GenesApoptosisDifferentiationInhibitorPathwaysTumorsInducesSerineMdm2ReceptorsPhosphorylationTumor suppressorMitogen-activaProgressionSequence HomologyRegulationTransformationTranscription factorMutationsCellular proliferationOncogenicInhibitorsAngiogenesisMalignantSurvivalPathwayUbiquitinationGTPaseMutationCyclinCancersPromote cell proliferationAbnormalitiesHER2ReceptorActivationSuperfamilyMolecularInactivationDownstreamExtracellularNuclearEncodes a proteinMembraneRegulateOverexpressionRegulatesVitroEffectorsMechanismsBiologicalTyrosineMRNAGeneticGTPases
Genes40
- Oncogenes are mutated genes that play a role in cancer formation. (alliedacademies.org)
- Everyone has genes that are known as protooncogenes when they are not altered. (alliedacademies.org)
- When protooncogenes are altered or amplification occurs as a result of DNA damage (such as carcinogen exposure), the proteins produced by these genes might affect the cell's development, proliferation, and survival, potentially leading to the creation of a malignant tumour. (alliedacademies.org)
- Proto-oncogenes are regular genes in our bodies that assist regulate cell division, growth, and even death rates. (alliedacademies.org)
- To begin with, mutations are important in transforming proto oncogenes to oncogenes and inactivating tumour suppressor genes. (alliedacademies.org)
- The discovery that oncogenes are mutated forms of normal cell genes (proto-oncogenes) drew attention to proto-oncogenes' roles in normal cells and the nature of the molecular changes that turn proto-oncogenes into oncogenes [ 2 , 3 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
- Completely unregulated expression of oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes has been studied extensively in tumour growth for centuries. (alliedacademies.org)
- By contrast, somatic alterations in the genes encoding Notch signaling components drive various types of human cancer, such as breast cancer, small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) ( 6 - 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- This mechanism also applies to hematopoietic cells transformed by other HOX genes, including CDX2, which is highly expressed in a majority of acute myeloid leukemias, thus providing a molecular approach based on GSK-3 inhibitory strategies to target HOX-associated transcription in a broad spectrum of leukemias. (stanford.edu)
- Genes whose gain-of-function alterations lead to NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION. (edu.au)
- Ras genes are widely conserved among animal species and sequences corresponding to both H-ras and K-ras genes have been detected in human, avian, murine, and non-vertebrate genomes. (edu.au)
- Indeed, emerging evidence indicates that miRNAs function as a molecular rheostats that serve in fine-tuning cell signaling pathways [ 10 , 11 ], doing so by modulating the expression of large numbers of genes and, consequently, impacting the flux through essential regulatory nodes of vast signaling networks. (biomedcentral.com)
- Driver events in pediatric malignancies can occur through loss of function in tumor suppressor genes or gain of function in proto-oncogenes. (medscape.com)
- Tumor suppressor genes encode proteins that normally provide negative control of cell proliferation. (medscape.com)
- The genes that have been identified to date have been categorized into two broad categories, depending on their normal functions in the cell. (cancerquest.org)
- Genes whose protein products stimulate or enhance the division and viability of cells. (cancerquest.org)
- This first category also includes genes that contribute to tumor growth by inhibiting cell death. (cancerquest.org)
- Genes whose protein products can directly or indirectly prevent cell division or lead to cell death. (cancerquest.org)
- The normal versions of genes in the first group are called proto-oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
- The mutated or otherwise damaged versions of these genes are called oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
- Numerous genes have been identified as proto-oncogenes. (cancerquest.org)
- Many of these genes are responsible for providing the positive signals that lead to cell division. (cancerquest.org)
- As stated in the introduction to this section, the defective versions of these genes, known as oncogenes, can cause a cell to divide in an unregulated manner. (cancerquest.org)
- This is in contrast with tumor suppressor genes which must BOTH be defective to lead to abnormal cell division. (cancerquest.org)
- Despite the differences in their normal roles, these genes all contribute to unregulated cell division if they are present in a mutant (oncogenic) form. (cancerquest.org)
- By screening cell cycle-related genes regulated by MYC and the MYC-repressed MYCLos, we identified the MYC-repressed gene GADD45A as a target gene of the MYC-repressed MYCLos such as MYCLo-4 and MYCLo-6. (oncotarget.com)
- The role of MSY genes in important cellular processes such as transcription regulation, translation, and protein stability in males is vital not only in sex determination but also in sex-dependent organ development [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Despite extensive studies on the effect of these genes on the development pathways, some MSY genes have remained as missing proteins with no experimental protein evidence due to highly transient and spatio-temporal restricted expression patterns. (biomedcentral.com)
- Activated PI3K phosphorylates AKT, which in turn activates IKKA, MTOR and MDM2 and inhi bits FKHR, CASP9, Terrible, p27 inhibitor R428 and p21 genes. (dubinhibitors.com)
- From an antigrowth signal point of view, RB1 sequesters the E2F transcription aspects transcriptionally repressing genes very important for G1 to S phase cell cycle progression and RB1 was decreased suggesting improved cell cycle progression in CD30hi lymphocytes supporting our previous work. (dubinhibitors.com)
- JQ1 treatment resulted in significant changes in expression of genes that play important roles in glioblastoma such as c-Myc, p21(CIP1/WAF1), hTERT, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL. (ox.ac.uk)
- Of the 31 genes, the 21 upregulated genes were primarily associated with cell paracrine and intracellular signaling, transcription regulation and cell adhesion and migration, and their transcriptional products included transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 and transcriptional factor AP-2α/γ ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- By contrast, the 10 downregulated genes were primarily associated with epithelial membrane proteins ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- In addition, Kevetrin increased expression of p53 target genes such as p21 (Waf1), an inhibitor of cell cycle progression. (shu.edu)
- In addition, these alterations affect 3 principal categories of genes, as follows: proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. (medscape.com)
- This article briefly discusses tumor suppressor genes and then focuses on the role of proto-oncogenes in childhood cancer. (medscape.com)
- Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, whose products normally provide negative control of cell proliferation, contributes to malignant transformation in various cell types. (medscape.com)
- Like Rb protein, many of the proteins encoded by tumor suppressor genes act at specific points in the cell cycle. (medscape.com)
- TP53 activates the expression of genes involved in apoptosis, cell cycle regulation (p21), and MDM2. (medscape.com)
- Another important class of tumor suppressor genes involved in cell cycle control and in the generation of human cancers is the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors. (medscape.com)
Apoptosis29
- Mutant K-RAS has been shown to have both tumor-promoting and -suppressing functions, and growing evidence suggests that the RASSF family of tumor suppressors can act as RAS apoptosis and senescence effectors. (cancerindex.org)
- It is shown that Jun's activity (AP-1 activity) in stress-induced apoptosis and cellular proliferation is regulated by its N-terminal phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
- C-jun protects cells from UV-induced apoptosis, and it cooperates with NF-κB to prevent apoptosis induced by TNFα. (wikipedia.org)
- This suggests that c-jun regulates cell cycle progression and apoptosis through two separated mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
- It is known that c-jun plays a role in cellular proliferation and apoptosis of the endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle. (wikipedia.org)
- The cyclic change of the c-jun protein levels is significant in the proliferation and apoptosis of glandular epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
- The persistent stromal expression of c-jun protein may prevent stromal cells from entering into apoptosis during the late secretory phase. (wikipedia.org)
- Finally, alternative splicing microarrays containing apoptosis targets were incubated to verify whether pre-mRNAs other than H-Ras could also present a similar hairpin loop structure regulated by p68 RNA helicase. (lidsen.com)
- Calcium entry through transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) ion channels modulates the delicate balance between proliferation and apoptosis. (encyclopedia.pub)
- therefore, the modulation of the TRPV1-enforced proliferation-apoptosis balance is a promising avenue in developing anti-cancer therapies and overcoming cancer drug resistance. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Carcinogenesis results from imbalances in the described pathways, which favor proliferation and reduce apoptosis [ 1 ] [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
- Therefore, anti-cancer therapies shift the balance in the opposite direction by reducing proliferation and upregulating apoptosis. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Apoptosis is defined as programmed cell death, characterized by fragmentation of inter-nucleosomal DNA [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
- The Bcl-2 family of proteins, which includes the proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bak and the antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2, is implicated in the intrinsic mechanism of apoptosis [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
- In addition, it can stimulate apoptosis of cells containing damaged DNA. (medscape.com)
- The human ETS (E26 Transformation-Specific) protein family is a diverse group of 27 known transcription factors that regulate such varied cellular processes as differentiation and apoptosis, but also appear to induce oncogenesis when mutated or aberrantly expressed [ 1 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Identification of early growth response protein 1 (EGR-1) as a novel target for JUN-induced apoptosis in multiple myeloma. (uams.edu)
- The transcription factor MYC is a proto-oncogene regulating cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and metabolism. (oncotarget.com)
- Through the genome-wide regulation of gene expression, MYC is involved in diverse cellular processes including cell growth, cell cycle, apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell differentiation and genomic instability [ 4 ]. (oncotarget.com)
- RESULTS: We showed that JQ1 induced marked G1 cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, which was phenocopied by knockdown of individual BET family members. (ox.ac.uk)
- In contrast, ectopically expressed Bcl-xL partially rescued cells from JQ1-induced apoptosis, and knockdown of p21(CIP1/WAF1) attenuated JQ1-induced cell-cycle arrest. (ox.ac.uk)
- Stable monoubiquitinated form of wild type p53, accumulates in the cytoplasm and interacts with BAK or BAX proteins in mitochondria to induce apoptosis Thus Kevetrin activates both transcription dependent and transcription independent pathways to promote apoptosis. (shu.edu)
- More importantly, the cellular factors affected by the HBV also modulate various biological processes, including innate immune response, cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, and invasion, and play vital roles in the development of liver diseases [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Cancer is a heterogeneous disease resulting from the accumulation of genetic defects that negatively impact control of cell division, motility, adhesion and apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
- Gnesutta N, Qu J, Minden A: The serine/threonine kinase PAK4 prevents caspase activation and protects cells from apoptosis. (drugbank.com)
- Cotteret S, Jaffer ZM, Beeser A, Chernoff J: p21-Activated kinase 5 (Pak5) localizes to mitochondria and inhibits apoptosis by phosphorylating BAD. (drugbank.com)
- Li YY, Popivanova BK, Nagai Y, Ishikura H, Fujii C, Mukaida N: Pim-3, a proto-oncogene with serine/threonine kinase activity, is aberrantly expressed in human pancreatic cancer and phosphorylates bad to block bad-mediated apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cell lines. (drugbank.com)
- Popivanova BK, Li YY, Zheng H, Omura K, Fujii C, Tsuneyama K, Mukaida N: Proto-oncogene, Pim-3 with serine/threonine kinase activity, is aberrantly expressed in human colon cancer cells and can prevent Bad-mediated apoptosis. (drugbank.com)
- The TP53 gene is also capable of stimulating apoptosis of cells containing damaged DNA. (medscape.com)
Differentiation11
- Neuronal differentiation and cell-cycle programs mediate response to BET-bromodomain inhibition in MYC-driven medulloblastoma. (cancerindex.org)
- The role of proto-oncogenes in normal cell growth and differentiation, as well as the idea that oncogene proteins could be used as new targets for cancer chemotherapy, are both current research topics that are direct outgrowths of Howard's important contributions to cancer research. (alliedacademies.org)
- Our research focuses on developmental pathways that regulate hematopoietic cell growth and differentiation and are disrupted in the course of neoplastic transformation, particularly in leukemias and lymphomas. (stanford.edu)
- p27 expression is reduced in pancreatic adenocarcinomas and decreased protein levels of p27 may play a role in the differentiation of pancreatic cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
- It has been reported that TGF-β influence different cell functions, including growth, proliferation and differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
- Here we address the contribution of the osteoblast-related Runx gene, Runx2, to the osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. (umassmed.edu)
- Lastly, we examine the link between growth control and osteogenic differentiation by tissue-specific deletion of the Mdm2 proto-oncogene in developing skeletal tissues of the mouse embryo. (umassmed.edu)
- Decreased ferroportin promotes myeloma cell growth and osteoclast differentiation. (uams.edu)
- Cell viability and differentiation capacity toward the mesenchymal lineages were assessed, along with immunophenotype. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition, chemokines regulate plethora of biological processes of hematopoietic cells to lead cellular activation, differentiation and survival. (genome.jp)
- They are endowed with GTP hydrolytic activity, mainly involved in cytoskeleton rearrangements and cell motility, but also involved in cell proliferation, transformation and differentiation [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Inhibitor7
- In cells absent of c-jun, the expression of p53 (cell cycle arrest inducer) and p21 (CDK inhibitor and p53 target gene) is increased, and those cells exhibit cell cycle defects. (wikipedia.org)
- Canonical Notch signaling activates the transcription of BMI1 proto‑oncogene polycomb ring finger, cyclin D1, CD44, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A, hes family bHLH transcription factor 1, hes related family bHLH transcription factor with YRPW motif 1, MYC, NOTCH3, RE1 silencing transcription factor and transcription factor 7 in a cellular context‑dependent manner, while non‑canonical Notch signaling activates NF‑κB and Rac family small GTPase 1. (spandidos-publications.com)
- On the opposite, MuRF1 was selelck kinase inhibitor by far the most fluctuating protein, reaching a maximal variation amount of 60% in excess of two biopsies taken in similar circumstances 48 hours apart. (dubinhibitors.com)
- This invention relates to methods of inducing differential stress resistance in a subject with cancer by starving the subject for a short term, administering a cell growth inhibitor to the subject, or reducing the caloric or glucose intake by the subject. (justia.com)
- The method may further comprise administering to the subject a cell growth inhibitor. (justia.com)
- Another method of the invention comprises administering a cell growth inhibitor to the subject and administering to the subject a chemotherapy agent. (justia.com)
- The p16INK4A protein is a cell-cycle inhibitor that acts by inhibiting activated cyclin D:CDK4/6 complexes, which play a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle by phosphorylating Rb protein. (medscape.com)
Pathways12
- What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
- It has been hypothesized that inactivation of the RASSF1A tumor suppressor facilitates K-RAS-mediated transformation by uncoupling it from apoptotic pathways such as the Hippo pathway. (cancerindex.org)
- Therefore oncogenic provokes premature senescence by activating the MEK-ERK and MKK3/6-p38 pathways in normal primary cells sequentially. (molecularcircuit.com)
- Over-expression of CKS1B activates both MEK/ERK and JAK/STAT3 signaling pathways and promotes myeloma cell drug-resistance. (uams.edu)
- Activated TPKR could activate its downstream signaling elements, like Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt/eIF4E, PI3K/Akt/eNOS and PLC-gamma/PKC pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
- Other two pathways, ΔΨm/ATP/cAMP/JNK/AP-1 and ROS/Src, are also involved in LPLI-induced proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
- The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
- HRAS, HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase, is a member of the small GTPase family that upon activation by growth factors stimulates multiple downstream pathways such as RAF and PI3K to promote cell proliferation and survival ( PMID: 21779504 , PMID: 32241873 ). (jax.org)
- Cells genetically engineered for Akt hyperactivation or p53/Rb inactivation did not compromise JQ1 efficacy, suggesting that these frequently mutated signaling pathways may not confer resistance to JQ1. (ox.ac.uk)
- Additionally, scientists have found that this relationship is an important part of a number of complex cellular signaling cascade pathways, including Ras, β-catenin, myc, Rb, and many more. (shu.edu)
- After receptor activation, the alpha- and beta-gamma-subunits of G protein dissociate to activate diverse downstream pathways resulting in cellular polarization and actin reorganization. (genome.jp)
- In addition, the ErbB receptors integrate a diverse array of signals, both at the cell surface level and through cross-talk with other pathways, such as the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (Pi3k) pathway [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Tumors9
- In human lung tumors, combined activation of K-RAS and inactivation of RASSF1A is closely associated with the development of the most aggressive and worst prognosis tumors. (cancerindex.org)
- Tumors form often when oncogenic expression is induced by tissue-specific promoters in genetically modified mouse models, but they regress when the inducing stimulus is turned off, implying that oncogenes are cancer's Achilles' heel (allowing the body to target the disease). (alliedacademies.org)
- Phase III clinical trials of Rova‑T for patients with small‑cell lung cancer and a phase III clinical trial of nirogacestat for patients with desmoid tumors are ongoing. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Although genetic and epigenetic aberrations that occur in components of the central dogma clearly elicit disease development in humans, recent findings also point to a prominent role for non-protein-coding regions of the genome in regulating cell and tissue homeostasis, as well as in contributing to the formation of human tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
- CD30hi lymphocytes also had 4 fold far more nuclear found ERBB protein and above expression and nuclear localization of ERBB one and 2 are popular in tumors. (dubinhibitors.com)
- HRAS activating mutations are commonly found in tumors, including dermatological, head and neck, thyroid, kidney, bladder cancers ( PMID: 29524560 ), squamous cell papilloma ( PMID: 31960612 ), and breast adenomyoepitheliomas ( PMID: 31887226 ). (jax.org)
- Lung neuroendocrine tumors (NET) comprise the four histotypes typical carcinoid (TC), atypical carcinoid (AC), large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). (biomedcentral.com)
- Success of conventional chemotherapeutic regiment is based on the principle that tumors with high growth fractions (such as acute myelogenous leukemia and the lymphomas, including Hodgkin's disease) are more sensitive to chemotherapy because a larger proportion of the targeted cells are undergoing cell division at any given time. (justia.com)
- Mdm2 is a proto-oncogene that is amplified in approximately 7% of cancers and is frequently seen in soft tissue tumors. (shu.edu)
Induces4
- In primary mammalian cells oncogenic induces premature senescence depending on an active MEK-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. (molecularcircuit.com)
- Constitutive activation of the pathway induces p53 p21 and p16 and leads to early senescence. (molecularcircuit.com)
- The elevated expression of p53 leads to greater stability, which also induces the regulatory protein Mdm2. (shu.edu)
- On the one hand, the UPS acts as a host defense mechanism to selectively recognize HBV proteins as well as special cellular proteins that favor the viral life cycle and induces their ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation to limit HBV infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Serine5
- The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the CMGC family of serine/threonine protein kinases. (cancerindex.org)
- Another study showed that oncogenic transformation by ras and fos also requires Jun N-terminal phosphorylation at Serine 63 and 73. (wikipedia.org)
- Proliferation is upregulated through two mechanisms: (1) ATP binding to the G-protein-coupled receptor P2Y2, commencing a kinase signaling cascade that activates the serine-threonine kinase Akt, and (2) the transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), leading to a series of protein signals that activate the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2. (encyclopedia.pub)
- ESE-1 initiates transformation of MCF-12A cells via a non-transcriptional, cytoplasmic process that is mediated by a unique 40-amino acid serine and aspartic acid rich (SAR) subdomain, whereas, ESE-1's nuclear transcriptional property is required to maintain the transformed phenotype of MCF7, ZR-75-1 and T47D breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- Activation of MAPK is initiated by one of the four ErbB receptors (ErbB1/epidermal growth factor receptor (EgfR), ErbB2-4), which leads to signaling through Raf (RAF proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase), Mek (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2) and Erk. (biomedcentral.com)
Mdm24
- These findings suggest that Mdm2 is required for inhibition of p53 activity that ultimately allows for post-confluent proliferation and induction of Runx2 during maturation of the osteogenic phenotype. (umassmed.edu)
- Mdm2 protein has the activity of an ubiquitin ligase, which allows for the targeted degradation of its substrates, including p53. (shu.edu)
- The relationship between p53 and Mdm2 has been shown to be vital to the normal functioning of the human cell, and also has other implications in cancer. (shu.edu)
- The p19ARF protein, which is encoded by the same locus as p16, also leads to cell cycle arrest by inhibiting the ability of MDM2 to inactivate TP53. (medscape.com)
Receptors11
- The proto-oncogene family members encodes little GTP binding proteins that transduce development indicators from cell surface area receptors in response to extracellular stimuli (1 6 37 Prior studies have recommended that aberrant activation of is certainly a crucial stage during tumorigenesis. (molecularcircuit.com)
- NOTCH1, NOTCH2, NOTCH3 and NOTCH4 are cell surface receptors that transduce juxtacrine signals of delta-like canonical Notch ligand (DLL)1, DLL3, DLL4, jagged canonical Notch ligand (JAG)1 and JAG2 from adjacent cells ( 1 - 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- Its activity is directed by intracellular signals mediated by various types of receptors such as G protein-coupled receptors. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated gamma and delta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4-/CD8- T-cells. (edu.au)
- DNA sequences, in cells of the T-lymphocyte lineage, that code for T-cell receptors. (edu.au)
- Recent studies denoted that alterations in growth factors and growth factor receptors seem to influence the biologic behaviour of pancreatic cancer cells [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Transforming growth factor-β [TGF-β] is such an example, being a growth stimulator in fibroblastic cells with TGF-β receptors, but a negative regulator in epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- Hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met), a member of tyrosine protein kinase receptors (TPKR), is phosphorylated during LPLI-induced proliferation, but tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) receptor has not been affected. (biomedcentral.com)
- The chemokine signal is transduced by chemokine receptors (G-protein coupled receptors) expressed on the immune cells. (genome.jp)
- The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/Erk pathway plays a central role in cell communication: it orchestrates signaling from external receptors to internal transcriptional machinery, which leads to changes in phenotype [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- All four adenosine receptors are expressed on the surface of mouse invariant NKT (iNKT) cells. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)
Phosphorylation5
- For instance, the stability of MYC protein modulated by phosphorylation is regulated by promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger ( PLZF ) protein and long noncoding RNA PVT1 [ 9 , 10 ]. (oncotarget.com)
- A sub examination was also carried out, in which R2 was set since the referential worth and compared to Mob ailment, to be able to measure the influence of a neighborhood acute mobiliza tion on protein expression and exercise amounts as evi denced by phosphorylation level variations. (dubinhibitors.com)
- Overexpression of Vav in the RBL-2H3 mast cell line resulted in the constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of Vav. (aai.org)
- We conclude that Vav phosphorylation contributes to IL-6 induction in mast cells. (aai.org)
- Both own phosphorylation status and direct protein-protein interactions are increasingly investigated [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Tumor suppressor4
- This kinase, as well as CDK4, has been shown to phosphorylate, and thus regulate the activity of, tumor suppressor protein Rb. (cancerindex.org)
- RB1 encodes the protein pRB and was the first tumor suppressor gene to be molecularly defined. (medscape.com)
- PTEN encodes a protein kinase of the same name and functions as a tumor suppressor through regulation of cell proliferation. (medscape.com)
- [ 1 ] His prediction was subsequently supported by the cloning of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene ( RB1 ) and by functional studies of the retinoblastoma protein, Rb. (medscape.com)
Mitogen-activa3
- To understand the signal transduction required, we focused primarily on IL-6 induction by measuring mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and analyzing the effects of mutant or dominant negative forms of Vav, Rac1, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1 (JNK1). (aai.org)
- Vav overexpression resulted in the constitutive activation of JNK1 with little or no effect on p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and ERK2. (aai.org)
- B-Raf-dependent regulation of the MEK-1/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in PC12 cells and regulation by cyclic AMP. (wikidata.org)
Progression9
- This kinase is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression and G1/S transition. (cancerindex.org)
- Studies have shown that c-jun is required for progression through the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and c-jun null cells show increased G1 arrest. (wikipedia.org)
- Therefore, c-jun is required for maintaining sufficient cyclin D1 kinase activity and allowing cell cycle progression. (wikipedia.org)
- Those results indicate that c-jun downregulates p53 to control cell cycle progression. (wikipedia.org)
- Recently, accumulating preclinical studies have illustrated the feasibility of slowing tumor progression by either overexpressing tumor suppressive miRNAs, or by neutralizing the activities of oncogenic miRNAs in cell- and animal-based models of cancer. (biomedcentral.com)
- Myeloma cell-derived Runx2 promotes myeloma progression in bone. (uams.edu)
- LPLI-induced cell cycle progression can be regulated by the activation or elevated expressions of cell cycle-specific proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
- Finally, CAFs promote cancer progression and act in cancer cell drug resistance. (spandidos-publications.com)
- The CDK4-cyclinD complex normally phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein (Rb protein), leading to release of the E2F transcription factor and cell cycle progression. (medscape.com)
Sequence Homology1
- It does not share significant sequence homology with other subtypes of small G-protein GEF motifs such as the Cdc25 domain and the Sec7 domain, which specifically interact with Ras and ARF family small GTPases, respectively, nor with other Rho protein interactive motifs, indicating that the Dbl family proteins are evolutionarily unique. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Regulation8
- Microinjection of a p38-encoding plasmid into NIH 3T3 fibroblasts led to down-regulation of cyclin D1 expression and cell cycle arrest at G1 (40). (molecularcircuit.com)
- The Rho family of GTP-binding proteins has been implicated in the regulation of various cellular functions including actin cytoskeleton-dependent morphological change. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- The guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Dbl targets Rho family proteins thereby stimulating their GDP/GTP exchange, and thus is believed to be involved in receptor-mediated regulation of the proteins. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- We are studying the role that normal chromatin structure plays in gene regulation in hematopoietic cells and how its disruption leads to altered development and cancer. (stanford.edu)
- Our studies have demonstrated that several of the proteins encoded by cellular oncogenes function in fundamental aspects of gene regulation. (stanford.edu)
- Initially, two observations prompted the present study: i) previous results revealed down-regulation of p68 RNA helicase resulting from overexpression of the IDX hairpin loop in HeLa cells, and ii) the secondary structure of the IDX hairpin loop resembles pri-miRNAs, implying that an miRNA could be processed from the hairpin loop-containing pri-miRNA and regulate 68 RNA helicase. (lidsen.com)
- Runx2 gene activity is later repressed at the onset of cartilage formation, both in vivo and in vitro, necessitating examination of the regulation and function of Runx2 in mesenchymal stem cells. (umassmed.edu)
- The MYC-repressed MYCLos are implicated in MYC-modulated cell proliferation through cell cycle regulation. (oncotarget.com)
Transformation8
- First, pre-leukemic mutations, such as t(8;21) that encodes AML1-ETO, are acquired within the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment, while signaling pathway mutations, including KRAS activating mutations, are late events acquired during transformation of leukemic progenitor cells and are rarely detectable in HSC. (ox.ac.uk)
- We demonstrate here that GSK-3 maintains the MLL leukemia stem cell transcriptional program by promoting the conditional association of CREB and its coactivators TORC and CBP with homedomain protein MEIS1, a critical component of the MLL-subordinate program, which in turn facilitates HOX-mediated transcription and transformation. (stanford.edu)
- These data highlight that ESE-1 contains NLS and NES signals that play a critical role in regulating its subcellular localization and function, and that an intact SAR domain mediates MEC transformation exclusively in the cytoplasm, via a novel nontranscriptional mechanism, whereby the SAR motif is accessible for ligand and/or protein interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
- These findings are significant, since they provide novel molecular insights into the functions of ETS transcription factors in mammary cell transformation. (biomedcentral.com)
- Overexpression of one ETS protein in particular, the epithelium-specific ETS factor ESE-1, is implicated in human mammary transformation. (biomedcentral.com)
- HRAS G12 mutations are hotspot mutations that often result in decreased Hras GTPase activity, leading to activation of downstream signaling and transformation of cultured cells ( PMID: 6092966 , PMID: 24224811 , PMID: 26985062 ). (jax.org)
- Furthermore, the cell expansion poses a risk of accumulating genetic abnormalities that could lead to malignant cell transformation. (biomedcentral.com)
- In this study, our aim was to evaluate the proliferation pattern as well as the resistance to spontaneous transformation of hASCs during expansion in a xeno-free culture condition. (biomedcentral.com)
Transcription factor6
- Transcription factor Jun is a protein that in humans is encoded by the JUN gene. (wikipedia.org)
- c-Jun, in combination with protein c-Fos, forms the AP-1 early response transcription factor. (wikipedia.org)
- pRB functions as a negative regulatory transcription factor during the G1 to S phase cell cycle transition. (medscape.com)
- p53 is a transcription factor whose expression is increased by DNA damage and blocks cell division at the G1 phase of the cell cycle to allow DNA repair. (medscape.com)
- MYC is a transcription factor regulating global gene expression through heterodimerization with the protein myc-associated factor X (MAX) [ 1 - 3 ]. (oncotarget.com)
- A basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (bHLHZ) transcription factor and proto-oncogene protein that functions in cell growth and proliferation. (bvsalud.org)
Mutations8
- Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
- This novel cancer model is consistent with the fact that, in human malignancies, all malignant cells carry the same beginning oncogenic genetic mutations, regardless of cellular heterogeneity within the tumour [ 1 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
- Loss‑of‑function NOTCH1 mutations are early events during esophageal tumorigenesis, whereas gain‑of‑function NOTCH1 mutations are late events during T‑cell leukemogenesis and B‑cell lymphomagenesis. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Genetic drivers are mutations or fusions that confer a survival advantage to "drive" malignant proliferation. (medscape.com)
- Passenger mutations are additional mutations found in the cancers that do not contribute to cancer proliferation. (medscape.com)
- Different cancer types tend to depend on a limited number of 'driver' oncogene mutations. (cancerquest.org)
- Mutations in this gene as well as in its related proteins including D-type cyclins, p16(INK4a) and Rb were all found to be associated with tumorigenesis of a variety of cancers. (thermofisher.com)
- A proto-oncogene is a gene that becomes an oncogene, a gene that has the potential to cause cancer, through mutations or an increase in expression. (shu.edu)
Cellular proliferation1
- Taken together, our findings suggest that Runx2 modulates the commitment of progenitor cells to the osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages, and that Runx2 activity is inextricably linked to mechanisms that control cellular proliferation. (umassmed.edu)
Oncogenic2
- These studies have got described the molecular occasions inside the signaling cascade that result in premature senescence and therefore have provided brand-new insights into how confers oncogenic change in major cells. (molecularcircuit.com)
- Oddly enough the AP24534 power of oncogenic to induce premature senescence depends upon the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway that mediates cell proliferation (36). (molecularcircuit.com)
Inhibitors7
- Small-molecule inhibitors, antagonistic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), bispecific antibodies or biologics (bsAbs) and chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-Ts) targeting Notch signaling components have been developed as investigational anti-cancer drugs ( 10 - 12 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- Growth factors do not only stimulate cell proliferation, but they may also act as growth inhibitors, depending on the cell type and the stimulatory pathway that is involved. (biomedcentral.com)
- It has also been demonstrated that TGF-β induced cell cycle arrest can be partially attributed to the regulatory effects of TGF-β on both the expression and activity of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors [CDKI] such as p21 and p27. (biomedcentral.com)
- In particular, the present invention provides methods for enhancing the effectiveness of chemotherapy by inducing differential stress resistance in normal cells and cancer cells via short-term starvation, cell growth inhibitors, or reduced caloric or glucose intake. (justia.com)
- We hypothesized that Pak1 over-expressing cell lines would have increased sensitivity to Mek inhibitors. (biomedcentral.com)
- We tested this experimentally by measuring quantitative responses of 20 breast cancer cell lines to three Mek inhibitors. (biomedcentral.com)
- The cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors p21 and p16 inhibit the activity of CDKs, such as CDK4. (medscape.com)
Angiogenesis1
- The MAPK pathway activates JUN, FOS and MYC, plus the JAK STAT pathway activates VEGF and each encourage proliferation and angiogenesis. (dubinhibitors.com)
Malignant6
- In addition to these basic issues concerning leukemia pathogenesis, we are devising new diagnostic procedures for detecting and monitoring leukemia patients based on molecular genetic abnormalities in the malignant cells. (stanford.edu)
- Their loss of function is a well described mechanism of malignant proliferation. (medscape.com)
- ARK5 is transcriptionally regulated by the Large-MAF family and mediates IGF-1-induced cell invasion in multiple myeloma: ARK5 as a new molecular determinant of malignant multiple myeloma. (uams.edu)
- Generation of polyclonal plasmablasts from peripheral blood B cells: a normal counterpart of malignant plasmablasts. (uams.edu)
- Unfortunately, scientists have yet to be able to locate specific features of malignant and immune cells that would make them uniquely targetable (barring some recent examples, such as the Philadelphia chromosome as targeted by imatinib). (justia.com)
- It is widely recognized that the accumulation of various harmful genetic alterations in normal cells may induce malignant cancer cells ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Survival2
- Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is upregulated in myelomatous bone and supports myeloma cell survival. (uams.edu)
- Clinico-pathologic data including overall survival, proliferation rate and diagnostic markers (synaptophysin, chromogranin A, Mib-1, TTF-1) were recorded. (biomedcentral.com)
Pathway7
- It is thought that activation from the MAPK pathway provides cells with constitutive mitogenic indicators indie of extracellular stimuli (7). (molecularcircuit.com)
- The MEK-ERK pathway when activated by transforms cells. (molecularcircuit.com)
- It specifically negatively regulates the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway to induce cell cycle arrest. (medscape.com)
- My results indicate that KCNK3 internalizes in response to Protein Kinase C (PKC) activation, using a novel pathway that requires the phosphoserine binding protein, 14-3-3β, and demonstrates for the first time regulated KCNK3 channel trafficking in neurons. (umassmed.edu)
- Arsenic trioxide-mediated growth inhibition of myeloma cells is associated with an extrinsic or intrinsic signaling pathway through activation of TRAIL or TRAIL receptor 2. (uams.edu)
- The download Hanging Sam: A Military Biography of General of Insulin like Growth Factor Binding Proteins( IGFBPs) phase 50 response pathway good research with reviewed N cell and C formation enzymes binding for conjugating Insulin like Growth Factors I and II( IGF I and IGF II). (evakoch.com)
- To that end, we mapped genomic, transcriptional and proteomic profiles for 30 breast cancer cell lines onto a curated Pathway Logic symbolic systems model of EgfR-MAPK signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
Ubiquitination1
- The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) regulates the expression levels of cellular proteins by ubiquitination of protein substrates followed by their degradation via the proteasome. (biomedcentral.com)
GTPase7
- Rho GTPase activating protein. (gsea-msigdb.org)
- A common theme of these processes is a dynamic reorganization of actin cytoskeleton which has now emerged as a major switch control mainly carried out by Rho and Rac GTPase subfamilies, playing an acknowledged role in adaptation of cell motility to the microenvironment. (biomedcentral.com)
- Conversely, in amoeboid movement cells have a rounded morphology, the movement is independent from proteases but requires high Rho GTPase to drive elevated levels of actomyosin contractility. (biomedcentral.com)
- A structural feature that distinguishes the Rho proteins from other small GTPases is the so-called Rho insert domain located between a β strand and an α helix within the small GTPase domain [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Typically Rho proteins are 190-250 residues long and consist only of the GTPase domain and short terminal C-terminal extensions. (biomedcentral.com)
- Within their GTPase domains, they share approximately 30% amino acid identity with the Ras proteins and 40-95% identity within the family. (biomedcentral.com)
- Rho GTPase effectors are a large group of proteins and include actin nucleation promoting molecules, adaptors, as well as kinases. (biomedcentral.com)
Mutation2
- A mutation in this gene resulting in reduced cell proliferation, and impaired cell motility and polarity, and has been identified in patients with primary microcephaly. (cancerindex.org)
- Cell-intrinsic depletion of Aml1-ETO-expressing pre-leukemic hematopoietic stem cells by K-Ras activating mutation. (ox.ac.uk)
Cyclin1
- We also aimed to evaluate the expression of TGF-β1 and p27 in the context of other cell cycle and proliferation markers such as cyclin D1 and Ki-67. (biomedcentral.com)
Cancers5
- Second, both strongly transforming retroviruses and non-virus induced malignancies, including human cancers, contain comparable oncogenes. (alliedacademies.org)
- Third, reverse transcription is responsible for the insertion of oncogenes into retroviral genomes as well as some proto-oncogene and tumour suppressor gene alterations in non-virus induced cancers. (alliedacademies.org)
- Acute leukemias induced by MLL chimeric oncoproteins are among the subset of cancers distinguished by a paradoxical dependence on GSK-3 kinase activity for sustained proliferation. (stanford.edu)
- We will discuss three key proteins that function as tumor suppressors implicated in the development of pediatric (and some adult) cancers: pRB, p53, and PTEN. (medscape.com)
- These proteins recently emerged as important therapeutic targets in NUT midline carcinoma and several types of hematopoietic cancers. (ox.ac.uk)
Promote cell proliferation1
- Activated ERK2 and ERK1 promote cell proliferation. (molecularcircuit.com)
Abnormalities2
- Oncogene expression and their possible function in immune cell abnormalities during carcinogenesis and tumour growth, however, have not even been adequately investigated [ 4 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
- Despite the fact that proto-oncogenes are expressed in all cells, including immune cells, abnormalities in proto-oncogenes have been thoroughly characterised and analysed mostly in tumour cells. (alliedacademies.org)
HER23
- An instance of an oncogene is the HER2 gene, which creates the HER2 protein. (alliedacademies.org)
- Extra copies of this gene may result in an overabundance of HER2 protein, causing cells to proliferate faster. (alliedacademies.org)
- Some breast cancer and ovarian cancer cells include the HER2 oncogene. (alliedacademies.org)
Receptor3
- DNA sequences encoding the delta chain of the T-cell receptor. (edu.au)
- This receptor is found in moderate levels on some normal cells and as the gene's name implies, it is involved in cellular responses to growth factors. (cancerquest.org)
- However, the complement C5a receptor 2 may act as a decoy receptor for C5a, as it has no reported G protein signalling capacity. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)
Activation6
- Here, we describe the first transgenic mouse model for activation of K-RAS in the lung in a RASSF1A-defective background. (cancerindex.org)
- Relationship between Ras and Raf-1 qualified AP24534 prospects towards the sequential activation from the MAP kinase kinases (MAPKKs) MEK1 and MEK2 as well as the MAPKs extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2. (molecularcircuit.com)
- Activation of Rho proteins through release of bound GDP and subsequent binding of GTP, is catalysed by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) in the Dbl family. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- Here, we describe the signaling mechanisms through which TRPV1 activation influences cell fate. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Low power laser irradiation (LPLI) promotes proliferation of multiple cells, which (especially red and near infrared light) is mainly through the activation of mitochondrial respiratory chain and the initiation of cellular signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
- Activation of p21 or p16 therefore causes cell cycle arrest. (medscape.com)
Superfamily2
- Like all members of the Ras superfamily, the Rho proteins cycle between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound conformational states. (embl-heidelberg.de)
- Rho proteins belong to the Ras superfamily. (biomedcentral.com)
Molecular4
- The central dogma of molecular biology states that the transfer of genetic information within cells transpires sequentially from DNA to RNA to proteins, whose coding sequences comprise a paltry 1.5-2% of the human genome [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Molecular mechanisms that mediate cell death and proliferation exist in balance in functional physiological systems. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Recently, a large number of signaling proteins reported play an important key role in the process of LPLI-induced cell proliferation, probably due to the fact that the molecular events they are involved in are the basic response of the cells to extracellular stimuli. (biomedcentral.com)
- then we review the studies on the molecular mechanisms of LPLI-induced proliferation since January 1999, which will serve as a reference for the researchers in this field. (biomedcentral.com)
Inactivation1
- A study utilized liver-specific inactivation of c-jun in hepatocellular carcinoma, which showed impaired tumor development correlated with increased level of p53 protein and the mRNA level of the p53 target gene noxa. (wikipedia.org)
Downstream1
- Thus it can be inferred from our findings that the alternative splicing exon IDX from H-Ras, coupled with the immediately downstream intron sequences, may contain an ncRNA. (lidsen.com)
Extracellular1
- Single cell mesenchymal-type movement is characterized by an elongated cellular shape and again requires extracellular proteolysis and integrin engagement. (biomedcentral.com)
Nuclear2
- This led to the concept that in normal cells PTEN is rather nuclear, but in neoplastic it is cytosolic. (biomedcentral.com)
- For example, the TP53 gene, located on chromosome 17, encodes a 53-kd nuclear protein that functions as a cell cycle checkpoint. (medscape.com)
Encodes a protein2
- The human JUN encodes a protein that is highly similar to the viral protein, which interacts directly with specific target DNA sequences to regulate gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
- This locus, however, also encodes a protein from an alternative reading frame, designated p19ARF. (medscape.com)
Membrane3
- Membrane ion channels are structures through which ions enter or exit the cell, depending on the driving forces. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Endocytic trafficking dynamically regulates neuronal plasma membrane protein presentation and activity, and plays a central role in excitability and plasticity. (umassmed.edu)
- Over the course of my dissertation research I investigated endocytic mechanisms regulating two neuronal membrane proteins: the anesthetic-activated potassium leak channel, KCNK3, as well as the psychostimulant-sensitive dopamine transporter (DAT). (umassmed.edu)
Regulate4
- It has been reported that under certain biological conditions p38 AP24534 can negatively AP24534 regulate cell growth. (molecularcircuit.com)
- 1) Characterize novel families of oncoproteins (Pbx and Meis) that dimerize with and regulate the DNA binding properties of Hox proteins. (stanford.edu)
- Some proto-oncogenes work to regulate cell death. (cancerquest.org)
- The mutant proteins often retain some of their capabilities but are no longer sensitive to the controls that regulate the normal form of the protein. (cancerquest.org)
Overexpression3
- Overexpression of c-jun in cells results in decreased level of p53 and p21, and exhibits accelerated cell proliferation. (wikipedia.org)
- The effect of hairpin loop overexpression on cell growth and cancer processes was also investigated by analyzing cell-cycle phases and miR-206 expression. (lidsen.com)
- Overexpression and involvement in migration by the metastasis-associated phosphatase PRL-3 in human myeloma cells. (uams.edu)
Regulates2
- Here, we highlight that an important RNA sequence region, encompassing an exon-intron hairpin loop (also called IDX-rasISS1), of the H-Ras pre-mRNA may encode an ncRNA that regulates p68 RNA helicase. (lidsen.com)
- The oxidative stress response regulates DKK1 expression through the JNK signaling cascade in multiple myeloma plasma cells. (uams.edu)
Vitro2
- We are studying the effects and consequences of protein fusion on the transcriptional and transforming activities of these proteins using in vitro and animal models. (stanford.edu)
- CAFs maintain their phenotype for numerous passages during culture in vitro without exposure to cancer cells, while NFs cannot be infinitely proliferous like cancer cells ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Effectors3
- Guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulators (GDSs, or exchange factors), such as RALGDS, are effectors of Ras-related GTPases (see MIM 190020) that participate in signaling for a variety of cellular processes. (cancerindex.org)
- Among other members, we will focus our attention on the Rac and Rho subfamilies, as they are the main effectors of cell motility. (biomedcentral.com)
- In turn, GTP-bound active GTPases can interact with a plethora of different effectors which mediate the different cellular functions of this family of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Mechanisms1
- However, the mechanisms of cell proliferation induced by LPLI are poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
Biological1
- Moreover, in the infected hepatocytes, certain cellular proteins that are dependent on the UPS are involved in abnormal biological processes which are mediated by HBV. (biomedcentral.com)
Tyrosine1
- PTEN is a protean protein with a dual-specificity cytosolic lipid and tyrosine phosphatase activity. (biomedcentral.com)
MRNA5
- interaction( Hh) is a bound transfer that is very proteins in modifications resulting past plasma mRNA, fibril-associated information DNA, isoform kinase and activity( characterised in Hui and Angers, 2011). (evakoch.com)
- JUN mRNA was decreased and, as JUN transcription is autoregulated by JUN protein,and JUN heterodimerizes with Meq. (dubinhibitors.com)
- We propose that even though total JUN protein was enhanced in CD30hi lymphocytes, it is actually not out there for auto transactivation, an substitute chance is as JUN protein is stabilized by submit translational interactions with Meq, the JUN mRNA might not basically reflect the total JUN protein levels. (dubinhibitors.com)
- IL-2 and IL-6 mRNA levels were dramatically increased in Vav-overexpressing cells and correlated with increased NF-AT activity. (aai.org)
- Among the viral transcripts, preC mRNA encodes precore protein. (biomedcentral.com)
Genetic1
- At a fundamental level, cancer is caused by an accumulation of genetic changes that result in unregulated cell growth and proliferation. (medscape.com)
GTPases2
- Rho GTPases represent a family of small GTP-binding proteins involved in cell cytoskeleton organization, migration, transcription, and proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
- This review will focus on the role of Rac and Rho small GTPases in cell motility and in the complex relationship driving the reciprocal control between Rac and Rho granting for the opportunistic motile behaviour of aggressive cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)