• The RMT2-26 monoclonal antibody specifically recognizes T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-2 (TIM-2) which is also known as T-cell membrane protein 2, TIMD-2, or Tim2. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • TIM-2 is an ~55 kDa type I transmembrane glycoprotein that is encoded by Timd2 (T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing 2) which belongs to the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM3), a member of the TIM family, was originally identified as a receptor expressed on interferon-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. (hostforstudent.com)
  • CD366 (Tim-3) is a transmembrane protein also known as T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain containing protein-3. (biolegend.com)
  • Mucin short variant S1 is a glycoprotein with extensive O-linked glycosylation of its extracellular domain. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mucins protect the body from infection by pathogen binding to oligosaccharides in the extracellular domain, preventing the pathogen from reaching the cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ability of chemotherapeutic drugs to access the cancer cells is inhibited by the heavy glycosylation in the extracellular domain of MUC1. (wikipedia.org)
  • TIM-2 contains extracellular IgV and mucin domains and a cytoplasmic region with a conserved tyrosine phosphorylation motif which is involved in transmembrane signaling. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Intracellular ROS level and extracellular H 2 O 2 level were followed up by two fluorescent assays (DCFH-DA and Amplex Red). (hindawi.com)
  • Glycans, either alone or complexed with glycan-binding proteins, can deliver intracellular signals or control extracellular processes that promote initiation, execution and resolution of cell death programs. (nature.com)
  • What is the precise role of intracellular and extracellular galectins in the control of cell death programs? (nature.com)
  • Our studies are the first to show that an extracellular mucin-like protein plays an important role in animal osmoregulation in a manner that requires the activity of a novel transmembrane protein. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • [ 1 ] This protein, also known as polymorphic epithelial mucin or epithelial membrane antigen, has a large extracellular region, a transmembrane sequence, and a cytosolic domain. (medscape.com)
  • CA 27-29 represents a sequence of mucins on the extracellular region of this glycoprotein. (medscape.com)
  • Mucin short variant S1, also called polymorphic epithelial mucin (PEM) or epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), is a mucin encoded by the MUC1 gene in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, the protective effect of a fermented wheat germ extract (FWGE) against LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in IPEC-J2 porcine intestinal epithelial cells was studied. (hindawi.com)
  • Vegetable carbs are mostly consumed by gut bacteria, whose assistance we need to break down vegetable matter, or by intestinal cells which consume glucose during digestion. (perfecthealthdiet.com)
  • C ) Probiotic bacteria releases antimicrobial substances (such as bacteriocins, biosurfactants, lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, organic acids) and intestinal mucins from mucosal cells, which can effectively inhibit virus proliferation. (news-medical.net)
  • Clearance of small intestinal crypts involves goblet cell mucus secretion by intracellular granule rupture and enterocyte ion transport. (gu.se)
  • We demonstrated adhesive and significant pathogen inhibitory efficacies among the swine intestinal L. amylovorus strains studied, pointing to their potential use as probiotic feed supplements, but no independent role could be demonstrated for the major S-layer proteins in adherence to epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results indicate that many intestinal bacteria may coexist with and confer benefits to the host by mechanisms not attributable to adhesion to epithelial cells or mucus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, the enhanced airway mucins in the MyD88- deficient mice were not due to defective secretion, as the mucin secretory capacity of MyD88-KO mice remained intact. (cdc.gov)
  • 5 In addition to these Th2 cell-secreted molecules, damaged airway epithelial cells participate in the sensitization process via the secretion of cytokines, including thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL-25, and IL-33, to trigger Th2 immune responses. (balkanmedicaljournal.org)
  • Its function is clearly costimulatory for T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion. (hostforstudent.com)
  • Additional reported applications (for relevant formats of this clone) include: costimulation 1 (clone 2E2 has been shown to enhance T-cell receptor mediated activation and cytokine secretion) and blocking 2,3 . (biolegend.com)
  • Because ZKSCAN5 improved the secretion of VEGFC by breast cancer cells, the effects of the conditioned medium on HLEC proliferation and migration were investigated in ZKSCAN5 knockdown stable cell lines. (bms-911543.com)
  • Blockade of CTLA-4 by antibodies has potentiated antitumor T-cell responses in both preclinical models and clinical trials. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Cell-free human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) may be inhibited by a soluble type of the mobile HCMV-receptor PDGFRα , resembling neutralization by antibodies . (aetox.com)
  • The cell-associated development of current HCMV isolates, nevertheless, is resistant in opposition to antibodies . (aetox.com)
  • We not too long ago printed that inhibition of the interplay between podoplanin-expressing cells and podoplanin-binding cells utilizing podoplanin-neutralizing antibodies reduces however doesn't totally suppress irritation post-MI whereas enhancing coronary heart operate and scar composition after ischemic harm. (aetox.com)
  • H ) CD4 + cells differentiate into Th2 cells, which induce B-cells' proliferation that produces antibodies like IgA, IgG, and IgM. (news-medical.net)
  • These white blood cells make antibodies as part of the antibody-mediated immune response. (livonlabs.com)
  • TotalSeq™-A antibodies are compatible with 10x Genomics Single Cell Gene Expression Solutions . (biolegend.com)
  • T-cell engagers are bispecific antibodies that recruit cytotoxic T cells to kill tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Vaccination with tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells elicits antigen-specific, cytotoxic T-cells in patients with malignant glioma. (nwbio.com)
  • Immature dendritic cells phagocytose apoptotic cells via alphavbeta5 and CD36, and cross-present antigens to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. (nwbio.com)
  • Dendritic cells acquire antigen from apoptotic cells and induce class I-restricted CTLs. (nwbio.com)
  • Phase I/II study of vaccination with electrofused allogeneic dendritic cells/autologous tumor-derived cells in patients with stage IV renal cell carcinoma. (nwbio.com)
  • Dendritic cell immunotherapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: University of Tokyo experience. (nwbio.com)
  • Large-scale immunomagnetic selection of CD14+ monocytes to generate dendritic cells for cancer immunotherapy: a phase I study. (nwbio.com)
  • Babatz J, Röllig C, Löbel B, Folprecht G, Haack M, Günther H, Köhne CH, Ehninger G, Schmitz M, Bornhäuser M. Induction of cellular immune responses against carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with metastatic tumors after vaccination with altered peptide ligand-loaded dendritic cells. (nwbio.com)
  • Banchereau J, Ueno H, Dhodapkar M, Connolly J, Finholt JP, Klechevsky E, Blanck JP, Johnston DA, Palucka AK, Fay J. Immune and clinical outcomes in patients with stage IV melanoma vaccinated with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells derived from CD34+ progenitors and activated with type I interferon. (nwbio.com)
  • Maturation and trafficking of monocyte-derived dendritic cells in monkeys: implications for dendritic cell-based vaccines. (nwbio.com)
  • Vaccination of prostatectomized prostate cancer patients in biochemical relapse, with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with recombinant human PSA. (nwbio.com)
  • Bleumer I, Tiemessen DM, Oosterwijk-Wakka JC, Völler MC, De Weijer K, Mulders PF, Oosterwijk E. Preliminary analysis of patients with progressive renal cell carcinoma vaccinated with CA9-peptide-pulsed mature dendritic cells. (nwbio.com)
  • E ) Upon virus attack in epithelial cells, probiotics mediate their antiviral effects by eliciting immune responses by activating macrophages and dendritic cells. (news-medical.net)
  • Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-matured bone marrow-derived Ifngr1-/-/Stat1-/- dendritic cells (BMDCs) were more potent allogeneic stimulators and expressed increased levels of MHC II and costimulatory molecules. (bvsalud.org)
  • dendritic cells. (engineering-gdfsuez.com)
  • ICOSL is expressed on B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells and can be induced on nonhematopoietic cells. (hostforstudent.com)
  • Tim-3 is expressed at high levels on activated T cells (preferentially on Th1 cells, monocytes/macrophages, and dendritic cells). (biolegend.com)
  • Understanding the function of lectin-glycan recognition systems in cell death will facilitate the implementation of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at controlling unbalanced cell proliferation and survival in several pathologic conditions. (nature.com)
  • TIGIT is known to exert immune suppressive functions, such as inhibiting T cell activation, proliferation, and functions that inhibit inflammation and anti-tumor responses. (cdc.gov)
  • Both ST6GAL1 and MUC4β inhibited epithelial cell proliferation while promoting goblet cell differentiation. (jci.org)
  • In parallel, an increase of infiltrating T cells, macrophages, and macrophage pro-inflammatory cytokine formation as well as improved proliferation and apoptosis in kidneys of anti-Tim3Ctreated mice was recognized. (engineering-gdfsuez.com)
  • Cyclic GMP is important for normal cell proliferation and differentiation. (livonlabs.com)
  • We have reviewed currently available therapeutic agents that have been shown to be effective in suppressing the proliferation of the EBOV in cell cultures or animal studies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ZKSCAN5-Regulated VEGFC Promotes the Proliferation, Migration, and Tube Formation of HLECs Cancer cell-secreted VEGFC markedly enhanced the proliferation and migration of lymphocyte endothelial cells. (bms-911543.com)
  • The ZKSCAN5 knockdown ZR75-1 or MDA-MB-231 cell-conditioned medium decreased HLEC proliferation. (bms-911543.com)
  • The conditioned medium from these cells re-expressing ZKSCAN5 could rescue these effects ( Figures?2A, B ). A similar tendency was also detected in HLEC migration analysis ( Figures?2C, D ). Open in a separate window Figure?2 VEGFC secreted by cancer cells, under the influence of ZKSCAN5, regulates HLEC proliferation, migration, and tube formation. (bms-911543.com)
  • A, B) Cell proliferation and colony formation assays in HLECs cultured in conditioned medium come from ZR75-1 or MDA-MB-231 cells stably infected with lentivirus carrying ZKSCAN5 shRNA or ZKSCAN5 shRNA plus ZKSCAN5-R. The representative Western blot displays the expression of ZKSCAN5. (bms-911543.com)
  • Remember that ldlB cells had been treated with neuraminidase at 4 C or 37 C. Remember that the main labeled 60-kDa glycoprotein is spared from neuraminidase-induced reduction in the low temperatures partially. (holyexperiment.org)
  • A 30-mer model of the lead peptide (GD30) proved much more efficient in opposition to the cell-free virus, and this impact was HCMV-specific and relied on the viral glycoprotein O. (aetox.com)
  • Podoplanin is a mucin-like transmembrane glycoprotein that performs an essential function in coronary heart growth, cell motility, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. (aetox.com)
  • Cancer antigen 27-29 (or CA 27-29) is an epitope of a large transmembrane mucin glycoprotein named MUC1 that is expressed on the cell surfaces of most glandular epithelia. (medscape.com)
  • The main target and effector cells of the CTLA-4 blockade treatment in the studied tumor models are tumor-specific endogenous CD8 + T cells that are capable of eradicating also distant tumors, whereas CD4 + T cells do not play a prominent role in the antibody-mediated tumor eradication. (aacrjournals.org)
  • We found that the levels of B cells, T cells, and NK cells were similar, IC-expressing CD4 + and CD4 + CD8 + double positive T cells were higher, while CD8 + T cells and CD4 − CD8 − double negative T cells were significantly lower in CRC tumors. (mdpi.com)
  • most of these tumors are adenocarcinomas containing pools of mucin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MEC is the most commonly occur r ing malignant salivary gland neoplasm comprising 2.8% -15% of all salivary gland tumors 2 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Carcinoid tumors and small-cell carcinomas of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts: a comparative study based on 221 cases from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. (cancercentrum.se)
  • Two decades later, pioneering studies suggested that lectin-like molecules constitutively expressed on the surface of macrophages can selectively recognize changes on glycans decorating the surface of apoptotic thymocytes, 4 , 5 although these studies likewise did not provide substantial insight into the mechanisms by which lectin-glycan interactions regulate cell death. (nature.com)
  • Because macrophages have a plastic phenotype and express immune checkpoint molecules (ICP) to foster immune escape, we addressed whether INB03 could modulate macrophage polarization and ICP expression to boost the antitumor immune response. (bmj.com)
  • CLEC-2 is upregulated in CD11b excessive cells, together with monocytes and macrophages, following inflammatory stimuli. (aetox.com)
  • G ) CD4 + T lymphocytes cells differentiate into Th1, which activates phagocytosis through NK cells and macrophages, promoting pathogen killing. (news-medical.net)
  • Accordingly, administration of a obstructing anti-Tim3 antibody inside a model of experimental Chlormadinone acetate sensitive encephalomyelitis resulted in activation and development of macrophages in the brain and worsening of the disease.7 This observation could be traced back to direct cell-to-cell-interaction between differentiated TH-1 cells and CD11b+/F4/80+ macrophages,7 which was inhibited by Tim3. (engineering-gdfsuez.com)
  • Cell-mediated response refers to the activation of macrophages, natural killer cells, and antigen-specific T-lymphocytes that attack anything perceived as a foreign agent. (livonlabs.com)
  • It binds to an ICOS ligand expressed by B-cells, macrophages, and DCs. (hostforstudent.com)
  • Inflammation from airborne microbes can overwhelm compensatory mucociliary clearance mechanisms, leading to mucous cell metaplasia. (cdc.gov)
  • In conclusion, MyD88 deficiency enhances airway mucous cell metaplasia under environments with high TLR activation. (cdc.gov)
  • The researchers hope that their method and findings will help in tackling other viruses that infect individuals through places like the lungs and respiratory tracts, which have mucin-rich mucous coatings. (phys.org)
  • A bone biopsy specimen was taken in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and the histopathology revealed pseudo-cystic and ductal mucin pooled spaces lined by mucous cells and squamous or epidermoid cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Association of MUC1 with p53 in cancer results in inhibition of p53-mediated apoptosis and promotion of p53-mediated cell cycle arrest. (wikipedia.org)
  • The presence of free Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL prevents the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, thereby preventing apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mechanisms of peripheral tolerance include inactivation of autoantigen-recognizing T and B cells by the induction of apoptosis, anergy or conversion into immunosuppressive regulatory cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • found that FWGE can promote apoptosis in different types of cancer cell lines such as SNU-5, MKN-45, SNU-620, SNU-1, and SNU-16. (hindawi.com)
  • FWGE has significant antiproliferative effects and kills tumour cells by the induction of apoptosis via the caspase-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase pathway [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Rat Muc4, a homologue of human MUC4, has been extensively studied in mammary gland tumours and has been shown to play an important role in epithelial growth, cell differentiation, cell-cell adhesion, metastasis, and tumour apoptosis. (bmj.com)
  • Several years later, Kerr and co-workers 2 defined the morphological changes in cells undergoing this process, also known as apoptosis. (nature.com)
  • We discuss here the contribution of glycan-lectin interactions to the initiation, execution and resolution of apoptosis and their emerging roles in other cell death programs including autophagy. (nature.com)
  • Taken together, our study demonstrated that GO-AgNPs potentially induce oxidative damage to DNA, which result in toxicity and cell apoptosis in caprine fetal fibroblast cell due to an increased generation of ROS. (researchsquare.com)
  • The activation of p53 can lead to either cell cycle arrest and DNA repair, or apoptosis. (bio2009.org)
  • This allows cancer cells which produce a large amount of MUC1 to concentrate growth factors near their receptors, increasing receptor activity and the growth of cancer cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • MUC1 also prevents the interaction of immune cells with receptors on the cancer cell surface through steric hindrance. (wikipedia.org)
  • Second, T cell therapies using Tregs (either polyclonal, antigen-specific, or genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to establish active dominant immune tolerance or T cells (engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors) to delete pathogenic immune cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Glycosylation of classical death receptors fine-tunes cell death programs. (nature.com)
  • Second, mucins often contain a specific sugar, called sialic acid, that could tether the virus to a cell and help position it to bind to receptors on the cell surface . (phys.org)
  • Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) recognize specific proteins on the surface of tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • We have demonstrated that soluble TNF (sTNF) upregulates mucin 4 (MUC4) expression, which shields trastuzumab epitope on HER2 hindering its therapeutic effect, 1 2 and that sTNF blockade with INB03 decreases MUC4 expression which, together with trastuzumab, triggers an effective antitumor immune response that relies on M1-macrophage-NK cell collaboration. (bmj.com)
  • The subunits are held together and connected to the underlying cell surface by non-covalent interactions, and they spontaneously reassemble in vitro by an entropy-driven process, i.e. the subunit proteins are very poorly water-soluble [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MUC1 is a member of the mucin family and encodes a membrane bound, glycosylated phosphoprotein. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the cell nucleus, the protein MUC1 regulates the activity of transcription factor complexes that have a documented role in tumor-induced changes of host immunity. (wikipedia.org)
  • MUC1 and p53 were found to be associated with the p53 response element of the p21 gene promoter. (wikipedia.org)
  • Membrane bound mucins MUC1 and MUC3 appear to be associated with the development of gastric carcinoma. (bmj.com)
  • Aberrant (upregulated) expression of the MUC1 mucin has been seen in breast carcinomas and other neoplasms, such as colon and pancreatic cancers. (bmj.com)
  • 1, 2 Most studies of MUC1 expression in breast carcinomas have shown that increased membrane MUC1 mucin expression on the apical cell surface is associated with a better prognosis (reviewed in Rahn and colleagues 2 ), whereas circumferential staining in tumour cell cytoplasm is associated with a worse prognosis. (bmj.com)
  • These findings may be linked to reports that MUC1 plays an important role in the impairment of cell-cell adhesion, the immune response, and/or altered intracellular signalling. (bmj.com)
  • This disease, previously referred to as MCKD type 1, is due to a mutation in the variable-number tandem repeat region of the MUC1 (Mucin 1) gene. (medscape.com)
  • Physiologically, the MUC1 protein may be involved in protection, lubrication, and cell adhesion by decreasing the degree of cell to extra-cellular matrix and cell to cell interactions. (medscape.com)
  • Mucosal health is managed by the barrier and transport functions of the mucosal epithelial cells and associated innate immune responses. (kgi.edu)
  • The structure of these surfaces is dominated by the sea of anionic polysaccharides present as glycosoaminoglycans (GAGs) and the many mucins (typically megadalton sugars) which are either secreted from, or tethered to, mucosal epithelial and Goblet cells. (kgi.edu)
  • The enhanced Muc5ac levels in MyD88-deficient mice were not explained by differences in the differentiation program of airway secretory cells in naïve mice. (cdc.gov)
  • Epithelial mucins can be classified into two distinct families: secretory (gel forming) and membrane bound. (bmj.com)
  • The protein serves a protective function by binding to pathogens and also functions in a cell signaling capacity. (wikipedia.org)
  • 3). Increasing terminal glycosylation on the prevailing mucin-type glycans of ldlB -DG stabilized the ensuing fragments, indicating that fragment balance, but not the original fragmentation from the protein, can be influenced from the glycosylation position from the cell. (holyexperiment.org)
  • SRY-box transcription factor 11 (SOX11) is a member of the SOX C protein family and is implicated in multiple biological processes, such as neurogenesis, cell differentiation, and embryonic development. (balkanmedicaljournal.org)
  • The Mucin-Like Protein OSM-8 Negatively Regul. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • glycerol, sorbitol, myo-inositol, etc), which are non-ionic solutes that can be accumulated to high (100s of mM) concentrations without affecting cell structure and/or protein function [4] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Moreover, the role of the L. amylovorus surface (S) -layers - symmetric, porous arrays of identical protein subunits present as the outermost layer of the cell envelope - in adherence to IPEC-1 cells was assessed using a novel approach which utilized purified cell wall fragments of the strains as carriers for the recombinantly produced S-layer proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They are composed of numerous identical (glyco)protein subunits (with a 25-71 kDa size in lactobacilli), which form a regular, symmetric and porous array, completely covering the bacterial cell surface. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CTLA-4 is homologous to the T-cell co-stimulatory protein, CD28, and both molecules bind to CD80 and CD86, also called B7-1 and B7-2 respectively, on antigen-presenting cells. (hostforstudent.com)
  • A protein found on T cells (a type of immune cell) that helps keep the body's immune responses in check. (hostforstudent.com)
  • When CTLA-4 is bound to another protein called B7, it helps keep T cells from killing other cells, including cancer cells. (hostforstudent.com)
  • TotalSeq™ reagents are designed to profile protein levels at a single cell level following an optimized protocol similar to the CITE-seq workflow. (biolegend.com)
  • D) Cytoplasmic and nuclear ZKSCAN5 protein levels in two types of breast cancer cell lines, ZR75-1 and MDA-MB-231. (bms-911543.com)
  • The frameshift mutation results in the formation of a truncated protein which cannot fold properly, promoting aggregation, and subsequent deposition in tubular cells. (medscape.com)
  • Mn, serum Mn, urine Mn, Centromere-positive micronuclei in periphery blood lymphocytes, DNA protein-crosslinks in peripheral white blood cells, oxidative stress as urinary 8OHdG, and long-term oxidative damage measured as erythrocytic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (measure of systemic oxidative stress) and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) (product of lipid peroxidation and reflect tissue injuries). (who.int)
  • It is activated by PROTEASES and then moves to the CELL NUCLEUS to regulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of GENES involved in the unfolded protein response. (bvsalud.org)
  • Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation via myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) signaling is central to pathogen responses. (cdc.gov)
  • In general, mucins have the unique function of protecting and lubricating epithelial surfaces, but in recent years they have also been implicated in additional diverse roles, such as growth, fetal development, epithelial renewal and differentiation, epithelial integrity, carcinogenesis, and metastasis. (bmj.com)
  • DM1 and DM2 cells displayed an increase in RNA foci concomitant with cellular differentiation. (jci.org)
  • Although Type-2 (T2) induced epithelial dysfunction is likely to profoundly alter epithelial differentiation and repair in asthma, the mechanisms for these effects are poorly understood. (jci.org)
  • IL-21 regulates Th17 cell homeostasis enhances the differentiation of storage B cells and antibody-secreting plasma cells and promotes the maintenance of Compact disc8+ T-cell replies. (bio2009.org)
  • This inhibits an anti-tumor immune response. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, it is well-known that Herpesviruses are smart pathogens and several, such as HSV-1, HCMV and HHV-8, are known to have developed numerous defense strategies for evading the host's immune response. (mdpi.com)
  • The present review focuses on circulating miRNAs in patients with TNBC, with an emphasis on their interaction with the immune response checkpoint genes PD‑1, PD‑L1 and CTLA4. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Based on the findings of this literature review and the in silico analysis performed as part of this review, it is concluded that circulating hsa‑miR‑195 and hsa‑miR‑155 in TNBC interact with checkpoint genes involved in the immune response. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Over the last two decades, many studies and clinical trials have suggested that probiotics may help modulate the immune response and treat various diseases, especially viral infections. (news-medical.net)
  • F ) Activation of immune response leads to differentiating CD8 + T lymphocytes into CTLs, capable of destroying virus-infected cells. (news-medical.net)
  • Vitamin C supports a healthy immune response achieved with vaccination. (livonlabs.com)
  • Cytokines are communication proteins released by certain white blood cells that transmit information to other cells, promoting the immune response. (livonlabs.com)
  • This property helps liquefy thick secretions, increasing the effectiveness of a healthy immune response. (livonlabs.com)
  • While tumor expansion, contact-dependent or independent crosstalk between tumor and TIME affects the production of various cytokines that help in the polarization of antitumor immune response in the immunosuppressive TIME. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Tim-3 has been described as a negative regulatory molecule in CD4+ helper type 1 cells and CD8+ cytotoxic type 1 cells, possibly by inducing cell death in the cells expressing it or by promoting development of exhaustion [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The cellular and molecular nature of the TIME influences cancer progression and metastasis by altering the ratio of immune- suppressive versus cytotoxic responses in the vicinity of the tumor. (biomedcentral.com)
  • INB03 can tailor the tumor microenvironment by acting as an ICP inhibitor and by promoting ADCP against tumor cells. (bmj.com)
  • ALCL was recognized in 1985, when tumor cells consistently demonstrated labeling by the monoclonal antibody Ki-1, a marker later shown to recognize the CD30 antigen. (medscape.com)
  • Natural killer cells are lymphocytes that can directly attack cells, like tumor cells, and kill them. (livonlabs.com)
  • Targeting tumor cells or the tumor microenvironment (TME) are the two major fundamental principles for antitumor therapies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The oncogenic communication with tumor cells and through the crosstalk of autocrine and paracrine components in almost all tumor types are responsible for this phenomenon. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The crosstalk between pro-tumorigenic immune cells, stromal cells, and cytokines helps to establish the pre-metastatic niche for disseminated circulatory tumor cells and facilitates metastasis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The stromal component interacts with tumor cells in complex crosstalk to support tumor growth. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A number of immunologic interventions, both passive and active, can be directed against tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Passive cellular immunotherapy references A number of immunologic interventions, both passive and active, can be directed against tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Tumor Antigens Many tumor cells produce antigens, which may be released in the bloodstream or remain on the cell surface. (msdmanuals.com)
  • TAAs) with high specificity to tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In contrast to TCR T cells, CAR T cells recognize only relatively large proteins on the surface of tumor cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Concomitant use of interferon enhances the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens and TAAs on tumor cells, thereby augmenting the killing of tumor cells by the infused effector cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • namely, MUC3, MUC4, MUC12, MUC13, and the recently described mucin MUC17, which share a C-terminal structural domain that consists of two or three epithelial growth factor (EGF)-like regions, a transmembrane segment, and a short cytoplasmic tail. (bmj.com)
  • We used RNA extracted from PBMCs for real-time reverse transcription PCR and found patient Co45 had the lowest TIGIT mRNA level ( Figure , panel A). Because TIGIT is mainly expressed in T cells, we used flow cytometry to measure the mean fluorescence intensity of TIGIT expressed in the cytoplasmic domain (CD) T cells. (cdc.gov)
  • We hypothesized that IL-13 would increase sialylation of MUC4β, thereby altering its function and that the β-galactoside α-2,6-sialyltranferase 1 (ST6GAL1) would regulate the sialylation. (jci.org)
  • Using human biologic specimens and cultured primary human airway epithelial cells (HAECs), we demonstrated that IL-13 increased sialylation of MUC4β under control of ST6GAL1, and that both were increased in asthma, particularly in those with elevated T2 biomarkers. (jci.org)
  • Furthermore, allergic rhinitis mice exhibited overproduction of epithelial-derived cytokines (thymic stromal lymphopoietin, interleukin-25, interleukin-33), C-C motif chemokine ligand 26 (CCL26), and mucin 5 AC (MUC5AC). (balkanmedicaljournal.org)
  • Knockdown of SOX11 reduced epithelial-derived cytokine expression and MUC5AC levels in interleukin-13-treated human nasal mucosa epithelial cells. (balkanmedicaljournal.org)
  • A specimen of reticular erythema revealed a diffuse, band-like or patchy granulomatous infiltration composed of numerous multinucleated giant cells, histiocytes, and lymphocytes in the upper and middle dermis (Fig. 2A). (medicaljournals.se)
  • The specimen from a papular lesion showed interstitial infiltration composed of many multinucleated giant cells, histiocytes, and lymphocytes in the upper and middle dermis. (medicaljournals.se)
  • A) Histopathology of the reticular erythema, showing a diffuse granulomatous infiltration composed of numerous multinucleated giant cells, histiocytes and lymphocytes in the dermis. (medicaljournals.se)
  • T-lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell. (livonlabs.com)
  • Cells expressing Tim-3 are present at high levels in the CNS of animals at the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a disease mediated by lymphocytes secreting Th1-like cytokines. (biolegend.com)
  • Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) may have greater tumoricidal activity than LAK cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Herein, we review the role of glycans and glycan-binding proteins as essential components of the cell death machinery during physiologic and pathologic settings. (nature.com)
  • At that time, glycobiology, which is the study of carbohydrates and their recognition by motif-specific carbohydrate-binding proteins or lectins, lagged far behind the studies that defined the structural and cellular biology of cell death. (nature.com)
  • But before it even gets to the cell surface, the virus must navigate the tall, dense forest of sugar-coated proteins on the cell surface known as the glycocalyx. (phys.org)
  • New research from Stanford reveals how a class of particularly bushy proteins in this forest, called mucins, could hinder the flu's progression. (phys.org)
  • for example, polyphenols to salivary proteins and mucins (slippery constituents of saliva), causing them to aggregate or precipitate, thus robbing the saliva of its ability to coat and lubricate oral tissues. (perfumerflavorist.com)
  • Genetic studies of osmoregulation in yeast have identified mucin-like proteins as critical regulators of osmosensitive signaling and gene expression. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Given that mucins and transmembrane proteins play similar roles in yeast osmoregulation, our findings suggest a possible evolutionarily conserved role for the mucin-plasma membrane interface in eukaryotic osmoregulation. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Organic osmolytes accumulation is mediated by metabolic biosynthesis or transport into the cell via specialized organic osmolyte transporter proteins [5] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • The researchers wanted to deconvolute the ways that the length of mucins, their density on the surface, and the amount of sialic acid could each help or inhibit membrane binding and fusion. (phys.org)
  • Membrane-tethered mucin-like polypeptides sterically inhibit binding and slow fusion kinetics of influenza A virus, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2020). (phys.org)
  • Probiotics may trap the virus in respiratory infection, as well as inhibit binding of the virus to the host cell receptor. (news-medical.net)
  • Tim-3 has been proposed to inhibit Th1-mediated immune responses and promote immunological tolerance. (biolegend.com)
  • Aberrant salivary gland neoplasms arising within the jaws as primary central bony lesions are extremely rare comprising 2%-4.3% of all MEC reported 4,8 . (bvsalud.org)
  • LPS can induce inflammatory responses, predominantly mediated by the activation of the NF- κ B pathway, contributing to proinflammatory cytokine (e.g. (hindawi.com)
  • SRY-box transcription factor 11 (SOX11) was reported to play important roles in inflammatory responses, but its role in AR is poorly understood. (balkanmedicaljournal.org)
  • The molecular mechanisms of animal cell osmoregulation are poorly understood. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • In the study, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on May 26, chemistry graduate students and co-lead authors Bette Webster and Corleone Delaveris made synthetic versions of wild mucins and anchored them to lab-made membranes. (phys.org)
  • The pair recognized their shared interest in how mucins on cell membranes affect viral infection. (phys.org)
  • With immunoelectron microscopy in pemphigus erythematosus, IgG and C3 deposits are localized to the epidermal cell membranes and the upper dermis. (medscape.com)
  • The patient's T cells produced higher levels of cytokines upon stimulation. (cdc.gov)
  • Expression levels of SOX11, epithelial-derived cytokines, and mucin were determined in both modesls. (balkanmedicaljournal.org)
  • The histological feature of AR is typical type 2 inflammation is induced mainly by the type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-15, and IL-13. (balkanmedicaljournal.org)
  • 10 These studies demonstrate the ability of SOX11 to regulate inflammatory responses and epithelial-derived cytokines. (balkanmedicaljournal.org)
  • What cytokines do TFH cells secrete? (hostforstudent.com)
  • Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which are canonical type 2 cytokines produced by TH2 cells, prominently mediate the development of asthma and airway inflammation, manifesting as enhanced IgE-mediated sensitization, airway hyperreactivity (AHR), as well as eosinophil infiltration (1, 10). (hostforstudent.com)
  • Mucins line the apical surface of epithelial cells in the lungs, stomach, intestines, eyes and several other organs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Central tolerance occurs during lymphocyte development in the primary lymphoid organs (i.e. thymus and bone marrow), where T or B cell clones that recognize autoantigens with high-affinity are deleted. (frontiersin.org)
  • In multiple organs, including the lungs, age-related tissue and organ dysfunction interferes with tissue regeneration, which requires functional stem cells. (karger.com)
  • Stem cells of all organs - including the lung, which harbors distinct stem cells for each separate tissue that makes up the lung as a whole - reside in niches described as a microenvironment that supports and maintains the 'stemness' of cells as a critical reservoir for maintaining tissue homeostasis and responding to injury [ 3 ]. (karger.com)
  • Our data revealed that FWGE had a significant lowering effect on the inflammatory response especially related to oxidative stress. (hindawi.com)
  • A role for specific mucins, heavily N-glycosylated epithelial glycoproteins, in orchestrating epithelial cell fate in response to T2 stimuli has not previously been investigated. (jci.org)
  • Although one typically thinks of carbohydrates as associated with cell growth and viability, glycosylation also has an integral role in many processes leading to cell death. (nature.com)
  • This complex is active toward mucins typically within the airways and intestines highly. (holyexperiment.org)
  • CA 27-29 levels, in conjunction with the history, physical examination, and diagnostic imaging findings, are typically used to monitor treatment response of metastatic breast cancer. (medscape.com)
  • Once a virus is successfully bound, the cell membrane folds back on itself to swallow the virus, along with the mucins and other cell surface sugars in the vicinity, to make a small bubble inside the cell, called an endosome. (phys.org)
  • Wild mucins are structurally varied in how long they are and what sugars decorate their branches, so the team made a series of short and long mucins that either contained or lacked sialic acid. (phys.org)
  • Characterization of human mucin MUC17. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, we show the overexpression of MUC17 by Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses in pancreatic tumor cell lines and tumor tissues compared with the normal pancreas. (nih.gov)
  • The expression of MUC17 is regulated by a 1,146-bp fragment upstream of MUC17 that contains VDR/RXR, GATA, NFkappaB, and Cdx-2 response elements. (nih.gov)
  • We use different preclinical mouse models of cancer to investigate the local administration of CTLA-4 blocking antibody and its effect on cancer progression and the antitumor T-cell response. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Injecting CTLA-4 blocking antibody in a slow-release formulation close to the tumor is an effective way of activating the antitumor T-cell response. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Several studies have reported conflicting and inconclusive results concerning the clinical relevance of mucin expression in gastric carcinoma. (bmj.com)
  • This study investigated the correlations between aberrant expression of mucins in gastric carcinoma and patient clinicopathological features. (bmj.com)
  • In this report, we present the serial computerized tomography (CT) features of a locally advanced calcified signet-ring cell gastric cancer that showed partial response to chemotherapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In osm-8 mutants, normal physiological responses to hypertonic stress, such as the accumulation of organic osmolytes and activation of osmoresponsive gene expression, are constitutively activated. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Secreted by the liver, bile is composed largely of bile salts, bile pigments and small amounts of organic materials such as cholesterol, lecithin, fatty acid and mucin. (cdc.gov)
  • There are 2 major ways the body can respond to a pathogen: antibody-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity. (livonlabs.com)
  • 10 Galectins can function inside the cells by modulating signaling pathways, 11 although they also act extracellularly by establishing multivalent interactions with cell surface glycans and delivering signals that lead to disruption of cellular homeostasis. (nature.com)
  • For functional assays, Mφ antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) against the human HER2 + breast cancer cells JIMT-1 was performed using IncuCyte live-cell imaging. (bmj.com)
  • They facilitate the ability of cells to launch protective cellular defenses. (livonlabs.com)
  • At the cellular level, aging is marked by depletion of adult stem cell reservoirs, the inability to maintain baseline homeostasis, a reduced response to stress, an increased accumulation of damaged DNA leading to telomere shortening, and mitochondrial dysfunction [ 1,2 ]. (karger.com)
  • p53 plays a major role in the cellular response to DNA damage and other genomic aberrations. (bio2009.org)
  • Few areas showed islands and sheets of epidermoid cells, intermediate cells with minimal cellular atypia, and few mitotic figures. (bvsalud.org)
  • In passive cellular immunotherapy, specific effector cells are directly infused and are not induced within the patient. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In passive cellular immunotherapy, specific effector cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The mammalian immune system evolved to protect our bodies from foreign pathogens and intrinsic aberrant malignancies while concurrently preventing deleterious immune responses toward self ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • In this myogenic cell model, we found impaired dystrophin expression, MBNL foci, and aberrant splicing in DM1 but not in DM2 cells. (jci.org)
  • In response to alterations in tonicity, virtually all cells activate mechanisms to regulate cell water and solute content [1] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • After 2 weeks, DNA was extracted from the samples and analysed using endpoint PCR, revealing a sub-clinical infection with Salmonella spp. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Fusion cell vaccination of patients with metastatic breast and renal cancer induces immunological and clinical responses. (nwbio.com)
  • It has long been appreciated that asthma is an umbrella term for patients meeting certain clinical and physiological criteria, but who differ on the basis of specific clinical, biological and/or therapeutic characteristics [ 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)
  • 1 The clinical manifestations of AR are caused by a series of inhalant allergen-induced type 2 helper T (Th2) cell responses, including excessive allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) release, mast cell activation, eosinophil infiltration, and goblet cell hyperplasia. (balkanmedicaljournal.org)
  • Clinical trials of LAK cells in humans are ongoing but this approach has not gained widespread use and is generally considered less effective than other cell therapies. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This approach set the basis for therapeutic strategies aimed at eliminating aberrantly glycosylated cancer cells. (nature.com)
  • Endogenous lectins and glycans are critical signals in the resolution of cell death. (nature.com)
  • Although lectins were already known because of their ability to agglutinate red blood cells, 3 the involvement of lectins and glycans in PCD had not been elucidated. (nature.com)
  • Though the genes involved in the process have mostly been identified, why cells do this is unknown. (phys.org)
  • Nitric oxide is produced in large amounts in these cells, and it is one of the agents that will kill captured pathogens. (livonlabs.com)
  • TIM-2 is reportedly expressed on B cells with higher levels on activated B cells and germinal center B cells, type-2 T helper (Th2) cells, oligodendrocytes, and epithelial cells in the kidney and liver. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Th1, T-helper cells type 1. (news-medical.net)
  • For instance, one mouse model showed that probiotics promoted influenza virus clearance and neutralizing antibody production, via T-helper cells type 1 (Th1). (news-medical.net)
  • T-helper (TH) cells play an essential part for the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases. (engineering-gdfsuez.com)
  • Objective: Inducible costimulator (ICOS)-ICOSL interactions are necessary for activation of Teff cells and follicular helper T (Tfh) cells. (hostforstudent.com)
  • be classified into subsets including Th1 Th2 Th17 T follicular helper (Tfh) and regulatory (Treg) cells predicated on their cytokine profile and/or features.8 Pathogenic HIV/SIV infections of human beings and RMs are connected with key perturbations from the relative percentage of the various CD4+ T-cell subsets. (bio2009.org)
  • Treatment with FWGE (1-2%) significantly decreased the level of intracellular ROS compared to LPS-treated cells. (hindawi.com)
  • There were no features of necrobiosis, palisading granuloma, or mucin deposition in either specimens. (medicaljournals.se)
  • Infections caused by pathogenic bacteria and consequent inflammatory responses can cause human disease and can result in significant economic losses in animal industry. (hindawi.com)
  • NEC appears to involve an inappropriate inflammatory response in an immature intestine. (medscape.com)
  • Pseudomembranous colitis is a form of inflammatory colitis characterized by the pathologic presence of pseudomembranes consisting of mucin, fibrin, necrotic cells, and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). (medscape.com)
  • Not too long ago, a heterogeneous podoplanin-expressing cell inhabitants has been related to fibrogenic and inflammatory responses and lymphatic vessel development throughout scar formation. (aetox.com)
  • 8 A recent study indicated that targeted inhibition of SOX11 alleviated inflammatory responses in a spinal cord injury mouse model. (balkanmedicaljournal.org)
  • This results in activation of p21 which results in cell cycle arrest. (wikipedia.org)
  • Loss of immune tolerance to autoantigens associated with a specific organ results in the activation of organ-specific T and B cells that in turn cause organ-specific inflammation and the development of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) ( 5 ), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ( 6 ), psoriasis ( 7 ), and type 1 diabetes (T1D) ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Immunologic responses may range from classic allergic mast cell activation to immune complex formation. (medscape.com)
  • Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs) are distinguished from other lymphomas by their anaplastic cytology and constant membrane expression of the CD30 antigen (an activation marker for B or T cells). (medscape.com)
  • Each of these ligands is induced with T-cell activation allowing greater opportunity to have a regulatory role. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To elucidate changes in the adaptive immune system that occur with aging related to regulatory molecules, we report here the levels of PD-1, CTLA-4, ICOS and Tim-3 in human peripheral T-cells in young versus older adults after mitogenic activation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We examined the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells expressing the regulatory markers compared to isotype control and the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of the expression at day 0 and then after 3 days of activation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To counteract decreases in cell volume caused by hypertonic conditions, cells restore volume through the rapid accumulation of ions and water via the activation of various plasma membrane ion conductance pathways [2] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • ICOS (CD278) is an inducible costimulatory molecule expressed mainly on activated CD4+ T-cells following activation. (hostforstudent.com)
  • Peripheral tolerance evolved to counteract autoantigen-recognizing T or B cells that escape central tolerance. (frontiersin.org)
  • We collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from each of the patients 1 month after they recovered. (cdc.gov)
  • CTLA-4 plays a role in the inhibitory regulation of T-cell activity at least partially through its role in the suppressive functions of Tregs, and is thought to have a central role in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The conjunctival response to corneal wounding has been known since 1944, when Mann first observed that peripheral corneal abrasions heal by the sliding of limbal cells to cover the epithelial defect. (medscape.com)
  • In the next vital step for viral infection, the virus fuses with the shell of this endosome to release its genetic material into the cell. (phys.org)
  • Here, we show that mutations in the Caenorhabditis elegans mucin-like gene osm-8 specifically disrupt osmoregulatory physiological processes. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Missense mutations in UMOD cause tubulointerstitial nephropathy with hyperuricemia , previously named MCKD type 2 or juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy type 1. (medscape.com)
  • Like all viruses, the EBOV largely relies on host cell factors and physiological processes for its entry, replication, and egress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1959. The physiological response of guinea pigs to atmospheric pollutants. (cdc.gov)
  • Tim-3 was first identified as a T-cell cell surface receptor involved in the regulation of Th1 responses, but has subsequently been shown to be expressed and active in antigen-presenting cells as well [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We investigated TIGIT gene expression in T cells of the patient from our study (Co45), a 43-year-old man, and compared it with 2 other sex- and age-matched patients who had severe COVID-19 (Co6 and Co84) ( Appendix ). (cdc.gov)
  • They found that increasing the density of mucins on the surface inhibited two major steps of influenza A infection. (phys.org)
  • These findings help explain the cell's natural response to infection and provide a foundation to better understand and treat the flu and other respiratory viruses. (phys.org)
  • Combined with previous research, this finding supports a theory that cells make more mucins in response to infection to make a thicker barrier that impedes the flu virus during binding and fusion. (phys.org)
  • What's amazing is that we've found evidence for how a cell protects itself from infection," said Delaveris. (phys.org)
  • This impact was reversible after peptide removing, which allowed the synchronized evaluation of particle switch, displaying that two virions per hour have been transferred to neighboring cells and one virion was ample for an infection. (aetox.com)
  • The SARS-CoV-2 virus may be transmitted even in asymptomatic individuals, or during the presymptomatic phases of infection. (news-medical.net)
  • 1] Siegel B, "Enhanced interferon response to murine leukemia virus by ascorbic acid" Infection and Immunity 1974 10(2):409-410. (livonlabs.com)
  • Apart from supportive care, neither a licensed vaccine nor a specific therapy is available for the treatment of the human EBOV infection [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Collectively these data suggest that depletion of IL-21-making Compact disc4+ T cells distinguishes intensifying from non-progressive SIV an infection of RMs and Text message and claim that depletion of Compact disc4+IL-21+ T cells is normally mixed up in preferential lack of Th17 cells that's connected with SIV disease development. (bio2009.org)