Cell signaling protein. Medical search. Frequent questions

Silibinin also showed a strong phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2, stress-activated protein kinase/c-JUN NH2-terminal kinase 1/2, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases but inhibited Akt phosphorylation and decreased survivin levels with an increase in cleaved caspase-3. (nih.gov)
We demonstrate that protein kinase N (PKN) facilitates mTORC1 signalling by repressing PI3KC2-β-mediated phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate synthesis downstream of mTORC2. (nature.com)
Western blotting assay was implemented to check the levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase B. Results revealed that piperine induced dose reliant cytotoxicity in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. (ijpsonline.com)
Finally, Western blotting assay predicted constant expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase B and reduced expression of phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. (ijpsonline.com)
Hence, evidenced the blocking of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway. (ijpsonline.com)
It induced apoptosis, suppressed cell migration and invasion, blocked cell cycle and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/ protein kinase B signaling pathway. (ijpsonline.com)
Insulin-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling and interleukin-6 (IL-6)-instigated JAK/STAT3-signaling pathways in the liver inhibit the expression of gluconeogenic genes to decrease hepatic glucose output. (diabetesjournals.org)
Casein kinase 1 (CK1) is a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that play essential regulatory functions in numerous cellular processes. (pasteur.fr)
Death-associated protein kinase (DAPK) is a stress-regulated protein kinase that mediates a range of processes, including signal-induced cell death and autophagy. (ed.ac.uk)
Although the kinase domain of DAPK has a range of substrates that mediate its signalling, the additional protein interaction domains of DAPK are relatively ill defined. (ed.ac.uk)
The serine/threonine kinase protein kinase D1 (PKD1) is a stress-responsive kinase and sensor for reactive oxygen species, which can initiate cell survival through NF-κB signaling. (biologists.com)
Sylvain Meloche's team particularly focuses on mode of operation, regulation and kinase proteins targets of the MPA kinases family, mainly ERK1/2 and ERK3/4, known as essential regulators of cell proliferation, and kinases of the SRC family. (iric.ca)
Despite potential roles in the tumorigenesis of lung and breast cancer cells, the atypical protein kinase ERK3, a member of the Ras/MAPK pathway, is poorly characterized. (iric.ca)
They are required for a host of physiological processes including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) regulation, steroidogenesis, appetite control and energy regulation. (warwick.ac.uk)
We discovered that our RET + cell lines had differential regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B (AKT) pathways. (nih.gov)
1 nM IC 50 ) to inhibition of two cell cycle-regulating proteins, polo-like kinase 1 and Aurora kinase A. Finally, we show that two of these cell lines, CUTO32 and CUTO42, successfully establish xenografted tumors in nude mice. (nih.gov)
These data highlight the utility of new RET+ models to elucidate differences in response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors and downstream signaling regulation. (nih.gov)
Proteins Secreted by Lung Cancer Cells Induce the Onset of Proteinuria via Focal Adhesion Kinase Signaling in Mice. (bvsalud.org)
Integrin - focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling and inflammatory responses were evaluated in podocytes either exposed to soluble LCSePs or seeded onto substrates with immobilized LCSePs. (bvsalud.org)
Cells were also treated with PKC activator PEP005 or specific siRNA against protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ). (medscimonit.com)
To highlight these opportunities, Protein Kinase 2009: signalling success took place at AstraZeneca, Cheshire, UK on 18-19 May 2009. (soci.org)
Concomitant activation of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, Akt, and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 as well as increased phosphorylation of Bad also were unique to the hippocampus of APP Sw mice. (jneurosci.org)
In contrast, inhibitors of the PI-3 kinase and mTOR pathways strongly blocked early protein synthesis rate stimulated by I+P and PMA and also blocked 4E-BP1 phosphorylation and release of eIF4E suggesting that these pathways regulate protein synthesis activities, which are important for proliferation in T cells. (psu.edu)
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) cell signaling inhibitors based on a 3,5-diphenyl-2-aminopyridine scaffold. (ox.ac.uk)
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) is a key mediator of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) cell signaling that has been implicated in various chronic inflammatory conditions. (ox.ac.uk)
A new class of RIPK2 kinase/NOD signaling inhibitors based on a 3,5-diphenyl-2-aminopyridine scaffold was developed. (ox.ac.uk)
Finally, in vitro ADME and pharmacokinetic characterization of 18t further supports the prospects of the 3,5-diphenyl-2-aminopyridine scaffold for the generation of in vivo pharmacology probes of RIPK2 kinase and NOD cell signaling functions. (ox.ac.uk)
Moreover, the Nogo-A-Δ20 domain promotes neuroblast migration toward the OB through activation of the Rho/ROCK (Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase) pathway, without the participation of NgR1. (jneurosci.org)

Together, these results show a strong preventive efficacy of silibinin against photocarcinogenesis, which involves the inhibition of DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, and cell cycle progression and an induction of apoptosis. (nih.gov)
Thus, we conclude that ADF/cofilin activity is not generally required for induction or progression of apoptosis in mammalian cells. (nature.com)
Interestingly, mitochondrial association of ADF and n-cofilin during apoptosis was preceded by, and dependent on, actin that translocated by a yet unknown mechanism to mitochondria during cell death. (nature.com)
These proteases are responsible for the dismantling of cells during apoptosis. (nature.com)
To test the relevance of ADF/cofilin activity for apoptotic processes, we here employed a genetically well-defined system of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) devoid of any ADF/cofilin activity and challenged these cells with well-characterized apoptosis inducers. (nature.com)
Importantly, the mitochondrial association of n-cofilin and ADF had no impact on apoptosis signaling because ablation of either n-cofilin, ADF, or both proteins together did not change cell death progression. (nature.com)
In summary, our work demonstrates that in mammalian cells ADF/cofilin activity is not generally required for efficient induction of apoptosis. (nature.com)
Acridine orange/ethidium bromine staining assay revealed that piperine induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells which was further investigated by Western blotting. (ijpsonline.com)
This revealed increased expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 associated X and reduced expression of B-cell lymphoma 2, indicating apoptosis induction by piperine. (ijpsonline.com)
Its roles include regulation of proliferation, promotion of immune system and activation of apoptosis in B cells. (intechopen.com)
In these cells, IL-21 does not promote proliferation but enhances apoptosis and chemotaxis. (intechopen.com)
Many studies on the cancer-killing activity of 125 I seeds radiation mainly focused on its ability to trigger apoptosis, which is the most well-known and dominant type of cell death induced by radiation. (hindawi.com)
However our results showed some unique morphological features such as cell swelling, cytoplasmic vacuolation, and plasma membrane integrity, which is obviously different to apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
We found besides apoptosis that 125 I seed radiation killed colorectal cancer cell via inducing paraptosis. (hindawi.com)
This form of cell death is fundamentally different from apoptosis and lacks some distinct characteristics of apoptosis such as DNA fragmentation, pyknosis, or caspase activation and cleavage [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
Effects of RAD001 and letrozole (alone and in combination) on the proliferation and survival of MCF7/Aro and T47D/Aro cells were evaluated using proliferation assays, flow cytometry, immunoblotting, and apoptosis analyses. (aacrjournals.org)
Flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis. (medscimonit.com)
PKCδ-siRNA transfection increased cell viabilities and reduced cell apoptosis in HAECs exposed to H/R. Baicalin treatment preserved cell viabilities and reduced apoptosis of H/R-exposed HAECs in a concentration- dependent manner. (medscimonit.com)
Baicalin treatment reduced phosphorylation levels of PKCδ and p53, as well as the expression levels of active caspase3 and bax in HAECs exposed to H/R. The treatment of PKC activator PEP005 impaired the protective effects of baicalin in increasing cell viabilities and reducing apoptosis in HAECs exposed to H/R. (medscimonit.com)
Baicalin exerts vascular a protective effect on HAECs exposed to H/R by reducing cell apoptosis. (medscimonit.com)
Extensive lymphocyte severe infections is a massive loss of lymphocytes, den- apoptosis has also occurred in humans and animals infect- dritic cells, gastrointestial epithelial cells, and other cell ed with several exotic agents, including Bacillus anthracis , types through apoptosis, or programmed cell death. (cdc.gov)
Prevention of lymphocyte apoptosis, same process by which these cell populations are regulat- through either genetic modification of the host or treatment ed during normal health ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
acquired defects in the control of apoptosis may lead to a Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is the method variety of disease states. (cdc.gov)
For example, excessive inhibition by which tissue remodeling takes place during normal of apoptosis is an underlying mechanism of cancer, while growth and development and the physiologic mechanism an inappropriate increase is seen in some neurodegenera- by which labile cell populations such as gastrointestinal tive diseases and other conditions. (cdc.gov)
GLP-1 is an incretin hormone that stimulates insulin secretion, causes B-cell mitosis while inhibiting apoptosis, inhibits glucagon secretion, and delays gastric emptying with overall antidiabetic effects. (medscape.com)
Induction of keratinocyte apoptosis by wild-type GAS was accompanied by cell detachment and loss of epithelial integrity, a phenomenon not observed with GAS deficient in capsule or SLO. (lu.se)
We propose that cell signalling initiated by extracellular GAS compromises the epithelial barrier by inducing premature keratinocyte differentiation and apoptosis, thereby facilitating GAS invasion of deeper tissues. (lu.se)
This unit will cover how key signalling pathways in cells transduce extracellular signals to regulate gene expression and cellular processes such as growth and apoptosis. (manchester.ac.uk)
In PEL cells, nigericin disrupted the mitochondrial membrane potential and caused the release of cytochrome c, which triggered caspase-9-mediated apoptosis. (bvsalud.org)

These results uncover a mechanism that couples mTORC2-dependent activation of PKN2 to the regulation of mTORC1-mediated nutrient signalling by local lipid signals. (nature.com)
This review will summarize our current knowledge of the DAPK interactome, the use of peptide aptamers to define novel protein-protein interaction motifs, and how these new protein-protein interactions give insight into DAPK functions in diverse cellular processes, including growth factor signalling, the regulation of autophagy, and its emerging role in the regulation of immune responses. (ed.ac.uk)
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We have derived and characterized three novel rearranged during transfection (RET) fusion non-small cell lung cancer cell lines and demonstrated that they have differential responses to RET inhibition as well as regulation of downstream signaling, an area that has previously been limited by a lack of diverse cell line modes with endogenous RET fusions. (nih.gov)
Scientists revealed the intercellular choreography that governs protein regulation, including how unwanted proteins are tagged for degradation, an important player in human health and disease. (newswise.com)
The latter findings point to the participation of Nogo-A/NgR1 signaling in the regulation of other aspects of growth, such as tissue expansion or turnover by cell proliferation. (jneurosci.org)
Transcriptional regulation by signalling pathways: roles of transcription factors and chromatin modifications. (manchester.ac.uk)

Finally, Professor Meloche's team has long been interested in the ubiquitin-proteasome system of protein degradation and its role in cell signalling and cell proliferation. (iric.ca)
Knockdown of RPL5 significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of HCT16 and RKO cells, and arrested the cell cycle in G0/G1 phase. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, TBHQ could partially reverse the inhibitory effect of siRPL5 on the proliferation and migration of colon cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Collectively, RPL5 promoted colon cell proliferation and migration, at least in part, by activating the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
RPL5 promoted colon cell proliferation and migration, at least in part, by activating the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, which may serve as a novel therapeutic target for cancers in which MAPK/ERK signaling is a dominant feature. (biomedcentral.com)
This study examines the effect of RPL5 on the progression of colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), including cell proliferation, migration and determines its underlying molecular mechanism using CRC cell lines in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
Here, we demonstrate that RPL5 promotes COAD cell proliferation and migration via the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
During cell growth and proliferation, ubiquitin plays an outsized role in promoting progression through the cell cycle. (intechopen.com)
Notably, the G1/S boundary represents a major barrier to cell proliferation and is universally dysfunctional in cancer cells, allowing for the unbridled proliferation observed in malignancy. (intechopen.com)
APJ‑suppressed fibroblasts treated with an antagonist or small interfering RNA showed myofibroblast‑like properties, including increased proliferation and migratory abilities, via accelerated phosphorylation of Sma‑ and Mad‑related protein 2/3 (Smad2/3). (spandidos-publications.com)
Protein synthesis rates were maximally stimulated in human lymphocytes by ionomycin and the phorbol ester PMA (I+P), which promotes proliferation, whereas PMA alone, which does not promote proliferation, stimulated protein synthesis to a lesser degree. (psu.edu)
2013). Although alpha-arylphorin has been previously shown to induce midgut stem cell proliferation (Hakim et al. (insulin-receptor.info)
T-705 A number of peptidic midgut proliferation and/or differentiation factors (MDFs) from mature cell conditioned media and hemolymph have been reported (reviewed in Hakim, Baldwin & Smagghe, 2010). (insulin-receptor.info)
Using pharmacological approaches along with in vitro and in vivo experiments, we found that Nogo-A/NgR1 signaling regulates the pace of neuronal neogeneration by reducing NSC proliferation. (jneurosci.org)
Proliferation of KRT14 -expressing basal cells leads to development of dermatoglyphics during the first trimester of gestation. (medscape.com)
RESULTS: Although the three tested ionophores inhibited the proliferation of several B-lymphoma cell lines, nigericin inhibited the proliferation of PEL cells compared to KSHV-negative cells. (bvsalud.org)

Conversely, loss of PKN2 or inactivation of its target phosphorylation site in PI3KC2-β represses nutrient signalling via mTORC1. (nature.com)
Fig. 1: Serum mitogen-induced phosphorylation of PI3KC2-β induces complex formation with 14-3-3 proteins. (nature.com)
Fig. 5: mTORC2 signalling triggers PKN2 activation to control PI3KC2-β phosphorylation and sequestration with 14-3-3 proteins. (nature.com)
The reduced hepatic glucose output coincided with decreased expression of the gluconeogenic genes G6pc and Pck1 and enhanced hepatic STAT3 phosphorylation and PI3K/Akt signaling in the fasted state. (diabetesjournals.org)
Insulin-induced IR-β-subunit Y1162/Y1163 phosphorylation and PI3K/Akt signaling and IL-6-induced STAT3 phosphorylation were also enhanced in isolated Ptpn2 +/− hepatocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
The protein phosphorylation and expression levels were determined by Western blotting. (medscimonit.com)
An inhibitor that blocks ERK1/2 phosphorylation only slightly reduced protein synthesis rates stimulated by I+P or PMA, but greatly reduced eIF4E phosphorylation and eIF2B activity. (psu.edu)
These signals are transmitted to specific targets within the cell by intracellular signalling pathways that employ post-translational modifications, particularly phosphorylation. (manchester.ac.uk)
Introduction to cell signalling: signalling networks, protein-protein interactions, protein phosphorylation/de-phosphorylation. (manchester.ac.uk)

Fig. 4: PKN2 regulates mTORC1 signalling by controlling PI3KC2-β activity and localization. (nature.com)
Together, these pathways form an extensive communication network that regulates basic cell activities and coordinates the function of multiple cells or tissues. (usf.edu)
Among these, the multidrug resistance-associated protein AtMRP5/AtABCC5 regulates stomatal aperture and controls plasma membrane anion channels of guard cells. (uea.ac.uk)

The insulin receptor (IR) and JAK1 tyrosine kinases and STAT3 can serve as direct substrates for the T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP). (diabetesjournals.org)
Progression through the cell cycle is driven by the oscillating activity of Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs). (intechopen.com)
There are over 500 protein kinases in the human kinome. (soci.org)
Intracellular signalling pathways: covering the major pathways in cells (MAPK, PI3K-AKT, mTOR, JAK-STAT, SMAD, IKK-NF- k B, Wnt), their components and key roles of protein kinases and phosphatases. (manchester.ac.uk)

The small protein ubiquitin plays a vital role in virtually all aspects of cellular life. (intechopen.com)

Discovery of Benzodiazepine-Based Inhibitors of the E2 Enzyme UBCH10 from a Cell-Based p21 Degradation Screen. (iric.ca)
Analysis using signalling and MAPK inhibitors as well as receptor-specific antagonists determined the precise mediators of the orexin response in these cells. (warwick.ac.uk)
We confirmed each of our cell lines expresses the RET fusion protein and assessed their sensitivity to RET inhibitors. (nih.gov)
Our RET+ cell lines effectively recapitulate the interpatient heterogeneity observed in response to RET inhibitors and reveal opportunities for alternative or combination therapies. (nih.gov)
Shiau and his team settled on a new class of drugs named BET bromodomain inhibitors, which target BRD4 and related proteins, and chose one named JQ1 that crosses the blood-brain barrier. (sciencedaily.com)

After inhibition of RET, the CUTO42 cells had robust inhibition of phosphorylated AKT (pAKT), whereas CUTO22 and CUTO32 cells had sustained AKT activation. (nih.gov)
MicroRNA 5703 enriched in exosomes derived from HCT116 sh p53 cells inhibited APJ expression, and inhibition of miR‑5703 diminished APJ suppression in fibroblasts caused by cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
Moreover, complementation of the mrp5-1 insertion mutants of Arabidopsis with the AtMRP5 cDNA driven from a guard cell-specific promoter restores the sensitivity of the mutant to abscisic acid-mediated inhibition of stomatal opening. (uea.ac.uk)
In addition, the structure-activity relationship study revealed that in addition to anchoring to the hinge and DFG via the 2-aminopyridine and 3-phenylsulfonamide, respectively, appropriate occupancy of the region between the gatekeeper and the αC-helix provided by substituents in the 4- and 5-positions of the 3-phenylsulfonamide were necessary to achieve potent NOD cell signaling inhibition. (ox.ac.uk)
20-fold selectivity versus ALK2 and potent NOD cell signaling inhibition (IC50 = 26 ± 4 nM) in the HEKBlue assay. (ox.ac.uk)
ERp57 was identified by mass spectrometry as a target of DACT adduction in the ER that could potentially mediate the effects of DACT on inhibition of GnRH-induced calcium signaling and inhibition of LH release. (cdc.gov)

Prior to the current study, the scientists already knew that Rumi modifies Notch by adding glucose molecules to the protein. (bnl.gov)
Defining the importance and interconnection of these signalling events will further the understanding of the malignant transformation process and help in the identification of new target molecules for cancer treatment. (iric.ca)
These data Suggest multiple roles for orexin-mediated MAPK activation in an adrenal cell-line, this complexity may help to explain the diverse biological actions of orexins with wide-ranging consequences for Our understanding of the mechanisms initiated by these steroidogenic molecules. (warwick.ac.uk)
Therefore, the understanding of the diverse signalling molecules, signal recognition mechanisms and signal transduction pathways is fundamental for the insight into physiological and pathophysiological processes. (mdpi.com)
You'll learn what's happening inside cells, how they communicate with each other, and use this to predict how molecules will interact. (bath.ac.uk)
This implies that these mice can be used as a model of human disease and suggests that Lewis lung carcinoma 1 cell -secreted proteins (LCSePs) contain nephrotoxic molecules and cause inflammation in renal cells . (bvsalud.org)
Study biologically important molecules including DNA, RNA and proteins, as well as the molecular events that govern cell function. (manchester.ac.uk)

However, dysregulations of these signalling pathways are also causes for pathophysiological processes and diseases. (mdpi.com)
The scope of the special issue is to summarize and enlarge the knowledge in signalling processes and networks in diverse cells and tissues. (mdpi.com)
Therefore, authors are invited to submit original research and review articles which address the progress and current standing of cellular signalling processes. (mdpi.com)
These concerted processes change the spectrum of genes expressed by GBM cells. (sciencedaily.com)
These enzymes are responsible for cell signalling mechanisms that control a wide spectrum of physiological processes. (soci.org)
For example, it can manipulate our genetic make-up, take over specific cell-to-cell signaling processes, and mutate key enzymes to promote tumor growth, resist therapies, and hasten its spread from the original site to the bloodstream or other organs. (news-medical.net)

BC comprises of variant subtypes and those subtypes arise from basal progenitor or luminal progenitor cells undergoing different genetic mutations[ 2 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
For instance, familial AD is linked to mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1, and presenilin 2, all of which lead to increased levels of Aβ. (jneurosci.org)
The H5N1 Inventory should be used by those conducting surveillance in humans and animals as well as research on influenza H5N1 viruses as a reference for the identification of specific mutations in naturally occurring H5N1 viruses that may signal adaptation to mammalian species or alter susceptibility to existing antivirals. (cdc.gov)

One of these target proteins, called Notch, is the major receptor that controls the development of multicellular organisms. (bnl.gov)
CD28 (Antigen CD28) is characterized as a co-receptor for the TCR (T-Cell Receptor)/CD3 (CD3 Antigen) complex and is responsible for providing the co-stimulatory signal required for T-cell activation. (proteinlounge.com)
CD28 also act as a receptor independent of the TCR and can initiate signaling events without concomitant TCR ligation. (proteinlounge.com)
Of them, SARS-CoV-2 S protein binds to its cellular receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) [ 8 , 9 ], to enter the cells. (ijbs.com)
Additionally, the host serine protease TMPRSS2 is important for priming of the S protein for receptor interactions and entry [ 9 ]. (ijbs.com)
DACT appeared to cause a selective decrease in caffeine-sensitive ryanodine receptor-operated calcium stores in LbetaT2 cells, rather than in thapsigargin-sensitive ER calcium stores. (cdc.gov)
The research team has discovered a type of receptor - a protein, located on the surface of the AML stem cells - which sends out signals. (lu.se)
This receptor, called (IL1RAP), cannot be found on healthy blood stem cells, which opens up the possibility for a selective attack on the diseased stem cells using antibodies. (lu.se)
Studies have shown that by targeting antibodies against IL1RAP, they will attach themselves to the receptor, and thereby inhibit cell growth. (lu.se)
Once the antibody has become attached to the receptor, it activates the body's natural immune system and attracts killer cells that are part of our immune system. (lu.se)

We analyzed insulin sensitivity and gluconeogenesis in chow versus high-fat-fed (HFF) Ptpn2 +/− and Ptpn2 +/+ mice and insulin and IL-6 signaling and gluconeogenic gene expression in Ptpn2 +/− and Ptpn2 +/+ hepatocytes. (diabetesjournals.org)
The increased insulin and IL-6 signaling resulted in enhanced suppression of G6pc and Pck1 mRNA. (diabetesjournals.org)
Liver TCPTP antagonises both insulin and STAT3 signaling pathways to regulate gluconeogenic gene expression and hepatic glucose output. (diabetesjournals.org)
CCN proteins characteristically contain an N-terminal secretory signal peptide followed by four structurally distinct domains with homologies to insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP), von Willebrand type C repeats (vWC), thrombospondin type 1 repeat (TSR), and a cysteine knot motif within the C-terminal (CT) domain. (wikipedia.org)
The expression of transthyretin, a protein shown to sequester Aβ and prevent amyloid fibril formation in vitro , and several genes in the insulin-signaling pathway, e.g., insulin-like growth factor-2, were increased selectively in the hippocampus of APP Sw mice. (jneurosci.org)
cellular actions of insulin involve a wide variety of effects on postreceptor signaling pathways within target cells. (medscape.com)
failure of the signals or of the B cells to adapt adequately in relation to insulin sensitivity results in inappropriate insulin levels, impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and type 2 diabetes. (medscape.com)
The mechanisms responsible for insulin resistance syndromes include genetic or primary target cell defects, autoantibodies to insulin, and accelerated insulin degradation. (medscape.com)

One of these target proteins … plays an important role in how cells sense their neighbors … and how much they should grow-like a master controller. (bnl.gov)
DACT is a reactive electrophile known to form covalent protein adducts both in vitro and in vivo following ATRA exposure and might therefore target proteins involved in GnRH-induced calcium signaling and subsequent LH release. (cdc.gov)
Since each ubiquitin ligase can recognize its target proteins through a specific degron, we are interested in delineating ubiquitin ligase-target protein interactions that are triggered by differentiation stimulus in stem cells. (lu.se)

2023). Effect of Epithelial-Specific MyD88 Signaling Pathway on Airway Inflammatory Response to Organic Dust Exposure. (cdc.gov)

UPTON, NY-Scientists have captured atomic level snapshots showing how one key enzyme modifies a protein involved in turning genes on or off inside cells. (bnl.gov)
Understanding this process-which is particularly important when cells are first taking on specialized identities such as nerve cells, muscle, skin, and so on-helps explain how complex organisms can arise from a finite number of genes. (bnl.gov)
The interlinked phenomena, the team reports, are reflected in a global database of the genes expressed in GBM cells and seen in tumors expressing EGFRvIII obtained from GBM patients. (sciencedaily.com)
One of those genes turns out to be a protein named BRD4. (sciencedaily.com)

This study dissects the different G-protein signalling and MAPK pathways activated in a pluripotent human adrenal H295R cell line capable of all the physiological steps involved in steroidogenesis. (warwick.ac.uk)
Correspondingly, signaling pathways activated in T cells were probed for their connection to these activities. (psu.edu)

Diverse signal recognition receptors and signal transduction pathways were defined which regulate cellular functions, metabolism and development. (mdpi.com)
This protein controls the expression and activity of yet another transcription factor, cMyc, which plays a central role in driving the aberrant metabolism and growth of GBM cells. (sciencedaily.com)

Tg2576 mice overexpress a mutant form of human amyloid precursor protein with the Swedish mutation (APP Sw ), resulting in high β-amyloid (Aβ) levels in the brain. (jneurosci.org)
These results suggest that the slow progression and lack of full-fledged Alzheimer's disease pathology in the hippocampal neurons of APP Sw mice result from the genetic reprogramming of neural cells to cope with increased levels of Aβ. (jneurosci.org)

Moreover, inhibitor of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway could inhibit paraptosis-like cell death induced by 125 I seeds radiation. (hindawi.com)
N protein can also undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) with viral genome RNA and inhibit stress granules to facilitate viral replication and assembly. (ijbs.com)

Interleukin-21 (IL-21) is produced by activated T cells and it plays many diverse roles by regulating the functions of normal and abnormal cells. (intechopen.com)
The primary roles of N protein are to assemble with genomic RNA into the viral RNA-protein (vRNP) complex and to localize to the replication transcription complexes (RTCs) to enhance viral replication and transcription. (ijbs.com)
Intrinsically Disordered Proteins Play Diverse Roles in Cell Signaling" by Sarah E. Bondos, A. Keith Dunker et al. (usf.edu)
The goal of this collection is to highlight the many roles of intrinsic disorder in cell signaling. (usf.edu)
2007), the specific functional roles of REPAT and arylphorin proteins in midgut regeneration after Cry intoxication have yet to be elucidated. (insulin-receptor.info)

Here, we show that bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-mediated signaling is active in adult neural stem cells and is crucial to initiate the neurogenic lineage in the adult mouse subependymal zone. (cipsm.de)
Conditional deletion of Smad4 in adult neural stem cells severely impairs neurogenesis, and this is phenocopied by infusion of Noggin, an extracellular antagonist of BMP. (cipsm.de)
Thus, BMP-mediated signaling via Smad4 is required to initiate neurogenesis from adult neural stem cells and suppress the alternative fate of oligodendrogliogenesis. (cipsm.de)
In the adult mammalian subventricular zone (SVZ), GFAP-positive neural stem cells (NSCs) generate neuroblasts that migrate tangentially along the rostral migratory stream (RMS) toward the olfactory bulb (OB). (jneurosci.org)
This is consistent with a negative-feedback loop, in which newly generated neurons modulate cell division of SVZ stem cells. (jneurosci.org)
Currently we are identifying crucial proteins in blood forming stem cells that are regulated by ubiquitin signaling. (lu.se)
Targeted antibodies that prevent leukaemia stem cells from multiplying while attracting the natural killer cells of the body, which in turn send a death signal to the diseased stem cell. (lu.se)
However, the AML stem cells, which are located in the bone marrow and are responsible for producing cancer cells, are hard to affect. (lu.se)
Because stem cells multiply slowly, chemotherapy does not have a sufficient impact on them, which explains why two-thirds of these patients relapse. (lu.se)

Ribosomal protein (RP) is a widely existing RNA-binding protein that was previously thought to function only as a combination of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) involved in protein synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
The ribosomal protein RPL5 is a component of the ribosome, a large ribonucleoprotein complex responsible for protein synthesis in cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin partially blocked the protein synthesis rate increases by I+P stimulation. (psu.edu)

Additionally, there are increasing evidence that intracellular pathogens link CK1 to infectious diseases by manipulating CK1 signalling pathways within host cells. (pasteur.fr)
Cellular signalling is the base for the extra- and intracellular communication. (mdpi.com)
The atrazine metabolite diaminochlorotriazine suppresses LH release from murine LbetaT2 cells by suppressing GnRH-induced intracellular calcium transients. (cdc.gov)
To test this hypothesis, LbetaT2 pituitary cells were exposed to 300 microM DACT for 24 h and examined by fluorescence microscopy for GnRH-induced changes in intracellular calcium and LH release. (cdc.gov)
LbetaT2 cells exposed to DACT had markedly diminished GnRH-induced intracellular calcium transients and a significant decreased LH release in response to GnRH. (cdc.gov)
Intracellular calcium responses to GnRH and release of LH were restored in DACT-treated cells with the addition of a calcium ionophore (A23187). (cdc.gov)

The process of cell signaling imposes many demands on the proteins that comprise these pathways, including the abilities to form active and inactive states, and to engage in multiple protein interactions. (usf.edu)

IL-21 activates both the Raf-ERK-MAPK and the Jak/STAT signaling pathways. (intechopen.com)
the changes of proteins related to MAPK/ERK signaling pathway were also detected using western blotting. (biomedcentral.com)

This review discusses the similarities and differences between the morphology of astrocytes and astrocytoma cells, and the role that dysregulation in glutamate and calcium signaling plays in the aberrant morphology of astrocytoma cells. (mdpi.com)
These data suggest that DACT forms adducts on proteins involved in calcium handling within the ER and that dysfunction in this critical signaling system is associated with loss of normal sensitivity to GnRH and subsequent decreased release of LH. (cdc.gov)
Second messengers: calcium, cAMP and phospholipid signalling. (manchester.ac.uk)

Animal steroid hormones initiate signaling by passive diffusion into cells and binding to their nuclear receptors to regulate gene expression. (biologists.com)

WNT1-inducible-signaling pathway protein 3 (WISP3, also named CCN6) is a matricellular protein that in humans is encoded by the WISP3 gene. (wikipedia.org)

Sylvain Meloche and his team study the signalling mechanisms that control cell division, the differentiation and survival of normal and cancer cells. (iric.ca)
The laboratory of Professor Sylvain Meloche, Director of the Signalling and Cell Growth Research Unit, collaborated with the laboratory of Professor Jean-Claude Labbé, Director of the Cell Division and Differentiation Research Unit, both at IRIC, to identify ERK3 targets and better understand its cellular functions. (iric.ca)
This will provide key insights on how ubiquitin signaling plays a vital role in stem cell differentiation and how perturbations in these networks can lead to disorders such as cancer. (lu.se)

motifs of Protein Phosphatase 2A PR65/A subunit. (cellsignal.com)

Experimental work will integrate dynamic cell and single molecule imaging, quantitative proteomics, chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis (for the dynamics of NF-κB binding to target promoters) and RT-PCR and DNA microarray analysis (for measurement of endogenous gene expression). (warwick.ac.uk)
Furthermore, these pathways are essential for cellular dynamics and build a highly regulated cellular signalling network. (mdpi.com)

CNK2 promotes cancer cell motility by mediating ARF6 activation downstream of AXL signalling. (iric.ca)

It plays an important role in how cells sense their neighbors and, by controlling gene expression, determines which cells should develop into different types and how much they should grow-like a master controller. (bnl.gov)

Flow cytometric analysis evidenced that piperine arrested the cell cycle at growth 2/mitosis phase, hence suppressed the breast cancer progression. (ijpsonline.com)
Notably, silencing of the two transcription factors stopped tumor growth, both in cell cultures and in an animal model that mimics GBM. (sciencedaily.com)
In addition, xenografts of HCT116 cells with APJ‑suppressed fibroblasts showed accelerated tumor growth. (spandidos-publications.com)
Various genetic abnormalities such as wingless and int-1 (Wnt) signaling, tissue growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling, or TP53 signaling have been known in the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer ( 2 , 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The mutational inactivation of the TP53 gene in tumor cells has been reported to affect not only tumor cells but also the surrounding cells in the tumor microenvironment and to promote tumor-stromal activation and subsequent tumor growth ( 11 , 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Herein, we review possible mechanisms by which glutamate may act in facilitating the growth of projections in astrocytic cells. (mdpi.com)
A standard chemotherapy drug injures surrounding non-cancer cells, which can then awakens dormant cancer cells and promotes cancer growth, according to a new study publishing September 12th in the open access journal PLOS Biology by Ramya Ganesan of Emory University, US, and colleagues. (news-medical.net)

Among the diverse signaling outcomes associated with ubiquitination, the most well-established is the targeted degradation of substrates via the proteasome. (intechopen.com)
In particular, ubiquitin-mediated degradation is critically important at transition points where it provides directionality and irreversibility to the cell cycle, which is essential for maintaining genome integrity. (intechopen.com)
Ubiquitin ligases recognize a highly specific peptide motif (degron) and transfer polyubiquitin chains to their respective substrates that eventually lead to degradation of the target protein by proteasome. (lu.se)

3 Pro-apoptotic proteins, such as cytochrome c and second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (SMAC), are released from mitochondria into the cytosol where they participate in the activation of execution caspases. (nature.com)
Outer mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and cytochrome c release are typically achieved by pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, such as Bax and Bak. (nature.com)
Moreover, the expression of AIP1 is specifically inhibited in paraptosis cells, while it is not affected in apoptotic cells [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
The PKCδ/p53 apoptotic signaling pathway was the pharmacological target of baicalin. (medscimonit.com)
These findings suggest that inter- the apoptotic destruction of lymphocytes and dendritic ventions aimed at reducing the extent of immune cell apop- tosis could improve outcomes for a variety of severe cells could have a particularly adverse effect on disease human infections, including those caused by emerging outcome. (cdc.gov)

The expression level of RPL5 in colon cancer tissues and cell lines was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues and NCM460 cells, respectively, and its expression level was higher in HCT116 cells and RKO cells. (biomedcentral.com)
COX-1 is expressed constitutively and is isolated throughout most cell lines in almost all mammalian tissues. (medscape.com)

Paraptosis is a kind of caspase-independent programmed cell death and is characterized by distinct cytoplasmic vacuolization derived from swelling endoplasmic reticulum and/or mitochondria. (hindawi.com)
They have been defined as monotropic integral membrane proteins located primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum (COX-1) and the perinuclear envelope (COX-2). (medscape.com)

It's a protein chain that spans the cell membrane with complicated 3D folding-including 36 repeating "beads on a necklace" folds that can each be modified in different ways to affect the protein's overall function. (bnl.gov)
SARS-CoV-2 genome consists of 14 functional open reading frames (ORFs), including two regions (ORF1a and ORF1b) for 16 non-structural proteins (Nsp1-Nsp16), nine regions for nine putative accessory proteins, and other regions for four structural proteins, spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins [ 5 - 7 ]. (ijbs.com)

Description: Trypanosoma Vivax Diagnostic antigen protein, recombinant protein. (microarraystation.com)
While some signalling mechanisms have been proposed for individual recombinant orexin receptors in generic mammalian cell types, it is clear that the peripheral effects of orexin are spatially and temporally complex. (warwick.ac.uk)

CD28 co-stimulation in T-cell homeostasis: a recent perspective. (proteinlounge.com)
There are thousands of signaling pathways, ranging from protein homeostasis to carcinogenesis and biofilm formation. (news-medical.net)
It is described as a housekeeping enzyme, being responsible for cell-to-cell signaling, tissue homeostasis, and cytoprotection. (medscape.com)

Abnormal expression of ribosomal proteins has an important regulatory effect on the progression of cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
More and more studies have found that abnormal expression or mutation of ribosomal proteins has an important regulatory effect on the occurrence and development of cancer [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Given that healing regulatory factors are secreted by stressed midgut cells, we hypothesized that proteomic analysis of the subproteome of secreted proteins (secretome) would allow the identification of proteins involved in the midgut response to injury. (insulin-receptor.info)

AD is associated with β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and large-scale neuronal cell loss. (jneurosci.org)

In this review article, we are focusing on the signaling mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 N protein in viral replication, cell death and inflammation. (ijbs.com)

We found that 125 I seeds radiation activated PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and could trigger paraptosis-like cell death. (hindawi.com)
Our data suggest that 125 I seeds radiation can induce paraptosis-like cell death via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)
We found that PI3K/AKT signaling pathway involved the modulation of 125 I seeds radiation-induced paraptosis. (hindawi.com)

It is a member of the CCN family (CCN intercellular signaling protein) of secreted, extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated signaling matricellular proteins. (wikipedia.org)

The role of exosomes collected by ultracentrifugation were also analyzed as mediators of p53 expression in cancer cells and APJ expression in fibroblasts. (spandidos-publications.com)
These potential signaling mediators include glucose, free fatty acids, autonomic nerves, fat-derived hormones (eg, adiponectin), and the gut hormone glucagonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1). (medscape.com)

intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) present in the metabolic state of low oxygen tension is called "physiological hypoxia. (microarraystation.com)
The cells of our body integrate signals from multiple stimuli in order to mount appropriate physiological responses. (manchester.ac.uk)

Ca2+ or chemokine proteins) and physical stimuli (e.g., sheer stress, light). (usf.edu)

The transcription of COX-1 yields a 2.7-kilobase (kb) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) that encodes a 576-residue, 65-kd protein. (medscape.com)
Conversely, the transcription of COX-2 yields a 4.5-kb mRNA that encodes a 70-kd protein with roughly 70-75% homology to the COX-1 protein. (medscape.com)

However, our data describe a role for PLD1-induced DAG as a competent second messenger at the mitochondria that relays ROS to PKD1-mediated mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling. (biologists.com)
The role of the mTOR pathway in estrogen response was evaluated in aromatase-expressing MCF7/Aro breast cancer cells by immunoblotting. (aacrjournals.org)
The tumor microenvironment consists of various cell types and fibroblasts in the tumor tissue, called cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which play pivotal role in tumor progression ( 7 , 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid (N) protein plays a critical role in multiple steps of the viral life cycle and participates in viral replication, transcription, and assembly. (ijbs.com)
Whatever the potential role of such that tip the balance toward or away from programmed cell strategies, improved understanding of the causes, time death. (cdc.gov)
Dystrophin may also play a role in chemical signaling within cells. (medlineplus.gov)
These data identify alpha-arylphorin as a protein with a new putative role in the midgut regeneration process T-705 in response to Cry1Ac intoxication and possibly pathogen/abiotic stress, identifying alpha-arylphorin as a potential gene to target with insecticidal gene silencing for pest control. (insulin-receptor.info)

His work also involves analyzing the signalling pathways involved in the development of liver cancer for the purpose of identifying new therapeutic targets and new biomarkers. (iric.ca)

Cell migration and invasion was monitored by transwell chambers assay. (ijpsonline.com)
Cell migration as well as cell invasive ability of MCF-7 cells was reduced to minimum by the application of piperine in dose dependent-manner. (ijpsonline.com)

Cultured human arterial endothelial cells (HAECs) were exposed to hypoxia/deoxygenation (H/R). Cells were also treated with baicalin at serially diluted concentrations. (medscimonit.com)

The accumulation of both Cyclin and CKI proteins is tightly regulated at the level of transcription. (intechopen.com)
EGFRIII changes the cell's internal signaling network, its uptake and use of nutrients, key elements of its gene-reading machinery known as transcription factors and its epigenetic landscape--the distribution of chemical tags that determines which parts of its genome are available for reading. (sciencedaily.com)

CD28 expression is required after T cell priming for helper T cell responses and protective immunity to infection. (proteinlounge.com)
Here, we aim to identify the PP1, PP8, and pp22 and protein expression patterns placenta and trophoblast them to reveal the involvement of the potential complications of pregnancy. (microarraystation.com)
APJ expression in fibroblasts co‑cultured with p53‑suppressed colon cancer cells (HCT116 sh p53 cells) was significantly lower than in control colon cancer cells (HCT116 sh control cells). (spandidos-publications.com)
However, it can induce expression of proinflammatory cytokines by activating NF-κB signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome, resulting in cytokine storms. (ijbs.com)

Led by scientists at UNC-Chapel Hill and UC-San Francisco, research reveals new non-coding genetic variants associated with Alzheimer's disease functioning in microglia - brain cells already implicated in the progression of this often-fatal. (newswise.com)

Active PKN2 phosphorylates PI3KC2-β to trigger PI3KC2-β complex formation with inhibitory 14-3-3 proteins. (nature.com)
The activity of CDKs is controlled by their binding to coactivator subunits termed Cyclins, as well as by CDK inhibitory proteins termed CKIs. (intechopen.com)
FK506 had less of an inhibitory effect with PMA stimulation suggesting that its mechanism mostly affected ionomycin-activated signals. (psu.edu)

Kinase28

Apoptosis29

Regulation6

Proliferation16

Phosphorylation9

Regulates3

Kinases4

Ubiquitin plays a vital role1

Inhibitors5

Inhibition6

Molecules7

Processes6

Mutations3

Receptor10

Insulin8

Target proteins3

20231

Genes4

Pathways activated2

Metabolism2

Mice2

Inhibit2

Roles5

Stem Cells9

Synthesis3

Intracellular6

Interactions1

MAPK2

Calcium3

Initiate1

Humans1

Differentiation3

Subunit1

Dynamics2

Downstream1

Gene expression1

Growth7

Degradation3

Apoptotic5

Tissues2

Endoplasmic reticulum2

Membrane2

Recombinant2

Homeostasis3

Regulatory3

Neuronal1

Inflammation1

PI3K3

Intercellular1

Mediators2

Physiological2

Stimuli1

MRNA2

Role7

Therapeutic1

Migration2

Endothelial cells1

Transcription2

Expression4

Progression1

Inhibitory3