Cell surface receptors and cell. Medical search. Frequent questions

They are specialized integral membrane proteins that allow communication between the cell and the extracellular space. (wikipedia.org)
Many membrane receptors are transmembrane proteins. (wikipedia.org)
The rotation alters which parts of the receptor are exposed on the intracellular side of the membrane, altering how the receptor can interact with other proteins within the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Two most abundant classes of transmembrane receptors are GPCR and single-pass transmembrane proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Receptor protein: cells must have cell surface receptor proteins which bind to the signaling molecule and communicate inward into the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Intracellular signaling proteins: these pass the signal to the organelles of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
Binding of the signal molecule to the receptor protein will activate intracellular signaling proteins that initiate a signaling cascade. (wikipedia.org)
Target proteins: the conformations or other properties of the target proteins are altered when a signaling pathway is active and changes the behavior of the cell. (wikipedia.org)
This product category contains extracellular proteins of human, murine or rat sequence that, for the most part, initiate or otherwise affect signaling through cell surface receptors. (peprotech.com)
Efficient transport of cell surface glycoproteins to the Golgi apparatus has been previously demonstrated for a limited number of proteins, and has been proposed to require selective sorting in the endocytic pathway after internalization. (rupress.org)
Since each of the transmembrane proteins studied showed the same t1/2 for transport to the Golgi apparatus, we conclude that transport of these proteins from the cell surface to the Golgi apparatus does not require sorting information specific to any one of these proteins. (rupress.org)
These results suggest that one of the functions of late endosomes is constitutive recycling of cell surface receptors through the Golgi apparatus if they fail to recycle to the cell surface directly from early endosomes, and that the late endosome recycling pathway is followed frequently by many rapidly internalized proteins. (rupress.org)
Altered receptor-binding specificity of virus clade 2.3.4.4 H5 proteins might have contributed to emergence and spread of H5Nx viruses. (cdc.gov)
HA proteins bind to sialoside receptors on the host cell surface. (cdc.gov)
Although a recent study ( 22 ) reported enhanced avidity of H5N6 viruses for human-type receptors, recombinant clade 2.3.4.4 highly pathogenic influenza A virus H5 proteins from virus isolates in North America show a strict avian receptor-binding preference ( 23 ). (cdc.gov)
The Hill analysis result is supported by the detection of two affinity purified putative receptor proteins (M.W. 97,000 & 70,000 daltons) from BMP cells. (mun.ca)
Chromatofocusing studies on these proteins confirmed that the putative virus receptor contains Neu5Ac. (mun.ca)
Tir acts as a cell-surface receptor in host cells, rewiring intracellular processes to assist infection by targeting multiple host proteins. (biorxiv.org)
This work proposes that other bacterial secreted pathogenic proteins exploit intrinsic disorder to hijack human cells, suggesting a widespread host subversion mechanism. (biorxiv.org)
Cell lysates were then loaded (40 μg/lane) in a 4-12% SDS-PAGE gel to separate proteins and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. (bio-cavagnou.info)
These receptor proteins are delineated by structure and bind to a variety of substances responsible for creating a reaction or lack thereof. (timelynursingwriters.com)
A group of proteins and polyamino acids with positively charged domains were shown to inhibit the binding of 125 I-LDL to its receptor on the surface of human fibroblasts. (elsevierpure.com)
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are synthetic proteins expressed on the surface of T cells. (medscape.com)
The surface of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is covered with spike proteins. (nih.gov)
These proteins latch onto human cells, allowing the virus to enter and infect them. (nih.gov)
First, they incorporated a segment of the ACE2 receptor into the small proteins. (nih.gov)
This technology allowed them to custom build proteins and predict how they would bind to the receptor. (nih.gov)
First, the protein cleaves several other proteins called cytokine receptors on the surface of cells. (medlineplus.gov)
These peptides are exported to the cell surface, where they attach to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins. (medlineplus.gov)
Some drugs need to attach to proteins on the surface of cells called receptors in order to work properly. (cdc.gov)
The immune system responds to antigens by producing cells that directly attack the pathogen, or by producing special proteins called antibodies . (khanacademy.org)
Specific molecular sites or proteins on or in cells to which VASOPRESSINS bind or interact in order to modify the function of the cells. (bvsalud.org)

Signal transduction processes through membrane receptors involve the external reactions, in which the ligand binds to a membrane receptor, and the internal reactions, in which intracellular response is triggered. (wikipedia.org)
AMPA receptor variants were identified with a polyclonal antibody recognizing the conserved extracellular loop region of all four AMPA receptor subunits (GluR1-4, both flip and flop ), whereas NMDA receptors were immunolabeled with a polyclonal antibody that binds to an extracellular N-terminal epitope of the NR1 subunit, common to all splice variants. (jneurosci.org)
When a ligand binds to the appropriate receptor, signal transduction activates the receptor and produces a biological response ( Berg & Clarke, 2018). (timelynursingwriters.com)
For the structural analysis, the researchers chose a T-cell receptor used in immunotherapy to treat melanoma and which had been optimized for this purpose in several steps in such a way that it binds its antigen as tightly as possible. (news-medical.net)
The spike binds to ACE2 receptors on the cell surface. (nih.gov)
Humoral immunity begins when an antibody on a B cell binds to an antigen. (khanacademy.org)
The most extensively studied and used somatostatin analogue, octreotide, binds to the somatostatin receptor subtypes II and V, inhibiting GH secretion. (medscape.com)
Pasireotide is a cyclohexapeptide somatostatin analog that binds to human somatostatin receptors 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. (medscape.com)
It selectively binds to GH receptors on cell surfaces, blocking endogenous GH binding. (medscape.com)
When [BT-ON014 trade name] binds to HER2 it stops the growth of such cells and causes them to die. (who.int)

In the process of signal transduction, ligand binding affects a cascading chemical change through the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Signal transduction through membrane receptors requires four parts: Extracellular signaling molecule: an extracellular signaling molecule is produced by one cell and is at least capable of traveling to neighboring cells. (wikipedia.org)
Ion gated channel linked receptors open and close in response to a chemical message changing signal transduction in the synaptic cleft. (timelynursingwriters.com)
The subsequent images collected at the cryo-electron microscope delivered groundbreaking insights into how the T-cell receptor works, as Tampé summarises: 'On the basis of our structural analysis, we were able to show how the T-cell receptor assembles and recognizes antigens and hypothesize how signal transduction is triggered after antigen binding. (news-medical.net)
The novel IFNGR1 mutation 774del4 produces a truncated form of interferon-gamma receptor 1 and has a dominant-negative effect on interferon-gamma signal transduction. (lu.se)

They act in cell signaling by receiving (binding to) extracellular molecules. (wikipedia.org)
The decision to respond is made by the integration of signals from a large number of different T cell surface receptors using many intracellular signalling molecules. (ox.ac.uk)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
Endocytosis is a fundamental process involved in trafficking of various extracellular and transmembrane molecules from the cell surface to its interior. (mdpi.com)
Other unusual features of the receptor include its ability to engage classes of molecules, rather than individual ligands, and its enhanced surface expression in environments rich in RAGE ligands. (jci.org)
The receptors serve as docking ports where molecules of the vitamin, essential for cells to divide and multiply, attach and then enter the cell. (sciencedaily.com)
Cytokines transmit their message by attaching to specific molecules called receptors on the surface of another cell. (msdmanuals.com)
Illustration of membrane-embedded plant cell-surface receptors (white cartoons) that establish communication with symbiotic bacteria via secreted carbohydrate signaling molecules. (lu.se)
Cell-surface receptors in plants and animals are found within cells' plasma membrane where they enable a cell to receive, process, and transmit signals from its environment by binding to extracellular signaling molecules such as growth factors, hormones or neurotransmitters. (lu.se)
Toll-like receptors are surface molecules that are present in the host's defence cells. (bvsalud.org)

Binding of these ligands to RAGE does not accelerate clearance or degradation but rather begins a sustained period of cellular activation mediated by receptor-dependent signaling. (jci.org)
Taken together, these features of RAGE allow the receptor to propagate cellular dysfunction in a number of pathophysiologically relevant situations, most often dictated by the formation and persistence of ligands in the tissues. (jci.org)
Agonists act like ligands, binding to receptors and causing action (Berg & Clarke, 2018). (timelynursingwriters.com)
Ligands and agonists jump in and out of receptors, increasing signaling or changes in the cell. (timelynursingwriters.com)
Antagonists block the standard action of ligands, preventing a response from the receptor (Berg & Clarke, 2018). (timelynursingwriters.com)
Competitive antagonists bind to receptors and prevent ligands from attaching to its preferred receptor, inhibiting stimulation, and leaving the receptor unchanged (Berg & Clarke, 2018). (timelynursingwriters.com)
Moreover, many of these channels are receptors for ligands that elicit distinct psychophysical sensations, such as the heat associated with capsaicin and the cold felt with menthol. (nih.gov)
Due to their differential expression in disease states, receptors are often the target of drug-carrier particles, which are adorned with ligands that bind specifically to receptors. (bvsalud.org)
By tracking individual internalization events, we find that the size of liposomes rather than the density of the ligands on their surfaces primarily determines their probability of uptake. (bvsalud.org)

For example, a neurotransmitter, hormone, or atomic ions may each bind to the extracellular domain as a ligand coupled to receptor. (wikipedia.org)
Although the recognition of CpG DNA by B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells is mediated by TLR 9, these cell types differ in their ability to bind and respond to structurally distinct classes of CpG oligonucleotides. (fda.gov)
When their T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) bind to even a single foreign-derived antigen (e.g. a fragment from a virus) they initiate immune responses. (ox.ac.uk)
How do T cells avoid activation when their TCR bind abundant self-antigens, yet respond when they bind even a single foreign-antigen? (ox.ac.uk)
Once infused, the cells continue to expand in number and bind to cancer cells via the engineered receptor, resulting in immunologic cancer cell death. (medscape.com)
Using a large library of miniproteins, they identified designs that could potentially bind within a key part of the coronavirus spike called the receptor binding domain (RBD). (nih.gov)
In a novel form of IFN-gamma receptor 1 deficiency, cell surface receptors fail to bind IFN-gamma. (lu.se)

In the simplest receptors, polypeptide chains cross the lipid bilayer once, while others, such as the G-protein coupled receptors, cross as many as seven times. (wikipedia.org)
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) target 30-50% of psychotropic medications (Stahl, 2013). (timelynursingwriters.com)

As described below, these diverse situations range from the complications of diabetes and cellular perturbation in amyloidoses to immune and inflammatory responses and tumor cell behavior. (jci.org)
T cells are our immune system's customized tools for fighting infectious diseases and tumor cells. (news-medical.net)
Consistent with cell culture data, immunohistochemical analyses of tumor tissues taken from α-TEA treated nude mice bearing MDA-MB-231 xenografts show increased levels of cell surface membrane ceramide in comparison to tumor tissues from control animals. (biomedcentral.com)
Tumor antigens After a cell becomes cancerous, the immune system is often able to recognize it as abnormal and destroy it before it replicates or spreads. (msdmanuals.com)
These treatments target specific genetic characteristics of the tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)

The study was conducted to establish the differences in the expression pattern of different cell surface toll-like-receptors ( TLRs) between indigenous Osmanabadi and Salem Black goats subjected to summer season induced heat stress. (malque.pub)
Bharati J, Dangi SS, Mishra SR, Chouhan VS, Verma V, Shankar O, Bharti MK, Paul A, Mahato DK, Rajesh G (2017) Expression analysis of Toll like receptors and interleukins in Tharparkar cattle during acclimation to heat stress exposure. (malque.pub)
In humans, ten Toll-like receptors have been identified and designated (TLR1-10) with different functions specific to particular microbial components. (bvsalud.org)
Although Toll-like receptors play a key role in protecting the host against infectious and inflammatory processes, and there must be a balance between the activation and inactivation of these receptors to avoid an excessive inflammatory or immune response, as it occurs in systemic autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. (bvsalud.org)
The main objective of this study is to review the literature on Toll-like receptors, emphasizing the generation of signals and the immune responses developed in recognition of microbial components for these receptors. (bvsalud.org)
Toll-Like Receptors. (bvsalud.org)

Seibold A, Brabet P, Rosenthal W, Birnbaumer M: Structure and chromosomal localization of the human antidiuretic hormone receptor gene. (hmdb.ca)

How T cell activation is achieved by synthetic antigen receptors (e.g. here ). (ox.ac.uk)

Fay MJ, Du J, Yu X, North WG: Evidence for expression of vasopressin V2 receptor mRNA in human lung. (hmdb.ca)

Interleukin-5 Receptor alpha Subunit" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (harvard.edu)
A low affinity interleukin-5 receptor subunit that combines with the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR COMMON BETA SUBUNIT to form a high affinity receptor for INTERLEUKIN-5. (harvard.edu)
Several isoforms of the interleukin-5 receptor alpha subunit exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. (harvard.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Interleukin-5 Receptor alpha Subunit" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Interleukin-5 Receptor alpha Subunit" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Interleukin-5 Receptor alpha Subunit" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)

1. Phosphoinositide hydrolysis-linked excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors (ACPD receptors) are selectively activated by the glutamate analogue trans-1-amino-1,3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid (trans-ACPD). (nih.gov)
Expression of a constitutively active Ras mutant (RasV12) in OSCC3 cells selectively upregulated surface expression of DR5, but not DR4, and restored TRAIL sensitivity. (oncotarget.com)
We hypothesized that AAV transgene expression could be targeted to specific tissues or cell types by selectively overexpressing AAVR. (nature.com)

The naloxone has a stronger affinity for the receptor, making it more desirable. (timelynursingwriters.com)
Lanreotide elicits high affinity for human somatostatin receptors 2, 3, and 5. (medscape.com)

After binding of a suitable antigen to the receptor, a signaling pathway is triggered inside the T cell that 'arms' the cell for the respective task. (news-medical.net)
However, how this signaling pathway is activated has remained a mystery until now - despite the fact that the T-cell receptor is one of the most extensively studied receptor protein complexes. (news-medical.net)
Using real-time, live cell imaging, we found that MPA-QDs interact with the cell surface within minutes and progress through the endocytic pathway to the lysosomes upon internalization. (cdc.gov)
These targeted particles are taken into the cell by multiple routes of internalization, where the best-characterized pathway is clathrin-mediated endocytosis. (bvsalud.org)

Type and number of internal monosaccharides and their linkages determine fine specificity of virus receptors ( 19 , 20 ). (cdc.gov)
FACS analyses of virus binding and anti-EMC virus anti-idiotypic antibody binding to β-cells, showed that cells from SJL/J and C57BL/6J mice contain about the same number of EMC-D virus receptors. (mun.ca)
It is concluded that the inability of EMC-D virus to cause IDDM in C57BL/6J may not be due to lack of, or a reduction in the number of virus receptors on β-cells from C57BL/6J mice. (mun.ca)

Antisera to activated equine endothelial cells, which detected surface area substances of 116 kD, 97 kD, 42 kD and 38 kD, were designed to investigate the function of endothelial adhesion substances in equid herpes simplex virus 1 infection. (tam-receptor.com)
The suspended leucocytes had been circulated with a peristaltic pump through the … Mediators The next mediators had been looked into either on the foundation that these were feasible applicant mediators of endothelial activation at sites where EHV1 endothelial cell an infection sometimes appears [5C7], or because they're set up mitogens that activate adhesion molecule appearance, or, as detrimental controls, cytokines which were improbable to activate adhesion substances. (tam-receptor.com)

TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis through its death receptors (DRs) 4 and/or 5 expressed on the surface of target cells. (oncotarget.com)
α-TEA induces apoptosis via activation of extrinsic death receptors Fas (CD95) and DR5, JNK/p73/Noxa pathways, and suppression of anti-apoptotic mediators Akt, ERK, c-FLIP and survivin in breast, ovarian and prostate cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)

Rotation: Ligand binding to the extracellular part of the receptor induces a rotation (conformational change) of part of the receptor's transmembrane helices. (wikipedia.org)
The extracellular domain is just externally from the cell or organelle. (wikipedia.org)
Antibodies that recognize extracellular epitopes and can thus label iGluRs on living neurons are important tools for the study of receptor localization and dynamics. (jneurosci.org)
Upon delivery into host cells, Tir inserts the host plasma membrane providing a means for these extracellular pathogens to control host intracellular processes. (biorxiv.org)
These receptors have both extracellular and intracellular components. (medscape.com)

We use a combination of quantitative experiments and mathematical modelling to uncover the operational and molecular mechanisms underlying signal integration by T cell surface receptors. (ox.ac.uk)
How the molecular reach of T cell surface receptors and their enzymes impact signalling (e.g. here ). (ox.ac.uk)
It is speculated that anti-idiotypic antibodies may play a role in the initiation of β-cell destruction in virus-infected SJL/J mice, possibly by molecular mimicry. (mun.ca)
Collectively, our findings provide an updated picture of Tir's intracellular side, highlighting its ability to mimic host disordered membrane receptors' versatility as a molecular strategy for host evasion. (biorxiv.org)
Therefore a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of immune responses in epithelial cells including cholangiocytes (epithelial cells lining the biliary tract) is critical to the development of new therapeutic strategies for contamination. (bio-cavagnou.info)
However, the molecular mechanisms underlying how cells use this adhesin (a hypothetical fusogen) to recognize kin and transition towards a multicellular lifestyle remain largely unexplored. (nature.com)
Although there is still a long way to go to understand the complex interplay between the approximately 230 key food-related odorants and human olfactory receptors, a start has been made, the molecular biologist adds. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)
Veronika Somoza, Director of the Leibniz Institute adds: "In the future, we will continue to use our extensive odorant and receptor collections at the Institute to help elucidate the molecular basis of human olfactory perception. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)

North WG, Fay MJ, Longo KA, Du J: Expression of all known vasopressin receptor subtypes by small cell tumors implies a multifaceted role for this neuropeptide. (hmdb.ca)
Octreotide acts primarily on somatostatin receptor subtypes II and V, inhibiting GH secretion. (medscape.com)

Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the plasma membrane of cells. (wikipedia.org)
Transmembrane receptors in plasma membrane can usually be divided into three parts. (wikipedia.org)

Stanford, CA - Plant biologists have discovered the last major element of the series of chemical signals that one class of plant hormones, called brassinosteroids, send from a protein on the surface of a plant cell to the cell's nucleus. (scienceblog.com)
The decision to respond is made by the complicated signalling machinery that integrates signals from the TCR and a host of other, accessory, receptors on the T cell surface. (ox.ac.uk)
How T cells integrate signals from a host of accessory receptors (e.g. here ). (ox.ac.uk)
This enables cells to communicate and respond to external environments, maintain cellular homeostasis, and transduce signals. (mdpi.com)
Many surface receptors relay signals into the interior of the cell by changing their spatial structure after ligand binding. (news-medical.net)
Cleaving these receptors reduces their ability to transmit chemical signals into the cell, which affects the process of inflammation. (medlineplus.gov)

Naloxone is a competitive antagonist to opiate receptors London, 2017). (timelynursingwriters.com)
Due to the excess amount of continued competition for receptors, some patients require multiple doses of naloxone before regaining the ability to breath or regain consciousness (London, 2017). (timelynursingwriters.com)
G-protein receptors tend to have a delay in effect due to a requirement for the accumulation of changed cellular function (London, 2017). (timelynursingwriters.com)

The receptor recognizes terminal galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine units. (joplink.net)
On their surface, these special white blood cells carry a receptor that recognizes antigens . (news-medical.net)
They carry a special receptor called the T-cell receptor on their surface that recognizes antigens - small protein fragments of bacteria, viruses and infected or cancerous body cells - which are presented by specialized immune complexes. (news-medical.net)
it recognizes a specific protein on the surface of malignant cells (eg, CD19 on B-cells). (medscape.com)
If the immune system recognizes the peptides as foreign (such as viral or bacterial peptides), it responds by triggering the infected cell to self-destruct. (medlineplus.gov)

While it gives profound hope to dog owners, NO-Cbl also points to a powerful new cancer treatment for humans -- one that infiltrates cancer cells like a biological Trojan horse. (sciencedaily.com)
A new study shows which types of olfactory receptors humans use to perceive this odorant. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)
Nevertheless, until now it was unknown which of the approximately 400 different types of olfactory receptors humans use to perceive this odorant. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)

The inventors' work established that CXCL16, a membranebound scavenger receptor, influences the uptake, subcellular localization, and cytokine profile induced by D oligonucleotides. (fda.gov)

A single receptor may also be differently distributed at different membrane positions, depending on the sort of membrane and cellular function. (wikipedia.org)
We also showed that DR5 was expressed on the surface of the tested cell lines which correlated with the cellular susceptibility to apoptosis induced by rhTRAIL and anti-DR5 antibody. (oncotarget.com)
By contrast, little or no DR4 was detected on the surface of OSCC3 and HN6 cells rendering cellular resistance to DR4 antibody and a reduced sensitivity to rhTRAIL. (oncotarget.com)
Human dNK cell function is differentially regulated by extrinsic cellular engagement and intrinsic activating receptors in first and second trimester pregnancy. (nih.gov)
This last point is crucial, since it explains how upregulation of this receptor can contribute to an ascending spiral of RAGE-dependent cellular perturbation. (jci.org)
The expanded NK (D2NK) cell has strong natural killing activity against both K562 and Vero cells, and killed the WNV infected Vero cells through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). (fda.gov)
Syndecans have been proposed to play a role in a variety of cellular functions, including cell proliferation and cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion. (scienceopen.com)
This article compares the cytotoxicity and cellular interactions of positively and negatively charged CdSe/CdS/ZnS QDs prepared by a microwave method using a murine alveolar macrophage-like cell culture model. (cdc.gov)
This study indicates that the surface charge and aggregation characteristics of QDs change drastically in biological culture conditions and, in turn, influence nanoparticle and cellular interactions. (cdc.gov)

Receptors are often clustered on the membrane surface, rather than evenly distributed. (wikipedia.org)
The receptor then returns to the cell membrane surface. (joplink.net)

Chinese patients with defective IL-12/23-interferon-gamma circuit in Taiwan: partial dominant interferon-gamma receptor 1 mutation presenting as cutaneous granuloma and IL-12 receptor beta1 mutation as pneumatocele. (lu.se)
Two patients with complete defects in interferon gamma receptor-dependent signaling. (lu.se)
Disseminated Mycobacterium peregrinum infection in a child with complete interferon-gamma receptor-1 deficiency. (lu.se)
A novel single-nucleotide substitution, Leu 467 Pro, in the interferon-gamma receptor 1 gene associated with allergic diseases. (lu.se)
Genetic basis of patients with bacille Calmette-Gu rin osteomyelitis in Japan: identification of dominant partial interferon-gamma receptor 1 deficiency as a predominant type. (lu.se)
561del4 defines a novel small deletion hotspot in the interferon-gamma receptor 1 chain. (lu.se)
Multifocal osteomyelitis caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria in patients with a genetic defect of the interferon-gamma receptor. (lu.se)
Recurrent Mycobacterium avium osteomyelitis associated with a novel dominant interferon gamma receptor mutation. (lu.se)
Listeria monocytogenes and recurrent mycobacterial infections in a child with complete interferon-gamma-receptor (IFNgammaR1) deficiency: mutational analysis and evaluation of therapeutic options. (lu.se)

Even openings in the skin (such as the mouth and eyes) are protected by saliva, mucus, and tears, which contain an enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls. (khanacademy.org)
In a study combining structural biology, biochemical and genetic approaches, scientists showed that plant cell-surface receptors employ a mechanism for error correction responsible for the control of receptor activation and signaling select bacterial symbionts. (lu.se)

None of these effects were mimicked by an ACPD analogue that does not activate the ACPD receptor (trans-methanoglutamate), nor were they blocked by kynurenate, a nonselective EAA receptor antagonist that does not block the ACPD receptor. (nih.gov)
It was previously shown that K562-mb15-41BBL (K562D2) cells, which express IL-15 and 4-1BBL on the K562 cell surface, were able to expand and activate human primary NK cells of normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). (fda.gov)
The intracellular domains ensure intracellular signaling necessary to activate the effector functions of the CAR T cell. (medscape.com)
Of these, however, only homofuraneol was able to significantly activate the receptor. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)
Key food furanones furaneol and sotolone specifically activate distinct odorant receptors , J Agric Food Chem. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)

medications can produce conformational changes in these receptors to create any state of the agonist spectrum (Stahl, 2013). (timelynursingwriters.com)
Seladelpar, a selective agonist for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, has emerged as a promising therapy because of its anti-inflammatory effects. (medscape.com)
After transsphenoidal surgery, these agents are generally a first-line treatment, followed by a dopamine-receptor agonist or GH receptor antagonist. (medscape.com)
This is the dopamine-receptor agonist that is most often used to treat GH and prolactin excess. (medscape.com)
Cabergoline is a potent dopamine-receptor agonist with a prolonged duration of action. (medscape.com)

This paper provides a coherent picture of the intracellular side of Tir, highlighting its ability to copycat the interactions of disordered intracellular domains of host immune receptors. (biorxiv.org)
Over the past decade, insight has been gained into the role of the glycocalyx in vascular physiology and pathology, including mechanotransduction, hemostasis, signaling, and blood cell-vessel wall interactions. (scienceopen.com)
In light of previous data showing that polyanions such as heparin and polyphosphates also inhibit 125 I-LDL binding to its cell surface receptor, the current findings suggest that charge interactions are important in this binding reaction. (elsevierpure.com)

METHODS: Expression of HLA-B27 heavy chains by mononuclear cells was analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorter staining, Western blotting with the monoclonal antibody HC-10, and 2-dimensional isoelectric focusing. (ox.ac.uk)
An example of a fusion protein is the drug etanercept , which fuses a cytokine receptor with an antibody. (msdmanuals.com)

and positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity. (mcw.edu)

Once they had successfully achieved this, the researchers used a trick to fish those receptors out of the preparation that had survived the process and were still functional: due to the strong interaction between the receptor complex and the antigen, they were able to 'fish' one of the most medically important immune receptor complexes. (news-medical.net)
Cell-surface expression and immune receptor recognition of HLA-B27 homodimers. (ox.ac.uk)

Boston) - Researchers from the Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM) have demonstrated that commensal species of the genus Neisseriae are low inducers of human airway epithelial cell responses as compared to the pathogenic species. (scienceblog.com)
The selectivity of TRAIL towards cancer cells has promoted clinical evaluation of recombinant human TRAIL (rhTRAIL) and its agonistic antibodies in treating several major human cancers including colon and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. (oncotarget.com)
In this study, we tested the apoptotic responses of a panel of seven human OSCC cell lines (HN31, HN30, HN12, HN6, HN4, Cal27, and OSCC3) to rhTRAIL and monoclonal antibodies against DR4 or DR5. (oncotarget.com)
Our findings could have implications for the use of TRAIL receptor targeted therapies in the treatment of human OSCC tumors particularly the ones harboring constitutively active Ras mutant. (oncotarget.com)
NKp80 Defines a Critical Step during Human Natural Killer Cell Development. (nih.gov)
Identification of NKp80, a novel triggering molecule expressed by human NK cells. (nih.gov)
Epithelial cells along human gastrointestinal mucosal surface express pathogen-recognizing receptors and actively participate in the regulation of inflammatory reactions in response to microbial infection. (bio-cavagnou.info)
Thus our data suggest that regulates SIRT1 expression in human biliary epithelial cells in response to microbial challenge suggesting a new role of in the regulation of NF-κB-mediated epithelial innate immune response. (bio-cavagnou.info)
Furthermore SIRT1 has been identified as a target for more than 16 miRNAs in both malignant and non-malignant human cell types [17]. (bio-cavagnou.info)
H69 cells (a gift of Dr. D. Jefferson Tufts University) are SV40-transformed human biliary epithelial cells originally derived from normal liver harvested for transplant [14 19 Before infecting cells oocysts were treated with 1% sodium hypochlorite on ice for 20 min followed by extensive washing with Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM)-F12. (bio-cavagnou.info)
Anti-West Nile virus activity of in vitro expanded human primary natural killer cells. (fda.gov)
Heparin prevents programmed cell death in human trophoblast. (mdx.ac.uk)
Alpha-tocopherol ether-linked acetic acid (α-TEA), an analog of vitamin E (RRR-alpha-tocopherol), is a potent and selective apoptosis-inducing agent for human cancer cells in vivo and in vitro . (biomedcentral.com)
In this study, we demonstrate that α-TEA induces the accumulation of cell surface membrane ceramide, leading to co-localization with Fas, DR5, and FADD, followed by activation of caspases-8 and -9 and apoptosis in human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Researchers designed "miniproteins" that bound tightly to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and prevented the virus from infecting human cells in the lab. (nih.gov)
Blocking entry of SARS-CoV-2 into human cells can prevent infection. (nih.gov)
All protected lab-grown human cells from infection. (nih.gov)
Despite intensive research, it is still only known for about 20 percent of human olfactory receptors which odorant spectrum they recognize. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)
To help elucidate the recognition spectra, the team led by Dietmar Krautwurst at LSB is using a collection of all human olfactory receptor genes and their most common genetic variants to decipher their function using a test cell system. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)
In the present study, the researchers examined a total of 391 human odorant receptor types and 225 of their most common variants. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)
In this study, side-by-side comparisons show that provision of CD137 costimulation in-cis with regard to the TCR-CD3-ligating cell is superior to that provided in-trans in terms of T cell activation, proliferation, survival, cytokine secretion and mitochondrial fitness in mouse and human. (lu.se)
Pegvisomant is a recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analogue of human GH that has been structurally altered to act as a GH receptor antagonist. (medscape.com)
Trastuzumab is designed to attach to an antigen called human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). (who.int)

Cytokines and their receptors are a bit like a key and lock. (msdmanuals.com)
Different cytokines have different receptors. (msdmanuals.com)
Cytokines or their receptors can be produced in a laboratory. (msdmanuals.com)

Two models have been proposed to explain transmembrane receptors' mechanism of action. (wikipedia.org)
One possible mechanism to explain this observation is that a pool of pre-assembled AMPA receptors can be moved from an intracellular compartment to the postsynaptic membrane. (jneurosci.org)
This mechanism was so far assumed to also pertain to the T-cell receptor. (news-medical.net)
A comparison of the antigen-bound structure captured using cryo-electron microscopy with that of a receptor without antigen provides the first clues to the activation mechanism. (news-medical.net)

Polymorphisms within TraA govern social recognition such that receptors cluster only between individuals bearing compatible alleles. (nature.com)
Recognition, in turn, facilitates related cells to engage in cooperative behaviors. (nature.com)
Cell Surface Receptor-Ligand Recognition and. (hhmi.org)
We hypothesize that the receptor we identified, OR5M3, has a very specific recognition spectrum for food ingredients that smell caramel-like. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)

Limitations in the usage of AAV in murine models include cell types that are refractory to transduction and difficulties achieving tissue-specificity. (nature.com)
Here we generate a robust system for in vivo transgene delivery by combining the versatility of AAV-mediated transgene delivery with the specificity of cell-type-specific Cre-mediated recombination. (nature.com)
Knowledge of the evolution of receptor-binding specificity of these viruses, which might affect host range, is urgently needed. (cdc.gov)
We report that emergence of these viruses is accompanied by a change in receptor-binding specificity. (cdc.gov)

Monoclonal antibodies raised against the putative receptor blocked EMC-D virus infection of BMP cells and virus binding to β-cells from SJL/J mice. (mun.ca)

The cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor and the low density lipoprotein receptor, both rapidly internalized from the cell surface, and the synaptic vesicle membrane protein synaptophysin, were transported to the Golgi apparatus with equivalent, nonlinear kinetics. (rupress.org)

In approved products, a patient's own T lymphocytes are collected by apheresis and transduced with a gene that encodes for a CAR to direct the T cells against cancer cells. (medscape.com)
Cis ligation of CD137 relative to the TCR-CD3 complex results in more intense canonical and non-canonical NF-κB signaling and provides a more robust induction of cell cycle and DNA damage repair gene expression programs. (lu.se)

BACKGROUND: Natural Killer (NK) cells are a crucial component of the host innate immune system with anti-viral and anti-cancer properties. (fda.gov)
Chen L, Yu J (2016) Modulation of Toll-like receptor signaling in innate immunity by natural products. (malque.pub)

The development of transgenic mouse models that express genes of interest in specific cell types has transformed our understanding of basic biology and disease. (nature.com)
Every cell in the body carries the same DNA but only expresses specific genes required for its domain (Stahl, 2013). (timelynursingwriters.com)

Therefore we designed a series of studies aimed at testing the hypothesis that activation of this receptor modulates synaptic function in the hippocampal region. (nih.gov)
The remaining question is how antigen binding could instead lead to T-cell activation. (news-medical.net)
Our structure is a blueprint for future studies on T-cell activation,' Tampé is convinced. (news-medical.net)
These peripheral cold receptors, both Aδ- and C-fibers, have thermal thresholds (i.e., the temperature at which nerve impulses are generated) for cold activation between 30-20°C, temperatures considered to be innocuously cool [ 4 , 6 ]. (nih.gov)
In seminal studies conducted by Hensel and Zotterman in the 1950s, menthol elicited its "cool" sensation by increasing the threshold temperature for activation of cold receptors [ 13 ]. (nih.gov)
The main function of syndecans appears to be to modulate the ligand-dependent activation of primary signalling receptors at the cell surface. (scienceopen.com)
TNFSR9) is an activation-induced surface receptor that through costimulation effects provide antigen-primed T cells with augmented survival, proliferation and effector functions as well as metabolic advantages. (lu.se)

they react with the receptor to induce changes in the metabolism and activity of a cell. (wikipedia.org)
The diabetogenic variant of EMC virus, EMC-D, can infect mouse pancreatic β-cells and may induce a type 1 diabetes-like syndrome in SJL/J mice, but not in C57BL/6J mice. (mun.ca)

J Cell Biol (1992) 117 (1): 47-55. (rupress.org)

Cell surface receptors facilitate signaling and nutrient uptake. (bvsalud.org)
To address this gap, we employed a live-cell imaging approach to study the uptake of individual liposomes as they interact with clathrin-coated structures. (bvsalud.org)

Positive settings were spot slip monolayers of EHV-1 infected equine embryo kidney cells (EEK), and cryostat sections of LPS triggered endothelial cells taken after 7 h exposure to LPS. (tam-receptor.com)

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are the principal excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the CNS. (jneurosci.org)

These processes are dynamic, requiring receptors to be actively recycled by endocytosis. (bvsalud.org)

Populations of synovial and peripheral blood monocytes, and B and T lymphocytes from patients with spondylarthritis, and controls carried receptors for HLA-B27 homodimers. (ox.ac.uk)

The intracellular (or cytoplasmic) domain of the receptor interacts with the interior of the cell or organelle, relaying the signal. (wikipedia.org)

Using a quantitative cell ELISA, a dramatic increase was observed in the surface expression of AMPA receptors, but not NMDA receptors, between 3 and 10 d in culture. (jneurosci.org)
Here we describe a model system, SELective Expression and Controlled Transduction In Vivo (SELECTIV), that enables efficient and specific expression of transgenes by coupling adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors with Cre-inducible overexpression of the multi-serotype AAV receptor, AAVR. (nature.com)
Our approach exploits the absolute dependence of AAV transduction on the expression of its receptor 22 , AAVR (also named KIAA0319L). (nature.com)
By directing AAV transduction through the regulated expression of its receptor, the approach provides precise control over which cells express the AAV-vectored transgene. (nature.com)
In epithelial cells miR-200a suppresses SIRT1 expression and subsequently SB225002 regulates epithelial to mesenchymal transition-like transformation [18]. (bio-cavagnou.info)
Syndecan expression is highly regulated and is cell-type- and developmental-stage-specific. (scienceopen.com)
The higher expression of most of the cell surface TLRs in the SBHS group as compared to OHS group indicates the superior resilient capacity of Salem Black goats to maintain immune status even during exposure to adverse environmental condition. (malque.pub)

The translocated intimin receptor (Tir) is a central effector of Attaching and Effacing (A/E) pathogens responsible for worldwide foodborne disease cases. (biorxiv.org)

Among these features are the peculiar tropism of the virus for Vero cells (a continuous cell line established from monkey kidney epithelial cells), its capacity for growth at 37°C (while other respiratory coronaviruses grow at lower temperatures), and its ability to infect lower respiratory tract tissues ( 13 ). (cdc.gov)
A Systematic Review of Mesenchymal Epithelial Transition Factor (MET) and Its Impact in the Development and Treatment of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. (lu.se)

Anatomy35

Organisms9

Chemicals and Drugs129

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Phenomena and Processes55

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Proteins32

Binds10

Signal transduction5

Molecules10

Ligands9

Bind7

Protein-Coupled Receptors2

Tumor5

Toll-like-rece6

Antidiuretic hormone receptor1

Antigen receptors1

Vasopressin V2 receptor1

Interleukin-5 recept5

Selectively3

Affinity2

Pathway4

Virus receptors3

Substances2

Death receptors2

Extracellular5

Molecular8

Subtypes2

Plasma membrane2

Signals6

20173

Recognizes5

Humans3

Scavenger receptor1

Cellular9

Membrane surface2

Interferon gamma9

Bacterial2

Activate5

Agonist5

Interactions3

Antibody2

Cytotoxicity1

Immune receptor2

Human23

Cytokines3

Mechanism4

Recognition4

Specificity4

Monoclonal antibodies1

Mannose1

Gene2

Innate2

Genes2

Activation7

Induce2

19921

Uptake2

Endothelial Cells1

Glutamate1

Endocytosis1

Monocytes1

Cytoplasmic1

Expression7

Effector1

Epithelial2