• Mollusk hemocyanins have biomedical uses as carriers/adjuvants and nonspecific immunostimulants with beneficial clinical outcomes by triggering the production of proinflammatory cytokines in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and driving immune responses toward type 1 T helper (Th1) polarization. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • We have found that CB3 triggers autoimmune disease in susceptible mice by stimulating elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines from mast cells during the innate immune response. (cdc.gov)
  • These clones then release proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-2, and interferon -gamma. (msdmanuals.com)
  • T(H)1 control the cell-mediated response and produce a number of proinflammatory cytokines, e.g. (bvsalud.org)
  • Recent studies point out at proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, or IL-6 as strong players involved in this process 13 . (bvsalud.org)
  • In the present study, we measured the serum levels of some proinflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α) and the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-4 in Egyptian patients with oral PV, in comparison to healthy controls. (bvsalud.org)
  • Recently, cells called antigen presenting cells (APCs) were discovered to play a pivotal role in the immune response. (oncolink.org)
  • Co-stimulatory molecules are presenting along with the antigen by APCs to induce an aggressive response by the T-cells. (oncolink.org)
  • This approach is based on the view that immune stimulation is primarily mediated by APCs rather than the tumor cells themselves. (oncolink.org)
  • 14 As the strongest antigen presenting cell (APCs), DCs play an important role in the immunity of the ocular surface. (bmj.com)
  • As an intergenic lncRNA, the lncDC was shown to regulate the human monocytes differentiation and antigen presenting cells (APCs) activation during immune responses. (magiran.com)
  • Thus, we studied the roles of Dectin-1, Dectin-2, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the hemocyanin activation of murine APCs, both in dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, using hemocyanins from Megathura crenulata (KLH), Concholepas concholepas (CCH) and Fissurella latimarginata (FLH). (exeter.ac.uk)
  • Our data showed the involvement of TLR4 in the hemocyanin-mediated proinflammatory response in APCs, which could cooperate with MR in innate immune recognition of these glycoproteins. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • Function of T helper cells: Antigen presenting cells ( APCs ) present antigen on their Class II MHC molecules ( MHC2 ). (wikidoc.org)
  • Class II MHC proteins are generally only found on the surface of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (wikidoc.org)
  • Some APCs also bind native (or unprocessed) antigens to their surface, such as follicular dendritic cells , but unprocessed antigens do not interact with T cells and are not involved in their activation. (wikidoc.org)
  • During an immune response, professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) endocytose (absorb) foreign material (typically bacteria or viruses ), which undergoes processing , then travel from the infection site to the lymph nodes . (wikidoc.org)
  • CD154) is a transmembrane protein expressed on the surface of activated T cells, particularly on CD4 T cells, which stimulates CD40-dependent activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), resulting in enhancement of T cell and antibody responses. (biospace.com)
  • The objective of the current study was to use so-called photochemical internalization (PCI) to deliver a live bacterial vaccine to the cytosol of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for the purpose of stimulating major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I-restricted CD8 T-cell responses. (bvsalud.org)
  • The carrier proteins used are all able to produce an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
  • One insight is the identification of tumor antigens (small proteins recognized as "foreign" by the immune system) that stimulate the T-cells of the immune system. (oncolink.org)
  • Glycans, either alone or complexed with glycan-binding proteins, can deliver intracellular signals or control extracellular processes that promote initiation, execution and resolution of cell death programs. (nature.com)
  • Herein, we review the role of glycans and glycan-binding proteins as essential components of the cell death machinery during physiologic and pathologic settings. (nature.com)
  • At that time, glycobiology, which is the study of carbohydrates and their recognition by motif-specific carbohydrate-binding proteins or lectins, lagged far behind the studies that defined the structural and cellular biology of cell death. (nature.com)
  • [ 1 ] Neutrophils move to the site of invasion by means of chemotaxis, which occurs in response to microbial products, activated complement proteins, and cytokines. (medscape.com)
  • Endogenous synthesis of antigen results in efficient proteolytic peptide processing and presentation of peptide antigen on MHC class I proteins. (jci.org)
  • The present invention relates to antigen-binding proteins, or antigen-binding fragments thereof that bind to a glycan on the AXL receptor tyrosine kinase. (justia.com)
  • The present invention also relates to antigen-binding proteins, or antigen-binding fragment conjugated to a radioisotope or cytotoxin, and wherein said antigen-binding proteins, or antigen-binding fragment is internalised into a cell upon binding to AXL receptor tyrosine kinase. (justia.com)
  • The antigens that bind to MHC proteins are always short peptides , 8-10 amino acids long for MHC Class I, and up to 25 or so for MHC Class II. (wikidoc.org)
  • The antibody response to HIV-1 in vivo is direct against several viral proteins. (scielo.br)
  • In a very interesting chapter, Z. PANCER and M. D. COOPER first consider the emergence of lymphocytes as a novel circulatory cell type in vertebrates and then discuss phylogenetic aspects of the superfamily of LRR - containing proteins and their role in immunity. (scielo.br)
  • NLR has proven more useful than white blood cell count (WBC) when the two are directly compared.Jun 30, 2022 · Two NLR proteins encoded by genetically linked genes function together as paired NLRs. (baumaschinen-knell.de)
  • Expression of cytokines and chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was quite different in mice exposed to four particle types, as well as expression of antigen presentation-related surface proteins on BAL cells. (cdc.gov)
  • These antigens include organic dusts containing bacteria, fungi,4 animal or plant proteins, or low-molecular-weight chemicals. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, lamina propria T cells from the duodenum of these patients proliferated in response to milk proteins and secreted Th2 cytokines (IL-13). (medscape.com)
  • T and B lymphocytes, regulatory T cells), but not innate (i.e. macrophages and monocytes) immune cell responses in the intestinal tract. (nature.com)
  • T-cells and macrophages are classically thought to be responsible for triggering and orchestrating the immune response, inducing target cell death, recognizing immune stimuli, and removing cellular debris. (hindawi.com)
  • Two decades later, pioneering studies suggested that lectin-like molecules constitutively expressed on the surface of macrophages can selectively recognize changes on glycans decorating the surface of apoptotic thymocytes, 4 , 5 although these studies likewise did not provide substantial insight into the mechanisms by which lectin-glycan interactions regulate cell death. (nature.com)
  • Interleukin (IL)-6 is a cytokine produced by several cell types including antigen presenting cells (APC) such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells. (nih.gov)
  • umors use chemokine signals to draw monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages into the tumor microenvironment, where the cells become tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). (the-scientist.com)
  • Originating either from monocytes that come from bone marrow, or tissue-resident macrophages that arise during embryonic development, they can repress antitumor immunity by secreting cytokines such as IL-10, which blocks dendritic cell activation, and TGF-β, which blunts T-cell responses (1). (the-scientist.com)
  • At the same time, Tie2 + macrophages come together with cancer cells and blood vessel endothelial cells to form complexes, called tumor. (the-scientist.com)
  • Macrophages are also experts at phagocytosing and degrading foreign cells, including cancer cells (2). (the-scientist.com)
  • They are the first-line defense innate immune cells, commonly regarded as "brain resident macrophages" and the sole resident immune cell type in the CNS 4 . (atlasantibodies.com)
  • Ex vivo stimulation of alveolar macrophages from 2-wk animals demonstrated reduced cytokine responsiveness and phagocytic ability. (nebraska.edu)
  • They are essential in determining B cell antibody class switching , in the activation and growth of cytotoxic T cells , and in maximizing bactericidal activity of phagocytes such as macrophages . (wikidoc.org)
  • The activation of a resting helper T cell causes it to release cytokines and other stimulatory signals (green arrows) that stimulate the activity of macrophages , killer T cells and B cells , the latter producing antibodies . (wikidoc.org)
  • Professional antigen presenting cells are primarily dendritic cells , macrophages and B cells , although dendritic cells are the only cell group that expresses MHC Class II constitutively (at all times). (wikidoc.org)
  • CD274 is expressed on antigen-presenting cells including activated monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells, as well as, activated T cells, and keratinocytes. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The exaggerated immune response to repeated inhalation of these particles leads to infiltration and proliferation of activated pulmonary macrophages and lymphocytes, resulting in lymphocytic alveolitis and bronchiolitis with noncaseating granulomas. (cdc.gov)
  • Total cells, macrophages, and eosinophils recovered in BALF lavage were significantly elevated in the OVA + PM/OVA compared to OVA/OVA group. (cdc.gov)
  • As noted above, a more vigorous dendritic cell presentation of antigens could trigger the immune response by T-cells. (oncolink.org)
  • Lentiviral vector-based dendritic cell vaccines induce protective T cell responses against viral infection and cancer in animal models. (jci.org)
  • Vaccination by direct injection of lentiviral vector was more effective in sterile alpha motif and HD-domain containing protein 1-knockout (SAMHD1-knockout) mice, suggesting that lentiviral vectors containing Vpx, a lentiviral protein that increases the efficiency of dendritic cell transduction by inducing the degradation of SAMHD1, would be an effective strategy for the treatment of chronic disease in humans. (jci.org)
  • These properties have made lentiviral vectors advantageous for use in dendritic cell (DC) vaccines. (jci.org)
  • We will focus on how dendritic cell subsets change the balance between major players in autoimmunity, namely Th1, Th17 and regulatory T cells. (uwo.ca)
  • Among their other immunological properties, MSC inhibit lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production, suppress dendritic cell function and alter DC cytokine production, and decrease IFN-g production by NK cells. (vin.com)
  • Ly6C high MC presented downregulated co-stimulatory receptors (CD2, GITR, and TIM1) which direct immune cell proliferation, and upregulated co-stimulatory ligands (LIGHT and SEMA4A) which trigger antigen priming and differentiation. (frontiersin.org)
  • IL-6 is involved in the acute phase response, B cell maturation, and macrophage differentiation. (nih.gov)
  • IL-6 activates transcription mediated by nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) leading to production of IL-4 by nai;ve CD4(+) T cells and their differentiation into effector Th2 cells. (nih.gov)
  • IL-6 inhibits Th1 differentiation by upregulating supressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1 expression to interfere with IFNgamma signaling and the development of Th1 cells. (nih.gov)
  • Cluster of differentiation (CD) 4 + T cells are essential organizers of cell-mediated immunity, participating in each stage of the immune response. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In this context, a new molecule, B-cell activating factor (BAFF), has emerged as a positive regulator of B cell survival and differentiation functioning through various signaling pathways and potentiating the activity of various receptor complexes through pleiotropic means. (medsci.org)
  • 2016). Natural killer cell-based adoptive immunotherapy eradicates and drives differentiation of chemoresistant bladder cancer stem-like cells. (springer.com)
  • Signal transduction down the Ras/MAPK pathway, including that critical to T cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation, has been generally considered to occur at the plasma membrane. (scielo.br)
  • Within weeks of birth, a separate wave of Treg cell differentiation occurs in the periphery upon exposure to antigens derived from the diet and commensal microbiota5-8, yet the cell types responsible for the generation of peripheral Treg (pTreg) cells have not been identified. (bvsalud.org)
  • We uncover a developmental wave of Thetis cells within intestinal lymph nodes during a critical window in early life, coinciding with the wave of pTreg cell differentiation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Loss of either major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) or ITGB8 by Thetis cells led to a profound impairment in intestinal pTreg differentiation, with ensuing colitis. (bvsalud.org)
  • There is recognition of the peptide antigen by T-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Glycosylation of classical death receptors fine-tunes cell death programs. (nature.com)
  • The generation of receptors specific for antigens is a unique and complex process that generates 10 12 specific receptors for each cell type of the adaptive immune system, including T and B cells. (medscape.com)
  • Various cell types can process and present these antigens to T cells, or antigens may be soluble and bound to B-cell receptors. (medscape.com)
  • The presented data support a role of TAM receptors, and disputes a role of TET2, in controlling myeloid cell responses during EAE. (listlabs.com)
  • The prevalence of Th17 cells and their receptors in patients with LSCC was studied using immunohistochemical analysis via tissue microarray technology. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The immune system utilizes sensors on immune cells named pattern recognition receptors to recognize invading pathogens and foreign substances. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • These receptors trigger a plethora of immune responses that confer protection against infection and could also contribute to unwanted exacerbated immune responses. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • However, we know very little of how these receptors, in particular Dectin-1, influences adaptive immune responses to fungi. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • 2014). Human NK cells: From surface receptors to the therapy of leukemias and solid tumors. (springer.com)
  • Jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) generate a diverse repertoire of B and T cell antigen receptors through the rearrangement of immunoglobulin V, D, and J gene fragments, whereas jawless fish (agnathans) assemble diverse lymphocyte antigen receptor genes through the genomic rearrangement of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) - encoding molecules. (scielo.br)
  • In this review, we will address the nature of the inflammatory response in the context of autoimmune disease, specifically we will discuss the role of dendritic cells following stimulation of their innate pathogen recognition receptors in directing the development of T cell responses. (uwo.ca)
  • Microbial products such as adjuvants that function as TLR ligands may stimulate the immune system by interacting with Toll-like receptors (TLR) on antigen presenting cells. (uwo.ca)
  • The conjugated vaccine is exposed to lymphocytes by antigen-presenting cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ly6C low MC manifested activated T-cell signaling pathways and potentially can adapt the function of lymphocytes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Natural-killer (NK) cells are specialized lymphocytes that have cytotoxic properties in addition to their ability to produce cytokines that assist in the orchestration of adaptive immunity. (medscape.com)
  • The adaptive immune system consists of 2 types of lymphocytes: T cells (70-75% of the adaptive immune force) and B cells (10-20% of the adaptive immune force). (medscape.com)
  • The current and upcoming biological agents are primarily aimed at neutralizing circulating and cell-bound pro-inflammatory cytokines, interfering in the interaction of antigen-presenting and T-lymphocytes, eliminating circulating B-lymphocytes or by interfering with the intracellular signaling mechanisms of immuno-competent cells that lead to inflammation. (dovepress.com)
  • Blockade of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) in Sézary syndrome reduces Th2 phenotype of non-tumoral T lymphocytes but may enhance tumor proliferation. (chuv.ch)
  • T helper cells (also known as effector T cells or T h cells ) are a sub-group of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell or leukocyte ) that plays an important role in establishing and maximizing the capabilities of the immune system . (wikidoc.org)
  • Evidence for CD4 + T-cell involvement in autoimmune disease pathogenesis and for paracrine calcitriol signaling to CD4 + T lymphocytes is summarized to support the thesis that calcitriol is sunlight's main protective signal transducer in autoimmune disease risk. (frontiersin.org)
  • Gene-environment interactions, sunlight and vitamin D, and T lymphocytes as autoimmune disease initiators and vitamin D targets are discussed to explain the rationale for reviewing vitamin D mechanisms in T cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Exposure to an allergen at threshold levels causes antigen presenting cells to assign the allergen to CD4+ lymphocytes. (platformqhealth.com)
  • These antibodies are produced by plasma cells, which are derived from B lymphocytes. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Total cell number, mononuclear phagocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, and LDH levels were significantly increased in ASB and CNT-exposed mice. (cdc.gov)
  • Le pourcentage de CD44 dans les lymphocytes T périphériques était significativement plus élevé chez les patients que chez les témoins, comme détecté par la cytométrie en flux. (who.int)
  • Lymphocytes, B and T cells, can respond selectively to thousands of non-self materials. (lu.se)
  • The MIH1 antibody blocks CD279 binding to CD274 and can enhance the proliferation and cytokine production of activated T cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Mechanisms such as the immune/inflammatory response to injury appear to contribute substantially to muscle pathophysiology. (hindawi.com)
  • Immune/inflammatory-mediated mechanisms, which result in muscle cell death and/or mechanisms leading to fibrosis, may be important initiators of lesions in dystrophin-deficient muscle. (hindawi.com)
  • A vast amount of research exists on the possible molecular mechanisms through which vitamin D affects cancer cell proliferation, cancer progression, angiogenesis, and inflammation. (mdpi.com)
  • however, mechanisms through which these bioactive compounds act on epithelial cells have not been identified. (biorxiv.org)
  • We argue that the impaired interferon-I and -III response of severe COVID-19 is reminiscent of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and influenza pathobiology, suggesting conserved virulence mechanisms among these viruses. (ersjournals.com)
  • In summary, this experimental study convincingly confirmed that the PV mouse model reproduces the principle mechanisms of HLA-dependent and human Dsg3-specific induction of CD4+ T and B cell responses observed in PV patients. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Considerable research has been done into preparations that simulate immune mechanisms, in particular non-specific cell-mediated and humoral immunity, in the youngest animals [1,2,3,4,5]. (researchsquare.com)
  • Understanding of molecular mechanisms in natural killer cell therapy. (springer.com)
  • We aim to understand the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms and their impact on development of skin T cell responses against non-self/cancer, immune suppression and superinfection. (chuv.ch)
  • CTLA-4 (CD152) can inhibit T cell activation by two different mechanisms depending on its level of cell surface expression. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Research on vitamin D regulation of thymocyte selection, Th1 and Th17 cells, T-cell programed cell death, and T-regulatory (Treg) cells is summarized and integrated into model mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
  • Finally, unanswered questions relating to vitamin D mechanisms in CD4 + T cells are highlighted to promote further research that may lead to a deeper understanding of autoimmune disease molecular etiology. (frontiersin.org)
  • The field of Lymphocyte Surface Antigens and Activation Mechanisms is examined in two chapters. (scielo.br)
  • Endocrinology, by definition, focuses on homeostatic, and cell‑to‑cell and tissue‑to‑tissue communication mechanisms. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Furthermore, the placebo response in certain dermatologic disorders is greater than 30%, which further emphasizes the importance of psychosomatic mechanisms in dermatology. (psychiatrictimes.com)
  • Our findings suggest that fine PM enhances allergic inflammatory response in pulmonary tissue through mechanisms involving increased oxidative stress. (cdc.gov)
  • The surface of the living cells is decorated by a complex layer of glycosylated molecules that store relevant biological information. (nature.com)
  • DCs express lymphocyte costimulatory molecules that migrate to lymphoid organs and secrete cytokines to initiate immune responses. (bmj.com)
  • In the late phase response, the chemical mediators released by the mast cells promote the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecules and E-selectin. (platformqhealth.com)
  • These molecules can be characterized using human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) typing. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • For example, MSC are poor antigen presenting cells and do not express MHC class II or co-stimulatory molecules and only low levels of MHC class I molecules. (vin.com)
  • Beryllium is presented to CD4 + T cells by antigen-presenting cells, principally in HLA-DP molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Eosinophils function as antigen presenting cells as they express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. (medscape.com)
  • CD117 by immunohistochemical methods sion molecules, involved in cell-cell and in order to clarify the role of the infiltrating cell matrix interactions and thought to take inflammatory cells in the pathomechanisms part in cell motility [ 2,3 ]. (who.int)
  • Deficiencies are highly variable with regard to symptoms, phenotype, genotype, severity, etc, because many cells and molecules are required for both natural and adaptive immunity . (lu.se)
  • A particular PID can be caused by defects in any one of several molecules that are required for certain responses, because a defect in any of the sequential steps can impair the system. (lu.se)
  • Binding of complement to a foreign substance, or antigen, amplifies and augments the body's innate immune system by means of its role as an opsonin (a factor that enhances phagocytosis of unwanted particles) and as a chemoattractant (a factor that recruits cells to areas of inflammation). (medscape.com)
  • Cytokine upregulation causes skin inflammation and hyperproliferation. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Interleukin (IL)17-producing Th17 cells, which are different from Th1 and Th2 cells, have been described as serving critical roles in inflammation and autoimmune diseases, as well as in cancer development ( 8 - 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • A substantial buildup of amyloid Aβ in AD-patients induces inflammation and glial cell activation leading to a vicious cycle and increased Aβ- formation. (atlasantibodies.com)
  • IL-4 abrogates T(H)17 cell-mediated inflammation by selective silencing of IL-23 in antigen-presenting cells. (chuv.ch)
  • Th1 and Th17 cells are known to be cellular mediators of inflammation in autoimmune diseases. (uwo.ca)
  • The specific cytokine milieu within the site of inflammation or within secondary lymphatic tissues is important during the priming and effector phases of T cell response. (uwo.ca)
  • The induction of innate immunity by these microbial products alters the balance in the cytokine microenvironment and may be responsible for modulation of the inflammation and protection from autoimmunity. (uwo.ca)
  • This study investigated effects of four fibrous materials, i.e. nanofibrillar/nanocrystalline celluloses (NCF and CNC), single-walled carbon nanotube s (CNTs), and crocidolite asbestos (ASB), on pulmonary inflammation and immune responses found in the lungs, as well as the effects on spleen and peripheral blood immune cell subsets. (cdc.gov)
  • 6). Lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and plasma were analyzed for cellular inflammation, cytokines, immunoglobulin E and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. (cdc.gov)
  • Ly6C high MC exhibited activated neutrophil degranulation, lysosome, cytokine production/receptor interaction and myeloid cell activation pathways, and Ly6C low MC presented features of lymphocyte immunity pathways in both mice. (frontiersin.org)
  • Following B-cell receptor activation, 2 waves of tyrosine kinase phosphorylation occur. (medscape.com)
  • X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), also known as Bruton agammaglobulinemia, results from a mutation of the BTK gene, which encodes the pre-B-cell receptor (Pre-BCR) and BCR. (medscape.com)
  • Furthermore, the proliferation of Th17 cells and Th17‑associated cytokines, including interleukin (IL)17, IL23 and RAR‑related orphan receptor γt, was analyzed by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) has been identified as the major target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy in adults. (medscape.com)
  • Such therapy functions through mediating alterations in antigen or receptor function, modulating the immune system or delivering a specific drug that is conjugated to an antibody that targets a specific antigen. (justia.com)
  • In one aspect, there is provided an antigen-binding protein, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof that competes with the antigen binding protein as defined herein for binding to AXL receptor tyrosine kinase. (justia.com)
  • Helper T cells recognize these, with the help of their expression of CD4 co-receptor ( CD4+ ). (wikidoc.org)
  • Like all T cells, they express the T cell receptor / CD3 complex. (wikidoc.org)
  • The T cell receptor (TcR) consists of both constant and variable regions, the latter of which determines what antigen the T cell can respond to. (wikidoc.org)
  • first focus on transcription factors and other parameters, such as cytokine receptor signaling. (scielo.br)
  • Evidence has recently been obtained that two very different recombinatorial systems for lymphocyte antigen receptor diversification appeared at the beginning of vertebrate evolution approximately 500 million years ago. (scielo.br)
  • IgE is mostly found on the tissue of the mast cells that contain this receptor. (platformqhealth.com)
  • Monocytes (MC) are bone marrow (BM) derived mononuclear phagocytes that play an important role in innate immune response and are the major immune cell population in chronic tissue inflammatory ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD) is a common complication following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) caused by cellular and inflammatory factors, including those arising from monocytes and dendritic cells as integral parts of the immune system. (magiran.com)
  • Aim of the second part of this doctoral thesis was to investigate Dsg3-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in a novel human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*04:02-transgenic (tg) mouse model of PV under the genetic restriction by HLA-DRB1*04:02. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Myeloid cells contribute to pathogenesis by producing cytotoxic factors and presenting antigen to encephalitogenic T cells. (listlabs.com)
  • Considering these facts, it could be concluded that pro-inflammatory Th17 cells may have extensive effects on LSCC pathogenesis and anti-tumor response. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has elicited a swift response by the scientific community to elucidate the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced lung injury and develop effective therapeutics. (ersjournals.com)
  • In this review we connect the current understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle and host response to the clinical presentation of COVID-19, borrowing concepts from influenza A virus-induced ARDS pathogenesis and discussing how these ideas inform our evolving understanding of COVID-19-induced ARDS. (ersjournals.com)
  • Aim of the first part of this doctoral thesis was to investigate antigen-presenting cells (APC) and APC-derived cytokines, as well as their relation to T helper (Th) cell subsets and the auto-ab response in the pathogenesis of pemphigus. (uni-marburg.de)
  • The occurrence of PV being associated with the presence of specific HLA class II alleles thereby reflects the high relevance of autoreactive CD4+ T cells in disease pathogenesis. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Bobrowicz M., Fassnacht C., Ignatova D., Chang Y.T., Dimitriou F., Guenova E. (2020) Pathogenesis and Therapy of Primary Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma: Collegium Internationale Allergologicum (CIA) Update 2020. (chuv.ch)
  • Animal modeling and human mechanistic data are summarized to support the view that vitamin D probably influences thymic negative selection, effector Th1 and Th17 pathogenesis and responsiveness to extrinsic cell death signals, FoxP3 + CD4 + T-regulatory cell and CD4 + T-regulatory cell type 1 (Tr1) cell functions, and a Th1-Tr1 switch. (frontiersin.org)
  • Although these diseases are idiopathic, recent investigations support the role of eosinophils, T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines (interleukin [IL]-3, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13), and eotaxin as the critical factors in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic gastroenteritis. (medscape.com)
  • Cytokines have been suggested to play an important role in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including the potentially fatal blistering disease, oral pemphigus vulgaris (PV). (bvsalud.org)
  • Recently, there has been increasing interest in the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including the potentially fatal blistering disease, PV 1-2,4,8-13 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Adjuvants are substances with aluminum content that strengthen immunity by improving the immune reaction to the antigen. (wikipedia.org)
  • How do C-type lectins tailor adaptive immunity following phagocytosis of apoptotic cells? (nature.com)
  • Innate immunity resides in the skin, mucous membranes, polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, complement system, and a select group of cells that possess cytotoxic capabilities. (medscape.com)
  • Conclusion HMB stimulates non-specific cell-mediated immunity, which is a very important consideration in newborn calves that are exposed to adverse environmental factors in the first weeks of their life. (researchsquare.com)
  • Vaccine strategies that concentrate on stimulating T cell immunity will at best generate reactive and persisting T cell responses that can suppress virus without preventing infection, limiting or preventing the damage the virus cause. (scielo.br)
  • The ability of CD4+ effector cells to contribute to antitumour immunity independently of CD8+ T cells is increasingly recognized, but strategies to unleash their full potential remain to be identified7-10. (bvsalud.org)
  • The morphology and densities of conjunctival epithelial cells, goblet cells (GCs), dendritic cells (DCs) and the positive rate of conjunctival microcysts were analysed. (bmj.com)
  • Results The morphology and the densities of both conjunctival epithelial cells and GCs showed no significant age-related differences. (bmj.com)
  • Dust exposure induced PKCα and -ε activation in isolated tracheal epithelial cells but were dampened with repetitive exposures. (nebraska.edu)
  • CD274 is also expressed on placental trophoblasts, myocardial endothelium, cortical thymic epithelial cells, and on most carcinomas. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • 4,6,7 It has been proposed that some of these MSC may actually differentiate into functional renal tubular epithelial cells, though this theory remains controversial. (vin.com)
  • Within the thymus, medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) expressing autoimmune regulator (AIRE) have a critical role in self-tolerance through deletion of autoreactive T cells and promotion of thymic regulatory T (Treg) cell development1-4. (bvsalud.org)
  • In vivo , CWO induced transcriptional changes in immune-related genes, resulting in cytotoxic T cell-dependent tumor regression. (biorxiv.org)
  • NK cell proliferation, phenotypic expression and cytotoxic activity were evaluated. (springer.com)
  • For example, there are sub-groups of suppressor T cells , natural killer T cells , and cytotoxic T cells that are known to express CD4 (although cytotoxic examples have been observed in extremely low numbers in specific disease states, they are usually considered non-existent). (wikidoc.org)
  • Antigen presentation stimulates T cells to become either "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or "helper" CD4+ cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) (also known as CD152) is a major negative regulator of T cell responses which interacts with the B7-1 (CD80) / B7-2 (CD86) ligands on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell. (scielo.br)
  • In certain lymphomas, the immunoglobulin antigen that the lymphoid cell is supposed to be producing becomes mutated, and hence a potential target for vaccines. (oncolink.org)
  • B-cell disorders are divided into defects of B-cell development/immunoglobulin production ( immunodeficiencies ) and excessive/uncontrolled proliferation ( lymphomas , leukemias ). (medscape.com)
  • Memory cells travel to the primary follicle, where, after exposure to dendritic cells, they differentiate into centroblasts (immunoglobulin class-switch). (medscape.com)
  • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, also known as extrinsic allergic alveolitis, is an uncommon non-immunoglobulin E (IgE), T-helper cell type 1 (Th1)-mediated inflam- matory pulmonary disease with systemic symptoms resulting from repeated inhalation and subsequent sensitization to a large variety of aerosolized antigenic organic dust particles. (cdc.gov)
  • 1) Antibody deficiency disorders are defects in immunoglobulin-producing B cells . (lu.se)
  • T helper cells release cytokines that promote IgE production, eosinophil chemoattraction, eosinophil survival and mast cell recruitment. (platformqhealth.com)
  • NK cells are specialized effectors of the innate immune system that destroy their targets by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, have prominent antitumor effects, and are potent killers of virally infected cells. (medscape.com)
  • Other cellular components of the innate immune system include mononuclear phagocytes, dendritic cells, and NK cells. (medscape.com)
  • There were also significant differences in microbial composition in dust samples and in innate immune cells between the two groups of children. (medscape.com)
  • The prototypic member of this family, Dectin-1, identified by Prof. Gordon Brown, plays a central role in mounting a protective innate immune response against fungal infections. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • Collectively, intranasal exposure to DE results in significant lung inflammatory and pathological responses marked by a modulated innate immune response to single and repetitive dust exposures that is associated with PKC activity. (nebraska.edu)
  • However, its dual role in both the activation and suppression of innate immune responses makes it very difficult to use the results from gathered basic research and apply them to the development of clinical trials. (mdpi.com)
  • Study of the inflammatory process following encounter with agents that stimulate the innate immune responses such as adjuvants opens a new horizon for the discovery of therapeutic agents including those derived from microorganisms. (uwo.ca)
  • We show that T helper type 1 cell-directed CD4+ T cells and innate immune stimulation reprogramme the tumour-associated myeloid cell network towards interferon-activated antigen-presenting and iNOS-expressing tumouricidal effector phenotypes. (bvsalud.org)
  • These results warrant the clinical exploitation of this ability of CD4+ T cells and innate immune stimulators in a strategy to complement the direct cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells and advance cancer immunotherapies. (bvsalud.org)
  • We know that innate immune cells are required for blastema progenitor cell formation, but are lacking an understanding of the immune cell processes and functions that are required for inducing and maintaining these progenitors cells. (lu.se)
  • This project will delve into innate immune cell function, establishing in vitro and in vivo systems test innate immune cell function in regeneration. (lu.se)
  • Rather than attempting to determine the exact antigen on the cancer cells themselves, an alternative approach has been to isolate and to study the immunogobulins that our bodies have produced in recognition of these foreign antigens. (oncolink.org)
  • These cells, such as dendritic cells, process foreign antigens and then present them to T-cells, causing their intense activation. (oncolink.org)
  • Establishing and maintaining tolerance to self-antigens or innocuous foreign antigens is vital for the preservation of organismal health. (bvsalud.org)
  • Our studies reveal parallel pathways for the establishment of tolerance to self and foreign antigens in the thymus and periphery, respectively, marked by the involvement of shared cellular and transcriptional programmes. (bvsalud.org)
  • In conclusion, immunomodulatory probiotic species might offer valuable strategies for prophylaxis and/or treatment of C . jejuni induced intestinal, extra-intestinal as well as systemic pro-inflammatory immune responses in vivo . (nature.com)
  • These secondary abiotic mice could be stably infected with the pathogen and exhibited key features of human campylobacteriosis including apoptosis and pro-inflammatory immune responses in the large intestines 12 . (nature.com)
  • Observations of activated immune cell infiltrates in dystrophic muscle suggest that the immune/inflammatory response may play a role in exacerbating the disease [ 8 - 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Asthma results from complex interactions among inflammatory cells, their mediators, airway epithelium and smooth muscle, and the nervous system. (medscape.com)
  • Conversely, they can mitigate damage through the phagocytosis of harmful debris and release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. (listlabs.com)
  • The epigenetic profile of myeloid cells influences their phenotype and function in various models of inflammatory disease. (listlabs.com)
  • Recently, ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2), an epigenetic modifier that can suppress pro-inflammatory functions in myeloid cells, was identified as a susceptibility locus for MS. TET2 uniquely oxidizes methylcytosine to 5 hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) and facilitates the active demethylation pathway. (listlabs.com)
  • The objective of our study was to investigate the hypothesis that TET2 protects against aberrant myeloid cell activation during EAE, and that reductions in TET2 activity are a critical step in the development of a pro-inflammatory myeloid cell response. (listlabs.com)
  • The inflammatory response is characterized by a host of cellular and molecular aberrations within the brain. (atlasantibodies.com)
  • Microglial cells are very plastic and readily adopt into distinct phenotypes, including the classical activated "pro-inflammatory" (M1) state and the alternatively activated "immunomodulatory" (M2) state in response to various stimulations 5 . (atlasantibodies.com)
  • In fact, as antigen-presenting cells (APC), microglia are endowed with the ability to release pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines into the CNS tissue microenvironment. (atlasantibodies.com)
  • Our group performs research at the crossroads of immunology and tumor biology, with a focus on primary cutaneous cell lymphomas and inflammatory skin diseases. (chuv.ch)
  • Organic dust exposure in agricultural environments results in an inflammatory response that attenuates over time, but repetitive exposures can result in chronic respiratory disease. (nebraska.edu)
  • Th17 cells, once thought to only act as pathogenic effectors through production of IL-17, have been shown to have regulatory properties as well with co-production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 by a subset now referred to as regulatory Th17 cells. (uwo.ca)
  • Chemoattractants such as IL-5 aid the infiltration of the mucosa with inflammatory cells. (platformqhealth.com)
  • These cells are then activated leading to the release of inflammatory mediators reactivating many of the proinflammatory processes observed in the early phase reactions. (platformqhealth.com)
  • In addition, ITI-3000 induced changes in the tumor microenvironment, including increased numbers of CD4 and CD8 T cells, reduced frequency of myeloid cells, and enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine production. (biospace.com)
  • Together, CD4+ T cells and tumouricidal myeloid cells orchestrate the induction of remote inflammatory cell death that indirectly eradicates interferon-unresponsive and MHC-deficient tumours. (bvsalud.org)
  • There are two hallmark phenotypes of allergic asthma: (1) inflammatory, due to a T helper cell type 2 (Th2)-mediated immune response resulting in elevated inflammatory cells in the airways, and (2) airway hyper-reactivity, during which volume and flow of inhaled air decreases as a consequence of airway constriction. (cdc.gov)
  • Cytokines are regulatory compounds produced by cells of the immune system [T(H)1 and T(H)2] and act as intracellular mediators and control the immune and inflammatory reponses 9 . (bvsalud.org)
  • B and T cells, type 2 dendritic cells, and natural killer (NK) cells share a common ancestor: common lymphoid progenitor (CLP). (medscape.com)
  • Secondary B lymphopoiesis is an antigen-dependent process and occurs in the germinal center of peripheral lymphoid organs with specific antibody production. (medscape.com)
  • Secondary lymphopoiesis (SL) begins when mature B cells enter the extrafollicular area of lymphoid tissue and differentiate into short-lived plasma cells and memory cells after being stimulated by antigen-presenting cells. (medscape.com)
  • Next, an overview of several current models of hematopoietic lineage trees to identify developmental branching points between the lymphoid and myeloid cell compartments is discussed. (scielo.br)
  • By contrast, MHCII expression by RORγt+ group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) and classical dendritic cells was neither sufficient nor required for pTreg generation, further implicating TC IV as the tolerogenic RORγt+ antigen-presenting cell with an essential function in early life. (bvsalud.org)
  • Murine MC are divided into three subsets based on surface expression of lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus C (Ly6C) ( 3 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The aim of this study was to assess how exposure to fine PM collected from Sacramento, CA, shapes the allergic airway immune response in BALB/c mice undergoing sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin (OVA). (cdc.gov)
  • The body responds with an immune response characterized by cytokine release that elevates tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, interleukin (IL)-12, IL-23, IL-17, and interferon gamma. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • We also explore the potential aetiologies of the lymphopenia associated with severe COVID-19: the virus' expanded tropism, elevated serum cytokines (particularly interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α), and excessive lymphocyte recruitment to the lungs. (ersjournals.com)
  • Some companies have tested candidate vaccines in clinical trials, but evidence failed to show the adequate antibody responses or exhibit superior efficacy to factors concerning placebo. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was further demonstrated that Th17 cells could be induced and expanded in the tumor microenvironment through cytokines produced by the tumor cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In addition, the LSCC microenvironment was identified as a strong Th17-cell inducer. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Naïve resting microglia cells are essentially immobile and continuously scan the CNS microenvironment for "danger signals" with their highly motile pseudopodial extensions. (atlasantibodies.com)
  • Different cues produced within the CNS tissue microenvironment choreograph the microglia specification to enable the dramatic changes of the activation state of these cells. (atlasantibodies.com)
  • The DCs are then pulsed with synthetic peptide or cell lysate and matured with cytokine or TLR agonists. (jci.org)
  • Once at the lymph nodes, the APC begins to present antigen peptides that are bound to Class II MHC, allowing CD4 + T cells that express specific TcR's against the peptide/MHC complex to activate. (wikidoc.org)
  • Shaping of natural killer cell antitumor activity by ex vivo cultivation. (springer.com)
  • In this study, we tested whether preventative and therapeutic vaccination could be achieved by direct injection of antigen-expressing lentiviral vector, obviating the need for ex vivo transduction of dendritic cells. (jci.org)
  • Mesenchymal stem cells clearly modulate immune responses, as demonstrated by both in vitro and in vivo studies. (vin.com)
  • To activate antigen-specific CD4 T cells in vivo, the investigators utilized the nucleic acid vaccine platform, UNITE (UNiversal Intracellular Targeted Expression), which fuses a tumor-associated antigen with lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1). (biospace.com)
  • Inspired from developmental processes, human mesenchymal cell lines can be programmed to form cartilage, bone and bone marrow tissues in vitro and in vivo. (lu.se)
  • In preclinical and clinical studies, progenitor cell therapy (cord blood and mesenchymal stem cells) has shown promise in reversing the underlying pathology of SNHL, the loss of cochlear sensory hair cells. (intechopen.com)
  • Progenitor cell therapy may also allow functional reorganization of the auditory pathways including primary auditory cortex (Heschl's gyrus). (intechopen.com)
  • We will present a summary of the effect of hearing loss on auditory development, existing preclinical and clinical data on progenitor cell therapy, and its potential role in the (re)habilitation of non-genetic SNHL. (intechopen.com)
  • In the bone marrow, IL-5 promotes CD34+ synthesis leading to progenitor cells differentiating into mast cells. (platformqhealth.com)
  • This process relies on the formation of a blastema, a pool of progenitor cells that is formed in response to amputation. (lu.se)
  • In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory effect of the hematopoietic progenitor activator cytokine, Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3-ligand (FL) when co-administered with the rVCG-Pmp18.1 vaccine as a strategy to enhance the protective efficacy and the potential mechanism of immunomodulation. (cdc.gov)
  • TH2 cytokines from malignant cells suppress TH1 responses and enforce a global TH2 bias in leukemic cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. (chuv.ch)
  • 5] Both EM minor and major are considered to be delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions that result from a T-cell mediated immune reaction to the causative agent. (jcadonline.com)
  • 10 Galectins can function inside the cells by modulating signaling pathways, 11 although they also act extracellularly by establishing multivalent interactions with cell surface glycans and delivering signals that lead to disruption of cellular homeostasis. (nature.com)
  • Enhancement of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity is associated with treatment response to extracorporeal photopheresis in Sézary syndrome. (chuv.ch)
  • The multi‑dimensional nature of their roles in cellular homeostasis, cell‑to‑cell and tissue‑to‑tissue communication at the level of the organism, as well as their actions on the holobiome (intra‑/interspecies interaction), have garnered the interest of a large number of researchers. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • They are an integral part of the later phase of the cellular stress response, i.e. the stress-induced senescence-like phenotype, as well as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque gradient from the blood samples collected at days 0, 7, 14, 28, and final day of transplantation. (magiran.com)
  • Flow cytometry was used to investigate the percentage of Th17 and Th1 cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • These cytokines amplify the immune response, resulting in formation of mononuclear cell infiltrates and noncaseating granulomas in target organs where beryllium has deposited. (msdmanuals.com)
  • We also consider important differences between COVID-19 and influenza, mainly the protean clinical presentation and associated lymphopenia of COVID-19, the contrasting role of interferon-γ in mediating the host immune response to these viruses, and the tropism for vascular endothelial cells of SARS-CoV-2, commenting on the potential limitations of influenza as a model for COVID-19. (ersjournals.com)
  • Specifically, we argue that the hypercoagulable and hyperinflammatory state of severe COVID-19 is a consequence of the expanded tropism of SARS-CoV-2, which allows it to infect vascular endothelial cells, and that cytokine storm physiology contributes to a lesser degree. (ersjournals.com)
  • This leads to the adhesion of circulating leukocytes to the endothelial cells. (platformqhealth.com)
  • Nicotine vaccine uses active immunization as the methodology to create polyclonal antibodies to the antigens, which is then used to treat drug abuse. (wikipedia.org)
  • The conjugate vaccine produces a strong immunogenic response from the body by stimulating the production of antibodies, which is administered through a vaccination. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conjugated immunogens are injected to deliver the vaccine, which activates B and T cells in a T cell-dependent manner to create polyclonal anti-nicotine antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • The vaccine formulations targeting these antigens have caused a relatively weak immune response. (oncolink.org)
  • Interferon- g is a potential vaccine agent that could be used, as it generates mature dendritic cells. (oncolink.org)
  • The Chi-square test, multivariable logistic regression analysis, and sum-rank test were used to analyze the factors associated with influenza vaccine immune response. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These posters to be presented at the AACR Meeting focus on the investigational nucleic acid platform, UNITE™ (UNiversal Intracellular Targeted Expression) for two vaccines, ITI-3000 for Merkel cell carcinoma (targeting the large T antigen of the Merkel cell polyomavirus) and Her2/Neu-LAMP DNA vaccine, both of which fuse a tumor associated antigen with lysosomal associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP-1). (biospace.com)
  • This presentation reports results of pre-clinical mouse studies of a cancer vaccine that promotes potent, antigen-specific CD4 T cell responses to MCPγV-LT. The majority of Merkel cell carcinomas (MCC), a rare and highly aggressive type of neuroendocrine skin cancer, are associated with Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) infection. (biospace.com)
  • This presentation reports results of preclinical mouse studies on a HER2/Neu-LAMP DNA vaccine that included a bicistronic DNA construct in which both the tumor antigen (HER2) fused with LAMP-1 (lysosomal- associated membrane protein 1) and sCD40L were expressed separately. (biospace.com)
  • Most clinically applied cancer immunotherapies rely on the ability of CD8+ cytolytic T cells to directly recognize and kill tumour cells1-3. (bvsalud.org)
  • These strategies are limited by the emergence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-deficient tumour cells and the formation of an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment4-6. (bvsalud.org)
  • The CD4+ effector T cells preferentially cluster at tumour invasive margins where they interact with MHC-II+CD11c+ antigen-presenting cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • SUMMARY BLURB Essential oil derived from the camphor tree acts by stimulating immune cell-dependent regression of skin tumors in a mouse model of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. (biorxiv.org)
  • The present study investigated the expression of T helper (Th)17 cytokines in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and their clinical significance in providing new therapeutic insights. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • This effect was dependent on the CD4 T cells ability to produce IFNγ (interferon gamma), suggesting the potential mechanism of action of ITI-3000. (biospace.com)
  • Histopathological analyses of CNS tissue from individuals with MS and mice with the murine model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) have revealed substantial myeloid cell infiltration within inflamed lesions. (listlabs.com)
  • The fundamental basis of antibody-based cancer therapy is the fact that cancerous tissues express an array of antigens that may be overexpressed, selectively expressed or mutated compared to normal, non-cancerous tissue. (justia.com)
  • Antibodies against a specific antigen on a cancerous tissue can be used to target and kill the cancerous tissue. (justia.com)
  • Exosomes, via their cargo or surface composition, are signals/mediators of systemic homeostasis and stress for specific cell-to-cell or tissue-to-tissue communication ( 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • It plays a key role in mobilizing mast cells into the circulation, where they travel to tissue sites. (platformqhealth.com)
  • Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent but not pluripotent, which means they can differentiate into some, or "multiple," but not all tissue types. (vin.com)
  • Cell-to-cell interactions set off a cascade of events that may result in T- or B-cell activation and, ultimately, host defense. (medscape.com)
  • It is also shown that lnc-DC knockdown reduces T-cell activation and cytokine release. (magiran.com)
  • Since IL-6 is abundantly produced by APC, it is a likely source of early Th1/Th2 control during CD4(+) T cell activation. (nih.gov)
  • In cultured keratinocytes, CWO stimulated calcium signaling, resulting in calcineurin-dependent activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). (biorxiv.org)
  • Furthermore, similarly augmented plasma levels of IL-21 playing a crucial role in B cell activation possibly indicate the mechanism of an IL-27-mediated activation of IL-21-producing Tfh cells. (uni-marburg.de)
  • NK expansion and activation were stimulated by culture with artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) and IL-2, in the presence or absence of BM-MSCs. (springer.com)
  • Blockade of programmed death-1 ligand on dendritic cells enhances T cell activation and cytokine production. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • PD-L2 is a second ligand for PD-1 and inhibits T cell activation. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • After activation, leukotrienes and cytokines are made and can lead to very unpleasant symptoms. (platformqhealth.com)
  • Secondary T lymphopoiesis is also an antigen-dependent process and occurs in the thymus. (medscape.com)
  • Following T cell development , matured, naïve (meaning they have never been exposed to the antigen to which they can respond) T cells leave the thymus and begin to spread throughout the body, including the lymph nodes . (wikidoc.org)
  • CD4 + T cells have TcRs with an affinity for Class II MHC, and it is believed that CD4 is involved in determining MHC affinity during maturation in the thymus . (wikidoc.org)
  • However, clear evidence for functional NK cell subsets exists in humans and the presence of NK cells in the thymus and immature NK cells in the liver suggests specific functions for NK cells in the tissues. (scielo.br)
  • The injection of chronically infected mice with a lentiviral vector encoding LCMV MHC class I and II T cell epitopes and a soluble programmed cell death 1 microbody rapidly cleared the virus. (jci.org)
  • The bi-stable switch would enable T cells to integrate signals from pathogens, hormones, cell-cell interactions, and soluble mediators and respond in a biologically appropriate manner. (frontiersin.org)
  • En outre, il y avait une aug- mentation significative de la forme soluble du c-kit dans le sérum des patients atteints de pemphigus vulgaire actif par rapport aux témoins. (who.int)
  • That causes naïve T cells in the skin to differentiate into T helper-1 and T helper-17 cells. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • The immune cells play various roles in the tumor-some that assist cancer's spread, and others that hinder it. (the-scientist.com)
  • they cannot kill infected host (also known as somatic ) cells or pathogens , and without other immune cells they would usually be considered useless against an infection. (wikidoc.org)
  • T h cells are involved in activating and directing other immune cells, and are particularly important in the immune system . (wikidoc.org)
  • 2) T cell deficiencies affect the function in killing infected cells or helping other immune cells. (lu.se)
  • Human MC were initially divided into three subsets based on the cell surface expression of CD14 and CD16, and recently classified based on CD40 expression ( 2 - 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The results revealed that pulmonary exposure to fibrous materials led to discrete local immune cell polarization patterns with a TH2-like response caused by ASB and TH1-like immune reaction to NCF, while CNT and CNC caused non-classical or non-uniform responses. (cdc.gov)
  • These alterations in immune response following pulmonary exposure should be taken into account when testing the applicability of new nanosized materials with fibrous morphology. (cdc.gov)
  • In some other studies, substantial pre-existing T-cell reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 was detected in many people from diverse geographical locations without a history of exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • This approach set the basis for therapeutic strategies aimed at eliminating aberrantly glycosylated cancer cells. (nature.com)
  • Understanding the function of lectin-glycan recognition systems in cell death will facilitate the implementation of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at controlling unbalanced cell proliferation and survival in several pathologic conditions. (nature.com)
  • Understanding the factors that regulate CNS myeloid cell responses could lead to innovative therapeutic strategies for MS treatment. (listlabs.com)
  • In conclusion, Th17 cells have a substantial impact on the carcinogenesis of LSCCs, and could serve as a potential therapeutic target to modulate the anti‑tumor response in these carcinomas. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Compositions comprising a physiologically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of the antigen-binding protein, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, therapeutic use of the antigen-binding protein, or antigen-binding fragment thereof, methods for detecting cancer as well as kits when used in such methods are also provided. (justia.com)
  • However, a key challenge in developing candidate therapeutic antibodies for cancer is the identification of antigens suitable for antibody-based therapy. (justia.com)
  • Suitability of an antigen for therapy is dependent on various factors including but not limited to the nature of the antigen (e.g. accessibility, abundance, location of expression on cancerous cells etc.), therapeutic approach, antibody affinity and other pharmacokinetic properties. (justia.com)
  • The profound roles of exosomes in homeostasis, stress and several pathological conditions, in conjunction with their selective and cell‑specific composition/function, allude to their use as promising circulating clinical biomarkers of systemic stress and specific pathologic states, and as biocompatible vehicles of therapeutic cargo. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • MCPyV integrates into the host genome, resulting in expression of a truncated form of the viral large T antigen (LT) in infected cells, and makes LT an attractive target for therapeutic cancer vaccines. (biospace.com)
  • Vaccination with LTS220A-UNITE (ITI-3000) induced antigen-specific CD4 Th1 cells that was associated with delayed tumor growth and enhanced survival in treated mice in both the prophylactic and therapeutic settings. (biospace.com)
  • These cytokines then drive certain proinflamatory responses, such as IgE production, against these allergens through actions of plasma cells, mast cells and eosinophils. (platformqhealth.com)
  • Mast cells are found on body surfaces and release chemical mediators that are stored in preformed granules once activated. (platformqhealth.com)
  • Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a life-threate- disorders and to shed a light on the role of ning blistering skin disease in which pa- mast cells in autoimmune diseases [ 7 ]. (who.int)
  • Neutral endopeptidase, a podocyte antigen that can digest biologically active peptides, was identified as the target antigen in a subset of patients with antenatal membranous nephropathy. (medscape.com)
  • These tumor specific antigens are the result of mutations that cancer cells undergo, and in many cases that involve viral carcinogens, viral antigens. (oncolink.org)
  • Other than directly administering the cytokines, another method involves introducing the gene that codes for the cytokine into a viral vector. (oncolink.org)
  • Alternatively, the DCs are transduced with a viral vector that expresses the antigen. (jci.org)
  • RC5: data virus de Epstein Barr y se identificó el genoma viral en el líquido cefalorraquídeo, a través de la prueba de reacción en cadena management. (bvsalud.org)
  • Recent studies suggests that myeloid cells in the CNS during EAE and MS have pleiotropic functions. (listlabs.com)
  • This suggests that TET2 does not regulate myeloid cells in a clinically significant manner, but instead may regulate CD4+ T cell function. (listlabs.com)
  • Collectively, these findings contribute to our understanding of the regulation of myeloid cells in neuroinflammation. (listlabs.com)
  • With the involvement of cytokines and B cells, a humoral response is elicited, which result in the synthesis of antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • IL-4 and IL-10 that are produced by T(H)2 that participate in humoral response and antibody production. (bvsalud.org)
  • Microbial agents such as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or Freund's adjuvant (CFA) that induce a Th17 response are protective in models of autoimmune diseases particularly EAE and type 1 diabetes (T1D). (uwo.ca)
  • When DMARDs used singly are ineffective or not adequately effective, combination therapy with two or more DMARDs or a DMARD plus biologic agent may be used to induce a response. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • It has been confirmed that naïve (uncommitted) CD4 + T cells can be induced to different specific lineages according to the local cytokine, including towards T helper (Th)1, Th2, Th17 and T regulatory (Treg) cells ( 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The microglia cells are multitasking and instrumental for maintaining the brain and spinal cord's essential regulatory and homeostatic functions. (atlasantibodies.com)
  • Concerning the APC compartment, a major finding was reduced circulating frequencies of both myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (mDC and pDC, respectively) in active pemphigus patients. (uni-marburg.de)
  • Finally, as a further major finding, we observed an increase of both Th17 cells and IL-10-secreting T cells in active pemphigus patients. (uni-marburg.de)
  • We aimed to determine the significance of detecting expression of some antigens that might be pivotal to the process, namely CD44 and CD117, in patients with active pemphigus vulgaris. (who.int)
  • Pemphigus vulgaris, oral lesions, cytokines. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, the analysis of the model predicts that the immune system response oscillates throughout the life of the mice, and the damaged fibers are never completely cleared. (hindawi.com)
  • Injection of a lentiviral vector encoding an MHC class I-restricted T cell epitope of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and CD40 ligand induced an antigen-specific cytolytic CD8 + T lymphocyte response that protected the mice from infection. (jci.org)
  • Although NK precursors and immature NK cells have been identified in mice and humans, the precise sites where NK cell maturation take place are not yet fully defined. (scielo.br)
  • Fibrous nanocellulose, crystalline nanocellulose, carbon nanotube s, and crocidolite asbestos elicit disparate immune responses upon pharyngeal aspiration in mice. (cdc.gov)
  • Both continue their development in the bone marrow through an antigen-independent process called primary lymphopoiesis (PL). Recognized stages of PL are pro-B cell, pre-B cell, immature B cell, and mature B cell. (medscape.com)
  • MSCs were obtained from the bone marrow (BM) cells remaining in the bag and filter used in the transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells. (springer.com)
  • Adult stem cells can be obtained from many differentiated tissues including but not limited to bone marrow, bone, fat, and muscle. (vin.com)
  • Leukocytes are produced in stem cells in bone marrow. (lu.se)
  • The linker is vital for linking the hapten to the carrier protein, providing the appropriate geometry for the binding of hapten to B cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the past decade, many clinical trials have been investigating anti-CTLA-4 as well as anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapies in various solid tumors, including HCC. (stanford.edu)
  • In one aspect, there is provided an antigen-binding protein, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, as defined herein, comprising a radioisotope or a cytotoxin conjugated thereto. (justia.com)
  • In one aspect, there is provided a composition comprising a physiologically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of the antigen-binding protein, or antigen-binding fragment thereof as defined herein. (justia.com)
  • In one aspect, there is provided a use of an antigen-binding protein, or an antigen-binding fragment thereof as defined herein in the manufacture of a medicament for treating cancer. (justia.com)
  • Mature T h cells are believed to always express the surface protein CD4 . (wikidoc.org)
  • In several instances, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and myocarditis, the autoimmune disease can be induced experimentally by administering self-antigen in the presence of adjuvant (collagen, myelin basic protein, and cardiac myosin, respectively) ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Studies characterising the immune response in patients with COVID-19 show that the correlates of protection in infected individuals are T-cell responses against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and neutralising titres of immunoglobin G and immunoglobin A antibodies. (cdc.gov)
  • In particular, adult stem cells called mesenchymal stem cells can migrate to affected areas and may be able to support the growth of other stem cells as well as moderate the response of the immune system. (vin.com)
  • For most studies, the adult stem cell in question is actually a mesenchymal stem cell or mesenchymal stromal cell. (vin.com)
  • Mesenchymal stem cells or mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are plastic adherent and assume a fibroblast-like morphology during culture. (vin.com)
  • 4 Individuals with a psoriasis diagnosis have increased production of dendritic antigen-presenting cells. (pharmacytimes.com)
  • Primary B-cell immunodeficiencies refer to diseases resulting from impaired antibody production due to either molecular defects intrinsic to B-cells or a failure of interaction between B-cells and T-cells. (medscape.com)
  • Centroblasts progress to centrocytes with high-affinity antibody production, then differentiate further to long-term memory cells and plasmablasts. (medscape.com)
  • Altered cytokine production can lead to immune dysfunction in patients with cancer. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Antigen-antibody complexes can develop by the production of immune complexes in situ or by deposition of circulating complexes. (medscape.com)
  • 3) T cell deficiencies result usually in combined immunodeficiencies (CIDs), where both T cells and antibody production are defective. (lu.se)
  • Recent research indicates that the skin and its appendages are both a target of key stress mediators (such as corticotropin releasing hormone [CRH], cortisol, catecholamines, prolactin, substance P, and nerve growth factor) and a source of these classic immunomodulatory mediators of the response to psychologic stress. (psychiatrictimes.com)