Cell proliferation macrophages antigen presenting cell. Medical search. Frequent questions

LCH lesion also contains inflammatory cells and cytokines such as T lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages. (capsulehealth.one)
SL is an antigen-dependent process and requires the collaboration of antigen presenting cells (dendritic cells and macrophages), CD4 + T lymphocytes, and different cytokines. (medscape.com)
RANTES (Regulation on Activation Normal T-cell Expressed and Secreted) is a chemotactic cytokine (also known as CCL5), produced by macrophages, epithelial cells, platelets, megakaryoblasts, T lymphocytes and eosinophils. (quanterix.com)
In addition, it stimulates histamine secretion by mast cells, IgE and IgG production by lymphocytes, increases CD80 expression on antigen-presenting cells, and induces activation and proliferation of NK cells. (quanterix.com)
T helper cells (also known as effector T cells or T h cells ) are a sub-group of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell or leukocyte ) that plays an important role in establishing and maximizing the capabilities of the immune system . (wikidoc.org)
Prevention was associated with the downregulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)-activating and Foxp3-counteracting interleukin-6 (IL-6), lower numbers of phospho-STAT3-containing lymphocytes, and higher Foxp3 + T-cell counts in the colon. (nature.com)
Jun 11, 2019 APCs present hepatic antigens to uncommitted helper T lymphocytes (TH 0). (web.app)
Skin-resident dendritic cells act as a first line of defense, ingesting foreign substances, processing them, and presenting them to lymphocytes to activate the immune system. (ernolaszlo.com)
The interaction of TNFRSF9 and its ligand, TNFSF9, leads to the activation of cytotoxic T cells, reactivation of anergic T lymphocytes, and induces T-cell proliferation. (biolegend.com)
Current data suggest that Neisseria gonorrhoeae is able to suppress the protective immune response at different levels, such as B and T lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. (unab.cl)
We aimed to clarify whether soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) activated B cells may be loaded with HBcAg18-27 peptide and served as antigen-producing cells (APCs) to induce HBV-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, we provide evidence that the activated B cells may serve as APCs to present core peptide of HBV to cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
In the context of cancer, appropriately activated DCs can induce anti-tumor immunity by activating innate immune cells and tumor-specific lymphocytes that target cancer cells. (mdpi.com)
Btk is required for the proliferation and differentiation of B lymphocytes. (medscape.com)
CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1) expressed on lymphocytes is known to play an important role in lymphocyte trafficking (adhesion to vascular endothelium), as well as interactions to antigen presenting cells (APC). (medscape.com)
Lymphocytes, B and T cells, can respond selectively to thousands of non-self materials. (lu.se)

Obese adipocytes overexpress MHC class II molecules and costimulators to act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and promote the activation of CD4 + T cells. (frontiersin.org)
First, we introduce adipocytes as APCs to participate in T cell-mediated adaptive immune response. (frontiersin.org)
Function of T helper cells: Antigen presenting cells ( APCs ) present antigen on their Class II MHC molecules ( MHC2 ). (wikidoc.org)
Class II MHC proteins are generally only found on the surface of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (wikidoc.org)
Some APCs also bind native (or unprocessed) antigens to their surface, such as follicular dendritic cells , but unprocessed antigens do not interact with T cells and are not involved in their activation. (wikidoc.org)
During an immune response, professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) endocytose (absorb) foreign material (typically bacteria or viruses ), which undergoes processing , then travel from the infection site to the lymph nodes . (wikidoc.org)
They are highly dynamic, with the capacity to These "trainers" are so-called antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which can be divided into professional (e.g., dendritic cells [DCs], B cells, and macrophages) and The cycle is initiated when myeloid APC, sensing various tumor-derived danger signals, infiltrate the tumor microenvironment (TME) and capture tumor antigens. (web.app)
Professional antigen-presenting cells, including macrophages, B cells and Sep 3, 2019 Activation of T cells by antigen presenting cells (APCs) initiates their proliferation, cytokine production, and killing of infected or cancerous cells. (web.app)
When a pathogen is detected, these APCs will phagocytose the pathogen and digest it to form many different fragments of the antigen. (web.app)
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) are cells that capture antigens from within the body, and present them to naive T-cells. (web.app)
Our results demonstrate that sCD40L-activated B cells may function as APCs and induce HBV-specific CTLs. (biomedcentral.com)
Efficient antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is critical for inducing T-cell mediated immunity in vivo [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
As a terminal cell type, B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can usually be cultured for 2-3 weeks only, which limits the application of B cells as APCs. (biomedcentral.com)
The T cell receptor is restricted to recognizing antigenic peptides only when bound to appropriate molecules of the MHC complexes on APCs , also known in humans as Human leukocyte antigen (HLA). (jackwestin.com)
Several different types of T cells can be activated by APCs, and each type of T cell is specially equipped to deal with different pathogens, whether the pathogen is bacterial, viral or a toxin. (jackwestin.com)
In this direction, purified recombinant form of five of the seroreactive proteins (reported in our initial study), including three cell wall-associated (arbitrarily designated as antigens A through C) and two secretory (AgD & AgE), were examined for their potential to activate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) viz. (cdc.gov)
Several cells are known to initiate the process of plasma cell differentiation and are known collectively as antigen presenting cells (APCs) (Waller & Renwick, 1994). (referat.ru)
T-cell anergy is defined as the state in which T-cells fail to respond to previously encountered antigenic stimulation by functional APCs. (biomedcentral.com)

Leukocytes are the main source of TWEAK including human resting and activated monocytes, dendritic cells and natural killer cells. (wikipedia.org)
The normal process of fracture repair begins with an immediate inflammatory response as the innate immune system (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells) responds with a variety of cytokines that recruit and activate several cell types, including osteoprogenitor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to the site of injury [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Epidermal Langerhans cells are unique among dendritic cells in that they arise not from myeloid progenitor cells in bone marrow but rather from yolk-sac progenitors and fetal liver-derived monocytes that populate the skin before birth and are maintained locally under steady-state conditions. (capsulehealth.one)
CD137L is a co-stimulatory molecule that is expressed on antigen presenting cells (DCs, monocytes/macrophages, B cells) and is upregulated upon activation. (fishersci.com)
Its receptor, CD137/4-1BB, is found on a variety of cells, including inflamed endothelial cells, where its expression enhances extravasation of CD137L expressing monocytes. (fishersci.com)
Many immune system cells can present antigens, but the most common types are macrophages and dendritic cells, which are two types of terminally differentiated leukocytes that arise from monocytes. (web.app)
Furthermore, air pollution exposure may influence monocytes, white blood cells that play a key role in the buildup of plaques in arteries-and could possibly predispose children to heart disease in adulthood. (theglobalfool.com)
T and Monocytes cells were purified from peripheral bloodstream mononuclear cells from healthy donors. (woofahs.com)
These CD1a- leukocytes include (1) LC as evidenced by the presence of Birbeck granules (BG), (2) CD14+ monocytes, and (3) Birbeck granule-negative cells with a dendritic morphology. (ashpublications.org)
Addition of interleukin (IL)-4 to the cytokine cocktail interfered with the development of monocytes and led to a reduction in the overall yield but, on the other hand, resulted in an increased percentage of CD1a+ cells (mean: 24%) among all cells generated. (ashpublications.org)
It is produced by Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) a variety of cells, including monocytes and accounts for 90% of nephrosis in child- mesangial cells in the kidney [ 9 ]. (who.int)

Histone adsorption on the surface of carbon particles significantly stimulates their ingestion by rat peritoneal macrophages, hamster kidney fibroblasts, and mouse L-cells [ 861 ], and the adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nonpolar metabolites on the surface of carbon particles ingested by rat alveolar macrophages has been studied [ 862 ]. (nanomedicine.com)
The number of HO-1 positive alveolar macrophages was significantly elevated in lungs of mice treated with OVA + PM/OVA compared to OVA/OVA. (cdc.gov)
alveolar macrophages and human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and for T-cell reactivity. (cdc.gov)
however, we measured no change in T lymphocyte proliferation or in the percentage of alveolar macrophages expressing HLA-DP. (cdc.gov)

Adipose-derived MSCs, in particular, pose an attractive option for cell-based therapy due to their relatively decreased morbidity during isolation and potential for expansion and differentiation [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
Multipotential differentiation of MSCs into adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic cell lineages. (hindawi.com)
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a rare autoimmune disease due to an abnormal T cell response, notably supported by splenic T follicular helper cells, that stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of autoreactive B cells. (qxmd.com)
In addition, various adipokines secreted by adipocytes regulate the proliferation and differentiation of T cells. (frontiersin.org)
Next, we summarize various cytokines produced by adipocytes that regulate the survival, activation and differentiation of B cells. (frontiersin.org)
India ink is often used as a phagocytosis labeling agent or a cell differentiation tracer because CB is easily administered, is relatively nontoxic, and is easily observed in cells that have taken it up. (nanomedicine.com)
Especially Mesenchymal Stem cells have been focused in a plethora of preclinical and clinical experiments over the five decades due to extraordinary capacity in differentiation to multiple lineages, immunomodulation and angigenic properties. (samploon.com)
Monthly cyclical endometrial growth, differentiation, and regression are governed by a fine tuned inter play between ovarian sex steroid hormones and numerous cell types. (samploon.com)
EMSCs also have the high capacity proliferation, multidirectional differentiation that is indicative for the potentiality for tissue regeneration. (samploon.com)
Large body of data of experiment concludes that EMSCs have the ability to differentiation in multiple lineages such as osteoblast, cartilage, adipose, smooth muscle cell(1/18), hepatocytes, cardiomyocyte, neural cells. (samploon.com)
Open in a separate window Fig. 4 EVs shed by renal cancer cells inhibited monocyte-derived DC differentiation and their ability to stimulate T cell proliferation. (woofahs.com)
In vitro stimulation of these cells with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha led to their vigorous proliferation and differentiation resulting in the emergence of CD45+/CD68+/CD3-/CD19- /CD56- leukocytes some of which (mean: 12%) express CD1a and exhibit anti-CD4 and anti-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II reactivity. (ashpublications.org)
the regulation of the proliferation, differentiation and activity of leukocytes (Dale et. (referat.ru)
Based on their functional outcome, co-signaling molecules can be divided as co-stimulators and co-inhibitors, which positively and negatively control the priming, growth, differentiation and functional maturation of a T-cell response. (biomedcentral.com)
However, murine models, including knockout and transgenic mice, have been useful in understanding the mechanisms of B lymphopoiesis, B-cell differentiation, and antibody formation. (medscape.com)

Primary B-cell immunodeficiencies refer to diseases resulting from impaired antibody production due to either molecular defects intrinsic to B-cells or a failure of interaction between B-cells and T-cells. (medscape.com)
Secondary B lymphopoiesis is an antigen-dependent process and occurs in the germinal center of peripheral lymphoid organs with specific antibody production. (medscape.com)
Centroblasts progress to centrocytes with high-affinity antibody production, then differentiate further to long-term memory cells and plasmablasts. (medscape.com)
The human immune system is capable of producing up to 10 9 different antibody species to interact with a wide range of antigens. (medscape.com)
FFPE blocks were subjected to antigen/antibody detection by IHC with antibodies raised against PD-L1, IRF1, and CD8. (bvsalud.org)
They are essential in determining B cell antibody class switching , in the activation and growth of cytotoxic T cells , and in maximizing bactericidal activity of phagocytes such as macrophages . (wikidoc.org)
In vivo studies with TNFSF9 knockout mice and with the agonistic anti-TNFRSF9 monoclonal antibody showed that TNFRSF9/TNFSF9 interaction keeps optimal CD8 T-cell mediated immune response against viral infections and tumors. (biolegend.com)
HUMORAL IMMUNITYHumoral or antibody-mediated immunity is associated with B-lymphocyte cells. (referat.ru)
The role of complement & antibody-antigen complexesAntibodies have two distinct functions: to recognise and combine with an antigen, and to activate a defence mechanism for example by activating the complement sequence (Dale et. (referat.ru)
1994). This sequence involves more than thirty proteins (Mollnes & Harboe, 1996) and has the function of the destruction and removal of invading micro-organisms and subcellular debris and to promote clearance of antigen-antibody complexes (Dale et. (referat.ru)
The interaction of antibody with specific antigen results in the formation of the antibody-antigen complex. (referat.ru)
The integration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from microorganisms with their surface receptors in the immune cells, induces the production of several cytokines and chemokines that presents either a pro- and/or anti-inflammatory role by stimulating the secretion of a great variety of antibody subtypes and the activation of mechanisms of controlling the disease, such as the regulatory T cells. (bvsalud.org)
ALCL was recognized in 1985, when tumor cells consistently demonstrated labeling by the monoclonal antibody Ki-1, a marker later shown to recognize the CD30 antigen. (medscape.com)
Patients with leukocyte adhesion deficiency II manifest the Bombay phenotype (ie, negative for O and H blood group antigens with potential production of anti-H antibody). (medscape.com)
1) Antibody deficiency disorders are defects in immunoglobulin-producing B cells . (lu.se)
3) T cell deficiencies result usually in combined immunodeficiencies (CIDs), where both T cells and antibody production are defective. (lu.se)

Following B-cell receptor activation, 2 waves of tyrosine kinase phosphorylation occur. (medscape.com)
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), also known as Bruton agammaglobulinemia, results from a mutation of the BTK gene, which encodes the pre-B-cell receptor (Pre-BCR) and BCR. (medscape.com)
Reports indicate that TWEAK interacts with its receptor APO-3 and this interaction can lead to apoptosis, IL-8 secretion, NF-kB activation and endothelial cell proliferation. (bdbiosciences.com)
The B-cell receptor is formed from the noncovalent association between surface IgM or IgD and 2 transmembrane proteins, IgA and immunoglobulin B. The presence of CD22 and CD19/CD21 on the cell surface, playing the role of coreceptorlike molecules, is necessary for the activation of the receptor. (medscape.com)
Helper T cells recognize these, with the help of their expression of CD4 co-receptor ( CD4+ ). (wikidoc.org)
Like all T cells, they express the T cell receptor / CD3 complex. (wikidoc.org)
The T cell receptor (TcR) consists of both constant and variable regions, the latter of which determines what antigen the T cell can respond to. (wikidoc.org)
EnSCs synthesize and discharge several growth factors including transforming growth factor-α (TGFα), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). IGF-I, TGFα, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and platelet derived growth factor-β (PDGFβ) receptor expression in epithelial cells are upregulated during expeditious growth in the proliferative stage. (samploon.com)
Village developing immuno-oncology antibodies for directed immunotherapy of an immuno-stimulatory receptor found on antigen-presenting cells such as Modellerad efter APC, måste aAPC ha minst två signaler för att stimulera antigenspecifika T-celler. (web.app)
Cortisol maintains tissue responsiveness to catecholamines, and stimulates a-adrenegic receptor function and receptors in vascular smooth muscle and nerve cells. (medium.com)
This peptide-MHC complex signals through the T cell receptor and its associated proteins. (nih.gov)
Signal 2 is provided by costimulatory proteins, especially the B7 proteins (CD80 and CD86), which are recognized by the co-receptor protein CD28 on the surface of the T cell. (nih.gov)
The T cell receptor does not act on its own to transmit signal 1 into the cell. (nih.gov)
The T cell receptor and its associated CD3 complex. (nih.gov)
In contrary, tumor cells have evolved immune escape mechanisms whereby overexpression of PD-L1 induces anergy and/or apoptosis of PD-1 positive T cells by interfering with T cell receptor signal transduction. (studylib.net)
Such immune dysfunction may be due to a disorder in thymic output function (in particular in young patients), which results in a lower level of naive T-cells in the peripheral blood available for an immune response to the proliferation and abnormal expression of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. (biomedcentral.com)
Several types of ACT round out the immunotherapy arsenal, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, T-cell receptor (TCR) therapy, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy. (aacr.org)

Antigen-presenting cell definition is - any of various cells (such as a dendritic cell, macrophage, or B cell) that take up and process an antigen into a peptide An antigen-presenting cell (APC) can be defined as any cell that expresses MHC or related molecules (e.g. (web.app)

Microtubule-associated protein MAP1LC3C regulates lysosomal exocytosis and induces zinc reprogramming in renal cancer cells. (uc.edu)
Zhong Y, Liao J, Hu Y, Wang Y, Sun C, Zhang C, Wang G. PM 2.5 Upregulates MicroRNA-146a-3p and Induces M1 Polarization in RAW264.7 Cells by Targeting Sirtuin1. (medsci.org)

The antigens that bind to MHC proteins are always short peptides , 8-10 amino acids long for MHC Class I, and up to 25 or so for MHC Class II. (wikidoc.org)
Once at the lymph nodes, the APC begins to present antigen peptides that are bound to Class II MHC, allowing CD4 + T cells that express specific TcR's against the peptide/MHC complex to activate. (wikidoc.org)
Antigen-presenting cells have MHC I and MHC II and present peptides to CD8+ and Antigen-presenting cells produce T cell-stimulating cytokines (IL-12, IL-1). (web.app)
Dendritic cells (DCs), activated macrophages, and activated B cells are all capable of presenting antigen peptides. (biomedcentral.com)
Recognition of antigenic peptides through Class I by CTLs leads to the killing of the target cell, which is infected by the virus, intracytoplasmic bacterium, or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional. (jackwestin.com)
Consequently, it was shown by others that tumor cells also expressed MHC-I and presented short tumor-associated peptides to immune cells [6]. (studylib.net)
This review summarizes some immunological factors involved in the development and control of this oral disease, such as: the participation of inflammatory cells in local inflammation, the synthesis of chemotaxis proteins with activation of the complement system and a range of antimicrobial peptides, such as defensins, cathelicidin and saposins. (bvsalud.org)

MSCs are able to evade the host cell immune system due to their low expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and complete lack MHC class II molecules and other costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD40L, CD80, and CD86) required for immune cell stimulation [ 15 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
The adipocyte was reported as an antigen-presenting cell (APC) which expresses CD1d and MHC class I and II molecules. (frontiersin.org)
Moreover, like other nucleated cells, adipocytes express MHC class I molecules. (frontiersin.org)
Several molecules expressed by macrophages and T cells including interleukin-12 (IL-12), interferon-γ, IL-10, and Foxp3 are critical for the intestinal balance between immune attack and tolerance. (nature.com)
Study results show that over time exposure to pollutants is linked to increased methylation in cells of the immune system, an alteration that can change the activity of DNA molecules without changing their sequence and can have long term effects. (theglobalfool.com)
The expression of CD80, CD86, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classes I and II molecules on the sCD40L-activated B cell was significantly increased after long-time culture. (biomedcentral.com)
MHC I molecules present antigen to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells , while MHC class II molecules present antigen to CD4+ helper T cells . (jackwestin.com)
molecules are expressed on all nucleated cells and are essential for the presentation of normal "self" antigens. (jackwestin.com)
molecules are expressed only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells). (jackwestin.com)
However, tumor cells can evade host's immune surveillance using a number of protective mechanisms, including downregulation of MHC-I molecules, secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, in other words, TGF-β and IL-10, secretion of immunosuppressive factors, VEGF, upregulation of PD-L1 and downregulation of co-stimulatory molecules thereby preventing activation of T cells, resulting in cancer invasion. (studylib.net)
Antigens are foreign molecules that initiate an immune response, they have inherent immunogenicity (Tortora & Grabowski, 1996). (referat.ru)
In addition, the low cytotoxicity of T-cells may be related to the high expression level of inhibitory molecules including programmed death-1 (PD-1), LAG-3 and NKG2A in CD8+T cells [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Deficiencies are highly variable with regard to symptoms, phenotype, genotype, severity, etc, because many cells and molecules are required for both natural and adaptive immunity . (lu.se)

on monocyte-derived cells compared with DCs (CTL DC) (Fig.?4a). (woofahs.com)
on monocyte-derived cells (Fig.?4a). (woofahs.com)
13K, docx)Mean Fluorescence Strength (MFI) of monocyte-derived cells cultured in existence or lack of renal tumor cells (Compact disc105+ CSCs and Compact Firocoxib disc105- TCs). (woofahs.com)
14K, docx)Mean Fluorescence Strength (MFI) of monocyte-derived cells activated with or without EVs shed by Compact disc105+ CSCs and Compact disc105- TCs. (woofahs.com)
Genomic deletion of a fms-intronic regulatory element (FIRE) in the Csf1r locus resulted in specific absence of resident homeostatic and antigen-presenting macrophages, without affecting the recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages to the infarcted heart. (elifesciences.org)

In the 1970s , Steinman and Cohn distinguished dendritic cells from macrophages on the basis of specific morphologic features of dendritic cells and their superior capacity to present antigens to and activate antigen-specific T cells. (capsulehealth.one)
Adipocytes can directly activate CD4 + T cells through antigen:MHCII complex in a contact-dependent manner. (frontiersin.org)
Here, macrophages and T cells accumulate in the lamina propria of the intestinal tract, activate each other, destroy the regular architecture of the gut wall, and disturb the intestinal function. (nature.com)
Additionally, some helper T cells will present their antigen to B cells, which will activate their proliferation response. (jackwestin.com)
They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells. (nih.gov)
In this final section , we discuss the multiple signals that help activate a T cell and how a helper T cell , once activated to become an effector cell , helps activate other cells. (nih.gov)
To activate a cytotoxic or helper T cell to proliferate and differentiate into an effector cell , an antigen-presenting cell provides two kinds of signals. (nih.gov)
The two signals that activate a helper T cell. (nih.gov)
A) A mature antigen-presenting cell can deliver both signal 1 and 2 and thereby activate the T cell. (nih.gov)

The function of the adaptive immune system is to recognize, remember and destroy invading pathogens through their antigens, and relieve pathogen-associated toxicities. (frontiersin.org)
they cannot kill infected host (also known as somatic ) cells or pathogens , and without other immune cells they would usually be considered useless against an infection. (wikidoc.org)
The ability of the adaptive immune system to fight off pathogens and end an infection depends on antigen presentation. (jackwestin.com)
Cells that become infected by intracellular pathogens can present foreign antigens on MHC I as well, marking the infected cell for destruction. (jackwestin.com)
The expression of B7 proteins on an antigen-presenting cell is induced by pathogens during the innate response to an infection. (nih.gov)

The precise spatial and temporal impact of immune cells and their cytokines on fracture healing remains obscure. (hindawi.com)
The activation of a resting helper T cell causes it to release cytokines and other stimulatory signals (green arrows) that stimulate the activity of macrophages , killer T cells and B cells , the latter producing antibodies . (wikidoc.org)
MG are professional antigen-presenting cells and constitute part of the local CNS innate immune system, communicating with other immune cells via chemokines, cytokines and growth factors. (uky.edu)
hence compromise of the normal balance of cytokines, cells, and neurotransmitters in the CNS may have serious consequences [ 16 - 19 ]. (healthrising.org)
Cells of the CNS such as microglial cells are known to secrete cytokines under certain conditions and abnormal levels of cytokines in the CNS are usually attributed to injury, infection, or other insults to the CNS [ 20 , 21 ]. (healthrising.org)

The CD40L-activated B cells may be continually expanded and the B cells significantly up-regulate the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II and induce the expression of CD80 and CD86. (biomedcentral.com)

Sarcoidosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by a highly focused, exaggerated immune response to an unknown antigen at the target organs. (medscape.com)
There are two hallmark phenotypes of allergic asthma: (1) inflammatory, due to a T helper cell type 2 (Th2)-mediated immune response resulting in elevated inflammatory cells in the airways, and (2) airway hyper-reactivity, during which volume and flow of inhaled air decreases as a consequence of airway constriction. (cdc.gov)
In summary, resident macrophages orchestrate inflammatory responses improving cardiac remodelling, while recruited macrophages determine infarct size after I/R injury. (elifesciences.org)
The most problematic complication of PCI, with or without stent implantation, is the restenosis defined as the re-narrowing of the enlarged artery and characterized by an immune/inflammatory response going with a hyperplastic reaction, involving smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration/proliferation, and remodelling of the arterial wall. (unina.it)
Confronting PM 2.5 , macrophages are able to be activated and induce inflammatory responses. (medsci.org)

Several studies have shown that adipocytes highly express CD1d, which presents lipid antigens to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and stimulates the activation of iNKT cells ( 5 - 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
Antigen presentation stimulates T cells to become either "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or "helper" CD4+ cells. (wikidoc.org)

It involves a defect in targeted killing and the inhibitory controls of natural killer and cytotoxic T cells, resulting in excessive cytokine production and accumulation of activated T cells and macrophages in various organs. (msdmanuals.com)
We hypothesized that, in CBD, failure of IL-10 to modulate the beryllium-specific, cell-mediated immune response would result in persistent, maximal cytokine production and T lymphocyte proliferation, thus contributing to the development of granulomatous lung disease. (cdc.gov)
Our data demonstrate that beryllium-stimulated bronchoalveolar lavage cells produce IL-10, and the neutralization of endogenous IL-10 does not increase significantly cytokine production, HLA expression, or T lymphocyte pro- liferation. (cdc.gov)
exogenous rhIL-10 has a limited effect on cytokine production and no effect on T lymphocyte proliferation or HLA expression. (cdc.gov)

For example, there are sub-groups of suppressor T cells , natural killer T cells , and cytotoxic T cells that are known to express CD4 (although cytotoxic examples have been observed in extremely low numbers in specific disease states, they are usually considered non-existent). (wikidoc.org)
Cytotoxic T cells (also known as TC, killer T cell, or cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)) are a population of T cells that are specialized for inducing the death of other cells. (jackwestin.com)
Helper T cells receive antigens from MHC II on an APC, while cytotoxic T cells receive antigens from MHC I. Helper T cells present their antigen to B cells as well. (jackwestin.com)

Angiogenesis starts from local destruction of the wall of preexisting blood vessel, activation of endothelial cell proliferation, and migration. (samploon.com)

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an important role during metastasis, but the dynamic behavior and induction mechanisms of CSCs are not well understood. (nature.com)
Osteoprogenitor MSCs not only differentiate into bone, but they also exert modulatory effects on immune cells via a variety of mechanisms. (hindawi.com)
Moreover, single-cell sequencing provides unique insights into the mechanisms of pancreatic cancer metastasis and cachexia, paving the way for developing novel preventive strategies. (frontiersin.org)
It unlocks novel dimensions by uncovering elusive cell populations and tumor heterogeneities for early detection, unraveling mechanisms of treatment resistance, tailoring therapies to individuals, and illuminating metastasis and cachexia pathways, thereby opening fresh avenues for preventive strategies. (frontiersin.org)
and T-cell proliferation, adoptive transfer, and islet transplantation were performed to evaluate the PD-L1 transgene-mediated immune-protective mechanisms. (diabetesjournals.org)
In this review, the major mechanisms leading to thrombocytopenia, the role of the different immune cells and the different targets of treatments are described. (qxmd.com)
There are two main mechanisms in the adaptive immune system-humoral immunity and cellular immunity, which are mediated by antibodies and cells respectively. (frontiersin.org)
A well-balanced system of immune attack and immune tolerance mechanisms in response to these antigens is necessary for the maintenance of gut homeostasis. (nature.com)
Exempel på antigenpresenterande celler är Antigen Presenting Cells: From Mechanisms to Drug Development. (web.app)
Antigen Presenting Cells: From Mechanisms to Drug Development Dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells of the immune system. (web.app)
The prevention of immune cell access into the tumor, the accumulation of inhibitory FoxP3 + regulatory T cells (Treg) and/or myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), the activation of negative immunoregulatory pathways, and the dysregulation of effector T cells are all mechanisms by which tumors evade the host immune system. (biomedcentral.com)
Whether PM 2.5 exposure affects macrophage polarization and associated mechanisms remains to be further explored. (medsci.org)
The T lymphocyte-mediated immune lung disease hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) in machinists is poorly understood for disease mechanisms and diagnosis due in part to lack of information on causative T-cell antigens of the etiological agent Mycobacterium immunogenum (MI). (cdc.gov)
This first report on T-cell antigens and epitopes of M. immunogenum is significant as it is expected to open up avenues for understanding pathogenesis mechanisms and developing T-cell-based immunodiagnostic tools for this poorly investigated occupational lung disease. (cdc.gov)
INNATE IMMUNITYInnate immunity is the first line of defence and comprises physical (skin), biochemical (complement, lysozyme) and cellular (macrophages, neutrophils) mechanisms (Katzung, 1998). (referat.ru)
1995). ADAPTIVE IMMUNITYThe adaptive immune system is split into two mechanisms: humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. (referat.ru)
However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) imposes different mechanisms that facilitate the impairment of DC functions, such as inefficient antigen presentation or polarization into immunosuppressive DCs. (mdpi.com)

In this paper, we review the current literature on both in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of the immune system in fracture repair, the use of MSCs in the enhancement of fracture healing, and interactions between MSCs and immune cells. (hindawi.com)
T h cells are involved in activating and directing other immune cells, and are particularly important in the immune system . (wikidoc.org)
CD4 + T cells are generally treated as having a pre-defined role as helper T cells within the immune system , although there are known rare exceptions. (wikidoc.org)
Specifically, they assessed methylation and protein expression in different cell types of the immune system using a form of mass spectrometry that measured up to 40 cell markers simultaneously, thus providing a more in-depth analysis of the impacts of pollution exposure. (theglobalfool.com)
T cells must be presented with antigens in order to perform immune system functions. (jackwestin.com)
As the first defense line, macrophage is one of the most important parts of innate immune system and is a cross-link between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. (medsci.org)
However, for cancer prevention, the elimination or inactivation of mutated cells is debated on whether this is a prime function of the immune system. (studylib.net)
Their theory concurred with studies by Doherty and Zinkernagel, where they demonstrated that the immune system plays an essential role in immune surveillance by recognizing small peptide epitopes in conjunction with the MHC-I presented on the surface of virus infected cells [5]. (studylib.net)
This treatment utilizes a patient's own immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. (aacr.org)

RANTES signals through CCR1, CCR3 and CCR5 receptors and recruits T cells, macrophages, eosinophils and basophils to sites of inflammation. (quanterix.com)
Total cells, macrophages, and eosinophils recovered in BALF lavage were significantly elevated in the OVA + PM/OVA compared to OVA/OVA group. (cdc.gov)

In contrast to CD44s, the CD44 isoforms containing variable regions are expressed only in distinct epithelial cell types (e.g., keratinocytes), activated immune cells, and several types of cancers. (nature.com)
Human endometrial tissue composed of epithelial stem cells (0.22%), mesenchymal stem cells (1.25%) and side population stem cells. (samploon.com)
Rosenberg is beginning to develop a library of TCRs that can recognize shared mutations in the hope of utilizing them for TCR T-cell therapy for patients across a variety of tumor types, especially those with common epithelial cancers. (aacr.org)

Effector T cells act back to promote the expression of B7 proteins on antigen-presenting cells, creating a positive feedback loop that amplifies the T cell response. (nih.gov)

These pathways converge toward the activation of transcription factors, resulting in B-cell activation and proliferation. (medscape.com)
A recurrent theme is the perpetuation by MG of pathological cycles of monocyte recruitment, activation and cytopathic secretions, and/or auto antigen presentation. (uky.edu)
EVs produced from Compact Firocoxib disc105+ CSCs and in much less extent, those produced from Compact disc105- TCs maintained the capability to impair monocyte maturation and T cell activation. (woofahs.com)
Our results demonstrate that the NBD peptide reduces neointimal formation and SMC proliferation/migration, both effects associated with the inhibition of NF-κB activation. (unina.it)
T-cell activation and dysfunction relies on direct and modulated receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
Murine PD-1 mRNA expression has been shown to be correlated with activation-induced apoptosis in a mouse T-cell hybridoma cell line and murine thymocytes [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Activation of Btk results in a cascade of signaling events resulting in calcium mobilization and fluxes, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and transcriptional regulation involving nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). (medscape.com)
Anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs) are distinguished from other lymphomas by their anaplastic cytology and constant membrane expression of the CD30 antigen (an activation marker for B or T cells). (medscape.com)

Idiopathic non-malignant disease characterized by idiopathic infiltration and accumulation of abnormal histiocytes (i.e. the Langerhans cells) within various tissues (bone marrow, skin, central nervous system, lung, liver, spleen, lymph nodes) causing focal or systemic effects. (capsulehealth.one)
The abnormal cells in LCH have abnormal proliferation and lower antigen-presenting capability. (capsulehealth.one)
Overview of Histiocytic Disorders The histiocytic disorders are clinically heterogeneous disorders that result from an abnormal proliferation of histiocytes that are either Dendritic cells (antigen-presenting cells) Monocyte-macrophages. (msdmanuals.com)

CSCs are enriched near macrophages, particularly near macrophage-containing intravasation sites called Tumor Microenvironment of Metastasis (TMEM) doorways. (nature.com)
Regardless of the therapeutic approach, the heterogeneity of pancreatic cancer cells and the complexity of its tumor microenvironment contribute to the emergence of drug resistance. (frontiersin.org)

Tolerans baserad på ignorans bryter lätt samman om rikligt med intracellulära Protects the virus against t cell control in vivo by astrid krmpotic,Cytomegaloviruses encode numerous functions that inhibit antigen presentation in the major av D Wang · 2018 · Citerat av 31 - Splenic T‑cells isolated from these mice responded to AH1 antigen (present in the two tumors) and β‑gal antigen (present only in CT26. (web.app)
matory response, IL-10 has been shown to inhibit macrophage and Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) provides a human disorder in T lymphocyte cytokine synthesis and MHC class II and B7 ex- which to study the delayed type hypersensitivity response to persistent pression. (cdc.gov)

Frequently observed immunologic features include depression of cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity and a heightened helper T-cell type 1 (Th1) immune response at sites of disease. (medscape.com)

Cytometry and fluorescence microscopy showed that more than 98% sCD40L-activated B cells were loaded by the HBcAg peptide. (biomedcentral.com)
The type of T cell activated, and therefore the type of response generated, depends on which MHC complex the processed antigen-peptide binds to. (jackwestin.com)
In addition, the NBD peptide (0.01 to 1 μM) reduced rat SMC proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro, processes contributing to the injury-induced neointimal formation in vivo. (unina.it)
Signal 1 is provided by a foreign peptide bound to an MHC protein on the surface of the presenting cell. (nih.gov)
The signaling events initiated by the binding of peptide-MHC complexes to T cell receptors (signal 1). (nih.gov)
These two antigens were further predicted to be highly immunogenic for class I peptide MHC (pMHC) complex as compared to the reference antigens. (cdc.gov)

Macrophages are emerging as major cellular factors in the tumor ecosystem that can influence the stem phenotype and cancer progression. (nature.com)
Single-cell sequencing is a high-throughput technique that enables detection of genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic information at the individual cell level, offering significant advantages in detecting cellular heterogeneity, precise cell classification, and identifying rare subpopulations. (frontiersin.org)
The adaptive immune response consists of T cell-mediated cellular immunity and B cell-mediated humoral immunity. (frontiersin.org)
T cells play a large role in the cellular immune response, while B cells are intimately involved in the humoral immune response. (frontiersin.org)
The steady deterioration of the dermal and epidermal layers of the skin with age is caused by a combination of factors including reduced cellular proliferation and collagen synthesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and changes in epidermal morphology (Crane 2015). (ernolaszlo.com)
Analysis of the cellular composition in neointimal lesions of apoE-/- mice treated with bindarit showed that the relative content of macrophages and the number of SMCs were reduced by 66% and 30%, respectively, compared with the control group. (unina.it)

Therefore, overall objective of the current study was to identify T-cell reactive antigens of this recently recognized pathogen. (cdc.gov)
Lymphoid proliferations are traditionally thought to be either benign conditions (reactive hyperplasia and lymphadenitis) or malignant lymphomas. (medscape.com)
Distinction between atypical lymphoid proliferations rich in Reed-Sternberg-like cells (reactive immunoblasts) and classic Hodgkin lymphomas. (medscape.com)

a clone of plasma cells capable of the production of antibodies. (referat.ru)
Antibodies are immunoglobulins, modified blood proteins with a specific action against antigens. (referat.ru)
In the absence of mature B cells, patients lack lymphoid tissue and fail to develop plasma cells, the cells that manufacture antibodies. (medscape.com)

B and T cells, type 2 dendritic cells, and natural killer (NK) cells share a common ancestor: common lymphoid progenitor (CLP). (medscape.com)
Secondary lymphopoiesis (SL) begins when mature B cells enter the extrafollicular area of lymphoid tissue and differentiate into short-lived plasma cells and memory cells after being stimulated by antigen-presenting cells. (medscape.com)
We now know that epidermal Langerhans cells are not nerves but dendritic cells, a heterogeneous group of hematopoietic cells enriched in interface tissues and lymphoid organs. (capsulehealth.one)
It is present as a cell surface bound or a secreted form, expressed on most tissues and non-lymphoid tumor cell lines, but weak or no expression on hematopoietic lineage lines. (bdbiosciences.com)
Germinal centers where B cells proliferate and differentiate are poorly developed in all lymphoid tissue, including the spleen. (medscape.com)
Therefore, in addition to these two extremes, there also exist a third group of lymphoid proliferations - the atypical lymphoid proliferations (AtLP). (medscape.com)
They have some likelihood for subsequent transformation into lymphomas, and therefore AtLP occupy a middle ground between benign and malignant lymphoid proliferations. (medscape.com)
In the author's opinion, the use of this descriptive term AtLP may obviate the need to force some lymphoid proliferations (equivocal lesions or mimickers of lymphomas) into either the benign or malignant categories. (medscape.com)
Distinction between atypical lymphoid proliferations with follicular pattern and follicular lymphoma. (medscape.com)

TWEAK can induce apoptosis via multiple pathways of cell death in a cell type-specific manner. (wikipedia.org)
CD8+ T cells also participate to thrombocytopenia by increasing platelet apoptosis. (qxmd.com)
CD44v7 on T cells was proposed to promote colitis by preventing T-cell apoptosis. (nature.com)
If a T cell receives signal 1 without signal 2, it may undergo apoptosis or become altered so that it can no longer be activated, even if it later receives both signals ( Figure 24-62 ). (nih.gov)
The binding of T cells expressing PD-1 and tumor cells expressing PD-L1 initiates an array of inhibitory signals resulting in reduced function and/or apoptosis of T cells [8,11] providing a mechanism for tumor cell evasion of host's immune surveillance [12-14]. (studylib.net)

Activated T cells also express CD137, and engagement with CD137L enhances T cell proliferation, IL-2 secretion, survival, and cytotoxic activity. (fishersci.com)
However, only two of the five proteins (AgA, AgD) showed significant T-cell response (T lymphocyte proliferation and IFN-gamma secretion) when tested using sensitized T-cells from MI-induced HP mouse model. (cdc.gov)

The myelin-associated stress protein αB-crystallin triggers strong proliferative responses and IFN-γ production by human T cells and it is considered a candidate autoantigen in multiple sclerosis. (tno.nl)
Programmed death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), the interacting ligand for PD-1, widely expressed in many cell types, acts as a tissue-specific negative regulator of pathogenic T-cell responses. (diabetesjournals.org)
Antigen-presenting cells (APC) are cells that can process a protein antigen, break it into How the various antigen-presenting cell (APC) populations contribute to this process and how they handle danger signals determine the outcome of the generated immune responses. (web.app)
Human Langerhans cells (LC) are CD1a+ dendritic cells (DC) that function as potent antigen-presenting cells for primary and secondary immune responses. (ashpublications.org)
Antigen-specific CD40L-activated B cells may efficiently endocytose and present antigens, such as protein, RNA, and cDNA, to prime primary T cells and boost robust memory T-cell responses [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
More importantly, activated B cells may also prime naive T-cell responses against neoantigens ex vivo as DCs do [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. (nih.gov)
They are activated on the surface of antigen -presenting cells, which mature during the innate immune responses triggered by an infection. (nih.gov)
The innate responses also dictate what kind of effector cell a helper T cell will develop into and thereby determine the nature of the adaptive immune response elicited. (nih.gov)
We also consider how innate immune responses determine the nature of adaptive responses by stimulating helper T cells to differentiate into either T H 1 or T H 2 effector cells. (nih.gov)
neoantigens that elicit T-cell responses are identified as immunogenic. (aacr.org)
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that have a notable role in the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. (mdpi.com)

CD137L is also expressed in carcinoma cell lines, and is thought to be involved in T cell-tumor cell interactions. (fishersci.com)
This elaborate web of diverse cell types fosters malignant tumor cell interactions with the tumor associated vasculature and fibroblasts as well as a variety of immune cells in support of tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. (biomedcentral.com)

We here investigated macrophage lineages and ablated tissue macrophages in homeostasis and after I/R injury in a CSF1R-dependent manner. (elifesciences.org)

Mature T h cells are believed to always express the surface protein CD4 . (wikidoc.org)
PM 2.5 increased the mRNA and protein expression of M1 markers including interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in RAW264.7 cells. (medsci.org)
Overexpression of miR-146a-3p downregulated the expression of SIRT1 protein in untreated RAW264.7 cells. (medsci.org)
Importantly, inhibition of miR-146a-3p upregulated SIRT1 protein and suppressed M1 polarization in PM 2.5 treated RAW264.7 cells. (medsci.org)
10%. In the remaining 10% of children with lecular weight protein found on the surface nephrotic syndrome, it is largely mediated of all nucleated cells which synthesize it. (who.int)

CSCs display the slow-migratory, invadopod-rich phenotype that is the hallmark of disseminating tumor cells. (nature.com)
Moreover, functional results showed that N. gonorrhoeae-treated MΦ are unable to induce proliferation of human T-cells, suggesting a more likely regulatory phenotype. (unab.cl)
Cardiac macrophages are heterogenous in phenotype and functions, which has been associated with differences in their ontogeny. (elifesciences.org)

Established tumors are complex, heterogeneous masses composed of malignant cells admixed with a variety of non-transformed host cells, including stromal cells, endothelial cells, and immune cells. (biomedcentral.com)
PC-ALCL is one of the primary cutaneous CD30 + T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders, a wide spectrum of disease, with lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) at the benign end of the spectrum and PC-ALCL at the malignant end. (medscape.com)

Moreover, it has been shown that the PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) is highly expressed in leukemia cells. (biomedcentral.com)
This disease is a defect in fucose metabolism (lack of fucosylation of the carbohydrate selectin ligands) that results in failure to express the ligand for E and P selectin, sialyl Lewis-X (CD15s) expressed on leukocytes and endothelial cells. (medscape.com)

Conclusion: For immunotherapy/vaccines to be successful, the expression of PD-L1/PD-1 on immune cells should be considered, and the combination of checkpoint inhibitors and vaccines may pave the way for successful outcomes to disease. (studylib.net)
The role of PD-1 and PD-L1 in T-cell immune suppression and the potential for immunotherapy via blocking PD-1 and PD-L1 in hematological malignancies are also reviewed. (biomedcentral.com)

Letterer-Siwe disease was described in infants with aggressive and generally fatal systemic disease, including skin, liver, spleen, and bone marrow infiltration by reticuloendothelial cells. (capsulehealth.one)
Cells in the bone marrow and/or spleen may attack red blood cells, white blood cells, and/or platelets. (msdmanuals.com)
The antiplatelet autoantibodies they produce facilitate platelet phagocytosis by macrophages, essentially in the spleen. (qxmd.com)

B-cell disorders are divided into defects of B-cell development/immunoglobulin production ( immunodeficiencies ) and excessive/uncontrolled proliferation ( lymphomas , leukemias ). (medscape.com)
CD137L is also expressed on a majority of B-cell lymphomas, including mantle cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (but it is lacking on Hodgkin lymphoma and T-cell lymphoma). (fishersci.com)

Therefore, adipocytes play an important role in B cell-mediated adaptive immunity. (frontiersin.org)
This review describes how adipocytes participate in adaptive immunity from the perspective of T cells and B cells, and discusses their role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. (frontiersin.org)
The T and B cells are the major components of adaptive immunity. (frontiersin.org)
Macrophages are important effectors of innate immunity. (elifesciences.org)

In mammary gland development, Notch-dependent heterotypic signaling between resident tissue macrophages and mammary stem cells supports survival and function of the normal mammary stem cell 20 . (nature.com)
Adipocytes are the main constituent cells of adipose tissue. (frontiersin.org)
Tissue regeneration approach using stem cells in different clinical settings is a medical sensation now-a-days. (samploon.com)

Both continue their development in the bone marrow through an antigen-independent process called primary lymphopoiesis (PL). Recognized stages of PL are pro-B cell, pre-B cell, immature B cell, and mature B cell. (medscape.com)

Secondary T lymphopoiesis is also an antigen-dependent process and occurs in the thymus. (medscape.com)
Following T cell development , matured, naïve (meaning they have never been exposed to the antigen to which they can respond) T cells leave the thymus and begin to spread throughout the body, including the lymph nodes . (wikidoc.org)
CD4 + T cells have TcRs with an affinity for Class II MHC, and it is believed that CD4 is involved in determining MHC affinity during maturation in the thymus . (wikidoc.org)

In chronic liver disease, for example, TWEAK expression is enhanced and causes hepatic stellate cells, which are key regulators of liver fibrosis, to proliferate. (wikipedia.org)

Antigen Presenting Cell Mononuclear Phagocytes in Rheumatic Diseases. (web.app)

These 2 members mediate leukocyte adhesions to endothelial cells but they also serve as receptors for iC3b (inactivated C3b). (medscape.com)

In contrast, continuous CSF1R inhibition led to depletion of both resident and recruited macrophage populations. (elifesciences.org)
Similar results were observed in apoE-/- mice in which bindarit administration resulted in a 42% reduction of the number of proliferating cells at day 7 after carotid injury and in a 47% inhibition of neointimal formation at day 28. (unina.it)

Dendritic cells, B cells, and macrophages play a major role in the innate response and are the primary antigen-presenting cells (APC). (jackwestin.com)

To improve this therapeutic strategy, Rosenberg and colleagues developed a method to identify the exact antigens that the T cells could recognize. (aacr.org)

Antigen presentation broadly consists of pathogen recognition, phagocytosis of the pathogen or its molecular components, processing of the antigen, and then the presentation of the antigen to naive (mature but not yet activated) T cells. (jackwestin.com)

bronchoalveolar lavage cells from control and CBD subjects to evaluate the beryllium salt-specific production of endogenous IL-10 and the effects of exogenous human rIL-10 (rhIL-10) on HLA expression, on the production of IL-2, IFN- , and TNF- , and on T lymphocyte proliferation. (cdc.gov)
CMIR)3 and, in the presence of persistent Ag, in the stricted, beryllium salt-specific T lymphocyte proliferation (1-3). (cdc.gov)

These findings attribute distinct beneficial effects to different macrophage populations in the context of myocardial infarction. (elifesciences.org)

Anatomy39

Organisms15

Diseases10

Chemicals and Drugs114

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Phenomena and Processes48

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care1

Lymphocytes16

APCs18

Monocytes11

Alveolar macrophages4

Differentiation15

Antibody16

Receptor17

Dendritic Cell1

Induces2

Peptides7

Molecules13

Monocyte-derived5

Activate9

Pathogens5

Cytokines5

CD801

Inflammatory5

Stimulates2

Cytokine production4

Cytotoxic T cel3

Endothelial cell proliferation1

Mechanisms17

Immune system9

Eosinophils2

Epithelial3

Effector T cel1

Activation8

Abnormal3

Microenvironment2

Inhibit2

Delayed-type hypersensit1

Peptide6

Cellular6

Reactive3

Antibodies3

Lymphoid9

Apoptosis5

Secretion2

Responses12

Tumor cell2

Lineages1

Protein5

Phenotype3

Malignant2

Ligand2

Immunotherapy2

Spleen3

Lymphomas2

Immunity4

Tissue3

Immature1

Thymus3

Hepatic1

Phagocytes1

Receptors1

Inhibition2

Innate response1

Recognize1

Phagocytosis1

Lymphocyte2

Populations1