyme used in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan. (wikipedia.org)
  • A new technique that incorporates fluorescently labeled d -amino acids into bacteria makes it possible to observe biosynthesis of peptidoglycans, the major component of cell walls, in real time. (acs.org)
  • Amoxycillin functions by inhibiting the biosynthesis of cell wall mucopeptides of susceptible gram positive and negative microorganism's actively synthesizing peptidoglycan and undergoing multiplication. (ukessays.com)
  • It acts by inhibiting the biosynthesis of the cell wall, which leads to the death of bacteria. (sweetwatermedicalcenter.com)
  • The precursor for the biosynthesis of this peptidoglycan is produced by the enzyme MurA-F. The precursors are uridine diphosphate N acetylglucosamine and UDP murNAC pentapeptide found in the cytoplasm. (javatpoint.com)
  • Cefixime binds to one or more of the penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) which inhibits the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls, thus inhibiting biosynthesis and arresting cell wall assembly resulting in bacterial cell death. (citalopramx.com)
  • The comprehensive characterization of DipM revealed a novel interaction network, including a self-reinforcing loop that connects lytic transglycosylases and possibly other autolysins to the core of the cell division apparatus of C. cres¬centus, and very likely also other bacteria. (mpg.de)
  • The bacteria cell shape is predominantly defined by its peptidoglycan cell wall. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Live filamentous bacteria treated sequentially with fluorescently labeled d-amino acids of different colors show cell wall regions synthesized at different times. (acs.org)
  • The compounds label peptidoglycans at sites of peptidoglycan synthesis in bacteria, and their fluorescence can be observed in the microbes' newly synthesized cell walls. (acs.org)
  • Different colors can be applied to the bacteria sequentially to monitor sites of peptidoglycan synthesis over time and obtain time-dependent images of cell-wall growth. (acs.org)
  • Most rod-shaped bacteria, including E. coli and B. subtilis , grow by inserting new cell-wall material into their lateral sidewalls 8 . (nature.com)
  • Flucloxacillin acts by inhibiting the formation of cell wall of bacteria. (oushodsheba.com)
  • Members of both classes interact with a number of components in the cells of these bacteria, so the cellular targets are also considered. (springer.com)
  • This combination of selected antibiotics (one being a fluoroquinolone) offers a wide range of anti-microbial activity, making it our first choice cell culture reagent: CellCultureGuard is active against extra- and intracellular bacteria, mycoplasma, protozoa and fungi (yeast). (itwreagents.com)
  • Bacteria eventually lyse due to the ongoing activity of cell wall autolytic enzymes while cell wall assembly is arrested. (medscape.com)
  • Bacteria build a robust cell envelope that enables them to inhabit all ecosystems on earth. (edu.au)
  • Some disease-causing bacteria modify their cell wall to resist antibacterial components of our immune system. (edu.au)
  • For example, we want to gain understanding of how bacteria build and remodel their essential peptidoglycan sacculus (the "cell wall"), a net-like, stress-bearing layer in the cell envelope ( 1 , 2 ). (edu.au)
  • In Gram-negative bacteria, the sacculus is sandwiched between the cytoplasmic membrane and an outer membrane, which protects the cell from many toxic molecules and antibacterial enzymes (Figure 1). (edu.au)
  • Our research covers cell envelope topics in in model bacteria, for example Escherichia coli , and many other bacteria, including important pathogens, bacteria living in the environment and biotechnologically important bacteria. (edu.au)
  • Our most successful antibiotics (e.g., beta-lactams like Pencillin) kill bacteria by blocking the synthesis of the peptidoglycan sacculus (PG). (edu.au)
  • We are also interested in how bacteria coordinate PG synthesis with the biogenesis of the other cell envelope layers and how bacteria maintain a robust cell envelope in different environments and under stress conditions. (edu.au)
  • This form of peptidoglycan is found in almost all the bacteria as a surrounding membrane of the cytoplasm, just like an elastic net. (javatpoint.com)
  • [1] This hydrolysis in turn compromises the integrity of bacterial cell walls causing lysis of the bacteria. (cloudfront.net)
  • It attacks peptidoglycans (found in the cell walls of bacteria, especially Gram-positive bacteria ), its natural substrate, between N -acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and the fourth carbon atom of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG). (cloudfront.net)
  • This prevents the bacteria from forming new cell walls and ultimately leads to bacterial death. (manandmicrobes.com)
  • It kills the bacteria by preventing them from forming the bacterial protective covering (cell wall) which is needed for them to survive. (citalopramx.com)
  • It inhibits DNA synthesis by affecting the helical DNA structure leading to DNA strand breakage causing cell death. (medscape.com)
  • Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit preventing peptide bond formation. (medscape.com)
  • Amoxicillin inhibits transpeptidase, disrupting the synthesis of peptidoglycan (the supporting protein of the cell wall) during cell division and growth. (sweetwatermedicalcenter.com)
  • Fosfomycin inhibits the first stage of intracellular bacterial cell wall synthesis by blocking peptidoglycan synthesis. (oceanpharmaproducts.com)
  • Vancomycin binds to D-alanyl D-alanine which inhibits glucosyltransferase (peptidylglycan synthase) and the P-phospholipid carrier, thereby preventing the synthesis and polymerization of N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine within in the peptidoglycan layer. (healthjade.com)
  • An anticancer drug that inhibits the transformation of normal cells to cancer cells. (medindex.am)
  • This involves the close coordination of lytic enzymes and peptidoglycan synthesis. (mpg.de)
  • This cell wall remodeling process involves the cleavage of bonds by lytic enzymes, also known as autolysins, and the subsequent insertion of new cell wall material by peptidoglycan synthases. (mpg.de)
  • DipM was able to stimulate the activity of two peptidoglycan-cleaving enzymes with completely different activities and folding, making it the first identified regulator that can control two classes of autolysins. (mpg.de)
  • Subsequently, the inhibitor of autolytic enzymes in the cell wall, is removed resulting in active autolytic enzymes and bacteriolysis. (ukessays.com)
  • PBPs are enzymes that catalyze a pentaglycine cross-link between alanine and lysine residues providing additional strength to the cell wall. (goldbio.com)
  • These findings support our model according to which the cell maintains sets of seemingly redundant PG enzymes to ensure that sufficient activity is available and regulated at a range of conditions the poorly buffered periplasm may encounter, allowing for robust cell envelope growth ( 18 ). (edu.au)
  • Penicillin binds to transpeptidases, which are enzymes that cross-link peptidoglycan chains in bacterial cell walls. (manandmicrobes.com)
  • D-cycloserine interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis by competitively inhibiting two enzymes, L-alanine racemase and D-alanine:D-alanine ligase, thereby impairing peptidoglycan formation necessary for bacterial cell wall synthesis. (medindex.am)
  • Binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit of susceptible microorganisms and blocks dissociation of peptidyl tRNA from ribosomes, inhibiting bacterial RNA-dependent protein synthesis. (medscape.com)
  • The rate of peptidoglycan synthesis, relative to the rate of protein synthesis, increased during the latter part of the division cycle. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Tetracycline (TET) is a broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic that binds reversibly to the 30S ribosomal subunit, preventing amino-acyl tRNA from binding to the A-site of the ribosome, thereby inhibiting the bacterium's protein synthesis (Chopra and Roberts 2001). (futurescienceleaders.com)
  • Considering that ampicillin targets the cell wall for destruction and that both tetracycline and kanamycin target the ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis, it was hypothesized that the combination of ampicillin with either tetracycline or kanamycin would exhibit synergistic antibiotic effects. (futurescienceleaders.com)
  • On the other hand, the combination of tetracycline and kanamycin is hypothesized to have an indifference in antibiotic effects as compared to their individual effects since they both target the ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. (futurescienceleaders.com)
  • Other names in common use include PG-II, bactoprenyldiphospho-N-acetylmuramoyl-(N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl)-, pentapeptide:peptidoglycan, N-acetylmuramoyl-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyltransferase, penicillin binding protein (3 or 1B), and peptidoglycan transglycosylase. (wikipedia.org)
  • FtsW and its cognate monofunctional transpeptidase (TPase) class b penicillin binding protein (PBP3 or FtsI in E. coli ) may constitute the essential, bifunctional sPG synthase specific for new sPG synthesis. (biorxiv.org)
  • β-lactams interfere with PBP (penicillin binding protein) activity involved in the final phase of peptidoglycan synthesis. (goldbio.com)
  • We have identified and characterised a penicillin binding protein (PBP) that is required for cortex synthesis in C. difficile. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • With 16 and 19 proteins or protein complexes involved in fluoroquinolone and glycopeptide resistances, respectively, and the complexities of bacterial sensing mechanisms that trigger and regulate a wide variety of possible resistance mechanisms, we propose that these antimicrobial resistance mechanisms might be considered complex 'nanomachines' that drive survival of bacterial cells in antibiotic environments. (springer.com)
  • Yet it may be considered an appropriate term to use for the cascade of molecular mechanisms that drive antimicrobial drug resistances in microorganisms, including drug recognition by intricate microbial sensing and signal transduction machinery and the subsequent efflux and/or deactivation machinery that remove the antimicrobials death threat from microbial cells. (springer.com)
  • It exerts an antimicrobial effect by interfering with synthesis of peptidoglycan, a major structural component of bacterial cell walls. (medscape.com)
  • We also develop assays to screen for novel antibiotics that target peptidoglycan synthesis and cell division, and we discover mechanisms of antimicrobial tolerance and resistance. (edu.au)
  • systematic name peptidoglycan N -acetylmuramoylhydrolase ) is an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system . (cloudfront.net)
  • We have established in vitro PG synthesis assay, demonstrating the glycan chain polymerising and peptide cross-linking activities by key PG synthases ( 5 , 6 ). (edu.au)
  • We recently developed a continuous PG synthesis assay for the analysis of membrane-reconstituted PG synthases (Figure 3) ( 7 ). (edu.au)
  • We also discovered a mechanism by which the cell coordinates PG synthesis and outer membrane constriction in cell division ( 12 ) and showed how synthases are controlled by members of the divisome during pre-septal PG synthesis ( 13 ). (edu.au)
  • Caulobacter crescentus is a crescent-shaped dimorphic bacterium that serves as one of the primary model organisms to study bacterial cell cycle regulation, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis. (mpg.de)
  • Disruption of DipM leads to the loss of regulation at various points of the cell wall remodeling and division process and ultimately kills the cell", says doctoral student Adrian Izquierdo Martinez, first author of the study. (mpg.de)
  • This model integrates spatial information into the regulation of sPG synthesis activity and could serve as a mechanism for the spatiotemporal coordination of bacterial cell wall constriction. (biorxiv.org)
  • Comparisons between these organisms make it clear that cell cycle regulation differs between them in some fundamental aspects. (nature.com)
  • The results are consistent with the constant density of the growing cell and the surface stress model for the regulation of cell surface synthesis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Reduction in lipids, particularly cholesterol, is achieved partly through up-regulation of bile acid synthesis and excretion into the gastrointestinal tract (GI). (researchsquare.com)
  • Overall, analysis of transcriptomes and correlation networks indicates both bacterial species-specific responses to BBR, as well as functional commonalities among species, such as up-regulation of Na + /H + antiporter, cell wall synthesis/repair, carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism. (researchsquare.com)
  • allows coordination of pathways through regulation of transport of metabolites and coenzymes between cell compartments. (flashcardmachine.com)
  • E. coli has 18 known periplasmic autolysins (PG hydrolases) active during growth and cell division, and at least 6 PG carboxypeptidases for the regulation of PG synthesis. (edu.au)
  • We propose that this gatekeeping function depends on a hinge next to the FtsLB CCD region, which has implications for the mechanisms behind the FtsLB off / on transition that is central to cell division regulation. (biorxiv.org)
  • During bacterial cell division, synthesis of new septal peptidoglycan (sPG) is crucial for successful cytokinesis and cell pole morphogenesis. (biorxiv.org)
  • Here we investigated the septal PGTase activity and dynamics of FtsW in E. coli cells using a combination of single-molecule imaging and genetic manipulations. (biorxiv.org)
  • The enzyme functions by hydrolyzing glycosidic bonds in peptidoglycans . (cloudfront.net)
  • In addition, blood was incubated at 37°C in the presence of peptidoglycan (PepG) and/or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and plasma cytokines were measured by enzyme immunoassay. (lww.com)
  • Binds to one or more penicillin binding proteins, which interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis during active multiplication. (medscape.com)
  • Lysozyme's active site binds the peptidoglycan molecule in the prominent cleft between its two domains. (cloudfront.net)
  • As β-lactams are structure analogs of peptidoglycan precursors, the substituents were chosen to increase similarity between the drug and the substrate. (nih.gov)
  • Resistance to vancomycin occurs through modification of the D-Ala-D-Ala target in the cell wall peptidoglycan and removal of high affinity precursors, or by target protection via cell wall thickening. (springer.com)
  • The net-like peptidoglycan (PG) sacculus is ultimately responsible for bacterial shape. (javatpoint.com)
  • Multiple variables contribute to the species-specific form of the PG sacculus at any point in the cell cycle. (javatpoint.com)
  • The primary determinant of the bacterial shape, which acts as the main ingredient in forming a distinct bacterial morphology, is peptidoglycan called sacculus. (javatpoint.com)
  • Since many antibiotics target the bacterial cell wall, these findings may contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies against bacterial infections. (mpg.de)
  • Asymmetric division of mother cells gives rise to unequally sized sibling cells that grow at different velocities but show no differential sensitivity to antibiotics. (nature.com)
  • ITW Reagents offers a broad spectrum of antibiotics and antimycotics for use in cell culture and as media supplement. (itwreagents.com)
  • Although the exceptions are also there, the peptidoglycan seculars are basically a polymer of glycan change that crosses together. (javatpoint.com)
  • 8 . It is a monomer of peptidoglycan in most bacterial cell walls , which is built from alternating units of N -acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N -acetylmuramic acid, cross-linked by oligopeptides at the lactic acid residue of MurNAc. (wikipedia.org)
  • N -Acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) is part of the peptidoglycan polymer of bacterial cell walls. (wikipedia.org)
  • 102) H. Ohno, T. Ohno, J. Awaya, and S. : Inhibition of 6-methylsalicylic acid synthesis by the antibiotic cerulenin. (satoshi-omura.info)
  • In contrast to phytoplasmas, the acholeplasma genomes differ by encoding the cell division protein FtsZ, a wide variety of ABC transporters, the F0F1 ATP synthase, the Rnf-complex, SecG of the Sec-dependent secretion system, a richly equipped repertoire for carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid, isoprenoid and partial amino acid metabolism. (inrae.fr)
  • The bacterial cell wall contains a rigid peptidoglycan layer that has a highly cross-linked structure composed of long polymers of N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG). (healthjade.com)
  • Consequently, the surface area that is available for insertion of new cell-wall material increases continuously from birth to next division. (nature.com)
  • It interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibition of the regeneration of phospholipid receptors involved in peptidoglycan synthesis. (nih.gov)
  • It is a bactericidal drug that disrupts cell wall synthesis by inhibiting phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase and thus interferes with the production of peptidoglycan. (msdmanuals.com)
  • They inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis, resulting in bactericidal activity. (medscape.com)
  • They inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEINS , preventing the synthesis of peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls. (nih.gov)
  • It is highly concentrated in certain plant oils and has been reported to inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandin resulting in reduced inflammation and prevention of certain chronic diseases. (medindex.am)
  • The activities of these two antagonistic groups of proteins must be closely coordinated to prevent weak spots in the peptidoglycan layer that lead to cell lysis and death. (mpg.de)
  • This means that these proteins are highly redundant, and the deletion of individual autolysin genes often has little effect on cell morphology and growth. (mpg.de)
  • Y-Complex Proteins Show RNA-Dependent Binding Events at the Cell Membrane and Distinct Single-Molecule Dynamics by: Hinrichs, Rebecca, et al. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms include efflux pumps (MepA, NorA, NorB, NorC, MdeA, LmrS or SdrM in S. aureus and EfmA or EfrAB in the enterococci) for removal of fluoroquinolone from the intracellular environment of bacterial cells and/or protection of the gyrase and topoisomerase IV target sites in Enterococcus faecalis by Qnr-like proteins. (springer.com)
  • Its bactericidal activity results from inhibiting cell wall synthesis by binding to one or more penicillin-binding proteins. (medscape.com)
  • Mutations in the cytoplasmic and transmembrane regions of the two proteins result in cell division defects and loss of FtsW localization to division sites. (biorxiv.org)
  • Sortase A is involved in the synthesis of cell-wall-associated proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, other surface molecules, such as membrane proteins, cell surface polysaccharides, or both, may trigger the inhibition of bacterial growth by anti- S. aureus . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Vancomycin has a large, complex and unusual structure and is believed to act by inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis via binding to the cell wall precursor molecules. (healthjade.com)
  • Transpeptidases crosslink the carbohydrate chains to provide the framework for the cell wall. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carbapenems are currently investigated for the treatment of tuberculosis as these drugs are potent covalent inhibitors of l,d-transpeptidases involved in mycobacterial cell wall assembly. (nih.gov)
  • N-acetyl glucosaminyl-N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutaminyl-L-meso-diaminopimelyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine is the monomer of this net-like peptidoglycan. (javatpoint.com)
  • Most bacterial species synthesize a semi-rigid cell wall surrounding the cytoplasmic membrane, whose main component, peptidoglycan, forms a dense meshwork that encases the cell. (mpg.de)
  • Without a pentaglycine cross-link, the integrity of the cell wall is severely compromised, and ultimately leads to cell lysis and death. (goldbio.com)
  • In 2016 we discovered a PG hydrolase that is required to maintain proper cell shape at acidic pH ( 14 ). (edu.au)
  • This inhibition weakens bacterial cell walls and ultimately causes leakage of intracellular components, resulting in bacterial cell death. (healthjade.com)
  • Ampicillin (AMP) is a β-lactam antibiotic that is used to treat a wide range of infections by interrupting the construction of the bacterium's cell wall, ultimately leading to the lysis of the bacterium. (futurescienceleaders.com)
  • Given the consistency between the predicted FtsQLBWI model and our current understanding of the structure and function of the complex, we further remodeled it, seeking insight into the potential structural transitions that may lead to activation of the FtsWI complex and PG synthesis. (biorxiv.org)
  • The structural framework in a cell is the plasma membrane. (studymoose.com)
  • Prior to the start of constriction the cell surface increases only by lateral wall extension. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • After cell constriction starts, the cell surface increases by both lateral wall and pole growth. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • 98) J. Awaya, T. Ohno, H. Ohno, and S. : Substitution of cellular fatty acids in yeast cells by the antibiotic cerulenin and exogenous fatty acids. (satoshi-omura.info)
  • Our definition of the AMR nanomachine therefore encompasses the initiation, activity and control of AMR in response to a given antibiotic in bacterial cells. (springer.com)
  • Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that exerts its bactericidal effect by inhibiting the polymerization of peptidoglycans in the bacterial cell wall. (healthjade.com)
  • It increases the permeability of the bacterial cell membrane by interacting with the phospholipid components of the membrane. (nih.gov)
  • The involvement of the biofilm matrix and the bacterial membrane fluidity in the resistance of sessile cells were investigated. (researchgate.net)
  • This change of growth temperature did not affect the major content of the biofilm matrix, but it decreased the membrane fluidity of sessile cells through the increase of the anteiso-C19 relative amount. (researchgate.net)
  • The increase of the biofilm age also promoted increases in the matrix production and the membrane fluidity of sessile cells. (researchgate.net)
  • The resistance of S. aureus biofilm seems to depend on the environment of the biofilm formation and involves both extracellular matrix and membrane fluidity of sessile cells. (researchgate.net)
  • Our study represents the first report describing the impact of environmental conditions on the matrix production, sessile cells membrane fluidity and resistance of S. aureus biofilms to disinfectants. (researchgate.net)
  • In addition, the elution pattern suggests that the membrane elution method does work by having the cells effectively bound to the membrane by their poles. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • In 2022 we published with Colin Kleanthous and Gideon Mamou that the cell controls the essential outer membrane beta-barrel assembly machine (BAM) by the maturation state of the PG ( 21 ). (edu.au)
  • Which of the following molecules would be blocked by a cell membrane? (studymoose.com)
  • Hydrophobic molecules would enter a cell by active transport directly across the membrane. (studymoose.com)
  • A positively charged sodium ion would require the use of integral protein channels to pass through a cell membrane. (studymoose.com)
  • freely diffuses directly across the cell membrane. (studymoose.com)
  • It powers the diffusion of water across the cell membrane. (studymoose.com)
  • Analysis of potential autolysin regulators by co-immunoprecipitation screening and in vitro protein-protein interaction assays has revealed that a factor called DipM plays a pivotal role in bacterial cell wall remodeling. (mpg.de)
  • Sporulation is a complex cell differentiation programme shared by many members of the Firmicutes, the end result of which is a highly resistant, metabolically inert spore that can survive harsh environmental insults. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • For example, E. coli and B. subtilis exhibit multifork chromosome replication during rapid growth under nutrient-rich conditions, whereas C. crescentus does not reinitiate chromosome replication until the previous round of replication as well as cell division have been completed 1 , 2 . (nature.com)
  • Figure 2 shows an E. coli cell that lysed by the action of Penicillin. (edu.au)
  • The final stage of peptidoglycan synthesis involves the completion of the cross-linking with the terminal glycine residue of the pentaglycin bridge linking to the fourth residue of the pentapeptide (D-alanine). (oushodsheba.com)
  • This process involves the migration, growth, and differentiation of ENDOTHELIAL CELLS, which line the inside wall of blood vessels. (nih.gov)
  • In rod-shaped species, PG synthesis is mediated by two dynamic molec. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Although bacterial species' distinctive form stays constant over many generations, periodic alterations occur during the cell division and life cycles, and external factors may alter these variations. (javatpoint.com)
  • Additionally, we reconfigure the model into an Fts[QLBWI] 2 diprotomeric state, which suggests that FtsLB may act as a central hub during assembly of the PG synthesis machinery. (biorxiv.org)
  • Here we use microfluidics and time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to measure the dynamics of cell growth, division and chromosome replication in single cells of Mycobacterium smegmatis . (nature.com)
  • A few vaccines for bovine mastitis are available, and they are expected to induce the production of S. aureus -specific antibodies that prevent bacterial adherence to host cells or promote opsonization by phagocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The spore envelope consists of multiple protective layers, one which is a specialised layer of peptidoglycan, called the cortex, that is essential for the resistant properties of the spore. (whiterose.ac.uk)
  • It may also play a role in CELL WALL synthesis because L-ALANINE is an important constituent of the PEPTIDOGLYCAN layer. (bvsalud.org)
  • We further identified that FtsN, a potential sPG synthesis activator, plays an important role in promoting the slow-moving, sPG synthesis-dependent population. (biorxiv.org)
  • The presence of a cell wall presents its own challenges: cells must constantly remodel it in order to grow and divide. (mpg.de)
  • The high cysteine content (~ 30%) in MTs makes them toxic to bacterial cells during protein production, resulting in low yield. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Which of the following types of bacterial cells would have only a single flagellum? (studymoose.com)
  • Which of the following types of bacterial cells would have flagella located at only one end of the cell? (studymoose.com)
  • We find that single-cell growth is size-dependent (large cells grow faster than small cells), which implicates a size-control mechanism in cell-size homoeostasis. (nature.com)