Cell presenting antigen. Medical search. Frequent questions

APCs process antigens and present them to T-cells. (wikipedia.org)
In addition to the MHC family of proteins, antigen presentation relies on other specialized signaling molecules on the surfaces of both APCs and T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Antigen-presenting cells are vital for effective adaptive immune response, as the functioning of both cytotoxic and helper T cells is dependent on APCs. (wikipedia.org)
Some cancer therapies involve the creation of artificial APCs to prime the adaptive immune system to target malignant cells. (wikipedia.org)
however, the term "antigen-presenting cell" is often used specifically to describe professional APCs. (wikipedia.org)
APCs can also present foreign and self lipids to T cells and NK cells by using the CD1 family of proteins, which are structurally similar to the MHC class I family. (wikipedia.org)
Professional APCs specialize in presenting antigens to T cells. (wikipedia.org)
To help distinguish between the two types of APCs, those that express MHC class II molecules are often called professional antigen-presenting cells . (wikidoc.org)
These professional APCs are very efficient at internalizing antigen, either by phagocytosis or by receptor-mediated endocytosis , and then displaying a fragment of the antigen, bound to a class II MHC molecule, on their membrane. (wikidoc.org)
As well, there are specialized cells in particular organs (e.g., microglia in the brain, Kupffer cells in the liver) derived from macrophages that are also effective APCs. (wikidoc.org)
Here, we present a cancer vaccination approach utilizing myeloid lineage reprogramming to directly convert cancer cells into tumor reprogrammed-antigen presenting cells (TR-APCs). (lu.se)
Using syngeneic murine leukemia models, we demonstrate that TR-APCs acquire both myeloid phenotype and function, process and present endogenous TAAs, and potently stimulate TAA-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. (lu.se)
Finally, we demonstrate the clinical applicability of this approach by generating TR-APCs from primary clinical specimens and stimulating autologous patient-derived T cells. (lu.se)
APCs process foreign antigen and present the antigen to T cells, the immune cells with kill foreign cells. (labroots.com)
Several subsets of immune cells, including dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages are capable of serving as APCs. (labroots.com)
In the present study, we demonstrate that infection of human antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages with IDLVs expressing influenza matrix M1 protein resulted in effective induction of in vitro expansion of M1-primed CD8(+) T cells, as evaluated by both pentamer staining and cytokine production. (duke.edu)
Activation does not need antigen processing by APCs or presentation by MHC molecules. (pharmacygyan.com)
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) produce and release a broad spectrum of EVs involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. (bmrat.org)
They are secreted by a wide array of cells, including cardiac myocytes, mature and progenitor endothelial cells, mesenchymal stem cells, immune cells like antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and malignant cells 5 , 6 . (bmrat.org)
We demonstrate that specific T lymphocyte interaction with peptide-presenting APCs led to apoptosis in the APC population. (ox.ac.uk)
Antigen presentation leading to T lymphocyte activation is therefore coordinated with apoptosis in the APC population and could provide a mechanism of immune response regulation by eliminating APCs, which have fulfilled their role as specific ligands for T lymphocyte activation. (ox.ac.uk)
However, generating sufficient numbers of tumor-specific CTLs stimulated with autologous antigen presenting cells (APCs) in vitro is one of the most problematic steps in the adoptive cell transfer (ACT) therapy. (ewha.ac.kr)
Our results show that TRP-2-specific CD8 + T cells elicited by immunization with recombinant adenovirus expressing the mini-gene epitope are efficiently stimulated and amplified in vitro to a greater extent by aAPCs than by natural splenic APCs. (ewha.ac.kr)
We aimed to clarify whether soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) activated B cells may be loaded with HBcAg18-27 peptide and served as antigen-producing cells (APCs) to induce HBV-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
Our results demonstrate that sCD40L-activated B cells may function as APCs and induce HBV-specific CTLs. (biomedcentral.com)
Efficient antigen presentation by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is critical for inducing T-cell mediated immunity in vivo [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Furthermore, we provide evidence that the activated B cells may serve as APCs to present core peptide of HBV to cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (biomedcentral.com)
As a terminal cell type, B cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can usually be cultured for 2-3 weeks only, which limits the application of B cells as APCs. (biomedcentral.com)
Overall, these results suggested that A2BR expression on myeloid cells and APCs indirectly suppressed CD8+ T-cell responses and promoted metastasis. (figshare.com)
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in screening bioassays for new molecules, including mAbs, interfering with immune checkpoints . (invivogen.com)
Of importance, both pathways require antigen presenting cells (APCs) in particular dendritic cells (DCs) or macrophages (Mφ). (eurekalert.org)
Although some antigens (Ags) can stimulate the immune response directly, T cell-dependent acquired immune responses typically require antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to present antigen-derived peptides within major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
Extracellular antigens (eg, from many bacteria) that are phagocytosed or endocytosed can be processed into peptides and complexed with surface class II MHC molecules on professional APCs, which specialize in presenting antigens to CD4 helper T (Th) cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Dendritic cells in the skin act as sentinel APCs, taking up antigen, then traveling to local lymph nodes where they can activate T cells. (msdmanuals.com)

Professional antigen-presenting cells, including macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells, present foreign antigens to helper T cells, while virus-infected cells (or cancer cells) can present antigens originating inside the cell to cytotoxic T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Those that express MHC class II molecules along with co-stimulatory molecules and pattern recognition receptors are often called professional antigen-presenting cells. (wikipedia.org)
The main types of professional antigen-presenting cells are dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells. (wikipedia.org)
What attracts cells to: pathogens, professional antigen-presenting cells, and cells with an antigen on its MHC-1 protein? (stackexchange.com)
What attracts CD4+ cells to professional antigen-presenting cells (APC)? (stackexchange.com)

This peptide-MHC complex signals through the T cell receptor and its associated proteins. (nih.gov)
Signal 2 is provided by costimulatory proteins, especially the B7 proteins (CD80 and CD86), which are recognized by the co-receptor protein CD28 on the surface of the T cell. (nih.gov)
The expression of B7 proteins on an antigen-presenting cell is induced by pathogens during the innate response to an infection. (nih.gov)
Effector T cells act back to promote the expression of B7 proteins on antigen-presenting cells, creating a positive feedback loop that amplifies the T cell response. (nih.gov)
Only anti-EspA is found in LEE proteins is triggered by close contact with host cells. (cdc.gov)
This triggers the human body to raise its own army of "killer cells" to assail the spike proteins. (gulfnews.com)
Expression of cytokines and chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was quite different in mice exposed to four particle types, as well as expression of antigen presentation-related surface proteins on BAL cells. (cdc.gov)
To reduce the risk of analyzing cell line- pathway can be divided into distinct stages based on the specific features, we used several representative cell lines for recombination status of the Ig genes and on the expression each of four major stages in B cell development: pro-B, pre-B, pattern of surface markers and the presence of intracellular proteins [1- 6]. (lu.se)
However, cDC1 can be compromised in cancer patients and some cancer cells lack these antigen-presenting proteins on their surface, impacting immunotherapy response. (lu.se)

They can only recognize and respond to antigen that has been processed and presented by cells via carrier molecules like MHC molecules. (wikipedia.org)
Such cells express MHC class I and MHC class II molecules and can stimulate CD4+ helper T cells as well as cytotoxic T cells. (wikipedia.org)
They can also perform cross-presentation, a process by which they present exogenous antigen on MHC class I molecules to cytotoxic T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Prior to encountering foreign antigen, dendritic cells express very low levels of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules on their cell surface. (wikipedia.org)
Once a dendritic cell's pattern-recognition receptors recognize a pathogen-associated molecular pattern, antigen is phagocytosed and the dendritic cell becomes activated, upregulating the expression of MHC class II molecules. (wikipedia.org)
It also upregulates several co-stimulatory molecules required for T cell activation, including CD40 and B7. (wikipedia.org)
Although almost every cell in the body is an APC, since it can present antigen to CD8 + T cells via MHC class I molecules, the term is often limited to those specialized cells that can prime T cells (i.e., activate a T cell that has not been exposed to antigen, termed a naive T cell ). (wikidoc.org)
Activated DCs are especially potent T H cell activators because, as part of their composition, they express co-stimulatory molecules such as B7 . (wikidoc.org)
DC sense antigens, which are taken-up, processed and presented in the context of MHC molecules to elicit antigen specific T cell responses. (rwth-aachen.de)
CDR2s interact with the class II molecules but are not involved in antigen recognition. (pharmacygyan.com)
Simultaneous detection of up to eight colors is enabled by careful selection and testing of cell-subset-defining monoclonal antibodies (anchor markers) in the appropriate fluorochrome combinations, in order to show the quantification of surface expression levels of molecules involved in chemotaxis (e.g. (ox.ac.uk)
To circumvent this problem, we have developed an artificial antigen presenting complex (aAPCs) using MHC class I molecules loaded with a melanoma-specific TRP-2 peptide epitope. (ewha.ac.kr)
Once encountering infectious antigens DCs begin to mature and shed their ability to take up antigens (26 27 During their maturation DCs undergo significant phenotypic changes by upregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) and costimulatory molecules such as CD40 CD80 and CD86 (28). (biospraysehatalami.com)
Ability to take up antigen increases, while expression of B71 2 costimulatory and MHC molecules remains unchanged. (elsevierpure.com)
These DCs recover the ability to take up antigen, which is normally lost after treatment with TLR-3 and TLR-9 agonists, yet retain the high expression of costimulatory and MHC molecules and strong antigen-presenting functions of mDCs. (elsevierpure.com)
An immunodominant T cell epitope was found only in Bet v 1, but could not be referred to preferential binding to the most common HLA class II molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
The expression of CD80, CD86, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) classes I and II molecules on the sCD40L-activated B cell was significantly increased after long-time culture. (biomedcentral.com)
CD117 by immunohistochemical methods sion molecules, involved in cell-cell and in order to clarify the role of the infiltrating cell matrix interactions and thought to take inflammatory cells in the pathomechanisms part in cell motility [ 2,3 ]. (who.int)
Overview of the Immune System The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)
Intracellular antigens (eg, viruses) can be processed and presented to CD8 cytotoxic T cells by any nucleated cell because all nucleated cells express class I MHC molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
Follicular dendritic cells are a distinct lineage (a different cell type than conventional dendritic cells), do not express class II MHC molecules, and therefore do not present antigen to Th cells. (msdmanuals.com)
Deficiencies are highly variable with regard to symptoms, phenotype, genotype, severity, etc, because many cells and molecules are required for both natural and adaptive immunity . (lu.se)
It does not have immunosuppressive properties, in contrast, it activates specific cellular mechanisms, such as the stimulation of non-phlogistic recruitment of monocytes (that is: without elaborating pro-inflammatory mediators), activation of macrophage phagocytosis of microorganisms and apoptotic cells, increase in phagocyte exit through the lymphatics, expression of antimicrobial molecules and inhibition of further neutrophil and eosinophil infiltration [3]. (bvsalud.org)

Antigen presentation to T lymphocytes has been characterized extensively in terms of T lymphocyte activation and eventual cell death. (ox.ac.uk)
e.g., dendritic cells, monocytes and B lymphocytes) in minimally manipulated whole blood samples. (ox.ac.uk)
In vitro large amplification of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and adoptive transfer of these cells is one of the most promising approaches to treat malignant diseases in which an effective immune response is not achieved by active immunization. (ewha.ac.kr)
Kupffer cells, hepatic stellate cells and sinusoidal endothelium) and infiltrating leukocytes (e.g., monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes). (mdpi.com)
Total cell number, mononuclear phagocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, and LDH levels were significantly increased in ASB and CNT-exposed mice. (cdc.gov)
Le pourcentage de CD44 dans les lymphocytes T périphériques était significativement plus élevé chez les patients que chez les témoins, comme détecté par la cytométrie en flux. (who.int)
The interaction of CD86 with CD28 ANTIGEN provides a stimulatory signal to T-LYMPHOCYTES, while its interaction with CTLA-4 ANTIGEN may play a role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE. (bvsalud.org)
Lymphocytes, B and T cells, can respond selectively to thousands of non-self materials. (lu.se)
The inflammatory process has cellular and humoral components, such as leucocytes (neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, mast cells and lymphocytes) and the humoral proteolytic systems (complement, kinins and coagulation), respectively. (bvsalud.org)
At the same time, lymphocytes can be activated in the lymph nodes by antigen-presenting cells (e.g., dendritic cells) from the tissue, initiating the production of antibodies by B cells and the migration of T helper lymphocytes to the inflamed site. (bvsalud.org)
Following the course, stromal and parenchymal cells multiply and reconstitute the tissue, whilst most of the remaining macrophages and lymphocytes leave through the lymphatics. (bvsalud.org)

T cells may recognize these complexes using their T cell receptors (TCRs). (wikipedia.org)
2014). Human NK cells: From surface receptors to the therapy of leukemias and solid tumors. (springer.com)
The signaling events initiated by the binding of peptide-MHC complexes to T cell receptors (signal 1). (nih.gov)
RABV G is responsible for binding to neurospecific receptors such as the acetylcholine receptor and neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) for invasion into the nervous system (4 5 Moreover RABV G is the only protein capable of inducing virus-neutralizing antibodies (VNA) that are protecting against rabies (6 -8). (biospraysehatalami.com)
Most immune cell communication takes place by intercellular transfer of cytokines or the contact-dependent interaction of surface receptors in immunological synapses. (ox.ac.uk)
Why do T cells have MHC II receptors? (stackexchange.com)
they have receptors for the crystallizable fragment (Fc) region of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and for complement, which enable them to bind with immune complexes and present the complex to B cells in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs. (msdmanuals.com)

Scholars@Duke publication: Transduction of human antigen-presenting cells with integrase-defective lentiviral vector enables functional expansion of primed antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. (duke.edu)
Multiplexed immunophenotyping of human antigen-presenting cells in whole blood by polychromatic flow cytometry. (ox.ac.uk)

They not only help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells. (nih.gov)
The lesions are char- orrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) in milk of 123 women acterized by localized destruction of brush border from the United States and Mexico to determine whether regional differences existed in the frequency of antibodies microvilli and intimate adhesion of the bacterium to the to these surface antigens. (cdc.gov)
Is it just a case of everything bumping into each other and if cells (and antibodies? (stackexchange.com)
Historically, these cells have proven to be convenient target cells in studies assessing the effector functions mediated by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). (invivogen.com)
if non-self antigens are found it can signal B cells to produce antibodies that will ultimately cause attack on cells that have the same antigen but have not (yet? (bio.net)
cells are activated by interaction with antigens and obtain T indicated that the cell lines representing a defined cell help, they mature into terminally differentiated plasma stage generally presented a high similarity in over- cells secreting large amounts of antibodies [10 -12]. (lu.se)

MSCs were obtained from the bone marrow (BM) cells remaining in the bag and filter used in the transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells. (springer.com)
The epidermis is derived primarily from surface ectoderm but is colonized by pigment-containing melanocytes of neural crest origin, antigen-processing Langerhans cells of bone marrow origin, and pressure-sensing Merkel cells of neural crest origin. (medscape.com)
GvHD is commonly associated with bone marrow transplants and stem cell transplants . (wikipedia.org)
[ 3 , 4 ] Langerhans cells are stellate dendritic cells that arise from CD34-positive bone marrow stem cells [ 5 ] and are not a member of the mononuclear phagocytic system. (medscape.com)
B lymphocyte development is a highly ordered process pro- expression analysis without the use of intermediate amplifica- ceeding from the progenitor cells in the bone marrow (BM) to tion steps. (lu.se)
Leukocytes are produced in stem cells in bone marrow. (lu.se)

The APC involved in activating T cells is usually a dendritic cell. (wikipedia.org)
The dendritic cell is then a fully mature professional APC. (wikipedia.org)
A lncRNA identifies IRF8 enhancer element in negative feedback control of dendritic cell differentiation. (rwth-aachen.de)
Intrathymic dendritic cell precursors promote human T-lineage specification via IRF8- driven transmembrane TNF. (rwth-aachen.de)
Guidelines for mouse and human dendritic cell generation. (rwth-aachen.de)
It emphasizes the importance of immunocytochemistry to separate this histiocyte-like cell proliferation from true histiocytic and other dendritic cell types. (medscape.com)
Alexandra Gabriela Barros Ferreira defends her Ph.D. thesis "Restoring antitumor immunity with dendritic cell reprogramming strategies" on Friday, 17 November, 2023. (lu.se)
My Ph.D. studies have focused on restoring anti-tumor immunity with dendritic cell reprogramming strategies. (lu.se)
This project will aim to test a cancer immunotherapy approach based on in-vivo dendritic cell reprogramming of tumor cells to reinstate anti-tumor immunity. (lu.se)
Experience in dendritic cell biology and antigen presentation mechanisms is a merit, T cell biology is also attractive. (lu.se)

At infection sites, activated T cells secrete cytokines (eg, interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma]) that induce production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor, preventing macrophages from leaving. (msdmanuals.com)

They are very efficient at internalizing antigens, either by phagocytosis (e.g. macrophages), or by receptor-mediated endocytosis (B cells), processing the antigen into peptide fragments and then displaying those peptides (bound to a class II MHC molecule) on their membrane. (wikipedia.org)
Epitope-specificity of allergen-specific T cell lines from birch pollen-allergic individuals with associated food-allergies was mapped using synthetic 12-mer peptides. (biomedcentral.com)
Dendritic cells (DCs), activated macrophages, and activated B cells are all capable of presenting antigen peptides. (biomedcentral.com)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are classified in two states: immature DCs (iDCs), which perform sentinel functions, sampling for antigen and danger signals, and mature DCs (mDCs), which exhibit enhanced antigen-presenting functions but are no longer capable of acquiring antigen. (elsevierpure.com)

Their discovery, published online in the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology , shows that administering nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a natural molecule found in all living cells, shuts off the capacity of dendritic cells and macrophages to dictate CD4+ T fate. (eurekalert.org)
Rosa et al, Science Immunology 2022 ) and has shown recently that the same combination of factors can reprogram tumor cells into antigen presenting cells (Zimmermannova et al, In revision). (lu.se)

Macrophages can be stimulated by T cell secretion of interferon. (wikipedia.org)
After dendritic cells or macrophages swallow pathogens, they usually migrate to the lymph nodes , where most T cells are. (wikidoc.org)
16HEnd up being cell toxicity was assessed by stream cytometry as was phagocytosis, Compact disc1b appearance, HLA course I/II, and mannose receptor (MR) in monocyte produced macrophages (MDM). (campaignfornonviolentschools.org)
Increased degrees of oxidised lipids in the airways of COPD sufferers may be in charge of reduced phagocytosis and could turn into a self-antigen to become presented by Compact disc1b on macrophages to perpetuate disease development despite smoking cigarettes cessation. (campaignfornonviolentschools.org)
Macrophages are phagocytic cells present in tissues throughout the body. (msdmanuals.com)

this process is known as antigen presentation. (wikipedia.org)
Antigen presentation allows for specificity of adaptive immunity and can contribute to immune responses against both intracellular and extracellular pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
Dendritic cells have the broadest range of antigen presentation and are necessary for activation of naive T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Cross-presentation allows for the activation of these T cells. (wikipedia.org)
Antigen presentation stimulates T cells to become either "cytotoxic" CD8+ cells or "helper" CD4+ cells. (wikidoc.org)
Dendritic cells , which have the broadest range of antigen presentation, and are probably the most important APC. (wikidoc.org)
In contrast, little is known about the consequences of antigen presentation for the antigen-presenting cell (APC). (ox.ac.uk)
We have determined the outcome of major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted peptide presentation to a specific T cell. (ox.ac.uk)
CD11b and CD62L), antigen presentation (e.g. (ox.ac.uk)
However, the context and mechanisms that drive the presentation of self-lipid antigens in sterile inflammation remain unclear. (ox.ac.uk)
Here we report that endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stressed myeloid cells, via signaling events modulated by the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway, increase CD1d-mediated presentation of immunogenic endogenous lipid species, which results in enhanced iNKT cell activation both in vitro and in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)
The aim of this study was to assess whether differences in the uptake and processing by antigen-presenting cells and in the presentation to T cells could be responsible for Bet v 1's ability to sensitise. (biomedcentral.com)
We focused particularly on harnessing reprogramming, or direct cellular reprogramming, to induce antigen presentation in cancer cells. (lu.se)
Direct reprogramming strategies with cDC1-specific factors can induce antigen-presentation in cancer cells, making cancer cells visible to the immune system and easier to fight. (lu.se)

Therapeutic cancer vaccination seeks to elicit activation of tumor-reactive T cells capable of recognizing tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and eradicating malignant cells. (lu.se)

NK cell proliferation, phenotypic expression and cytotoxic activity were evaluated. (springer.com)
Efficient stimulation and proliferation of antigen-specific T cells was also confirmed using ovalbumin peptide-loaded aAPCs and OT-I TCR transgenic cells. (ewha.ac.kr)
We report an unusual case of Langerhans cell granulomatosis (LCG) manifested as a villous synovial proliferation in a 38-year-old female jogger. (medscape.com)

The transfer process and its specificity are both cell contact dependent and antigen dependent. (ox.ac.uk)
Does RNA-LPX expression of antigen by DC induce only T-cell with that antigen specificity? (stackexchange.com)
It is expressed by ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS and binds to CD28 ANTIGEN with high specificity and to CTLA-4 ANTIGEN with low specificity. (bvsalud.org)

Antigen presenting dendritic cells (DC) represent highly specialized immune cells with a central role in immunity and tolerance induction. (rwth-aachen.de)
Only the mucosa has these T cells, which serve as a link between innate and adaptive immunity. (pharmacygyan.com)
Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. (nih.gov)
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells have the unique ability to shape immunity during antitumor immune responses and other forms of sterile and nonsterile inflammation. (ox.ac.uk)
Deletion of A2BR profoundly enhanced anticancer T-cell immunity. (figshare.com)
Bladder Cancer Extracellular Vesicles Elicit a CD8 T Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity. (rochester.edu)
CD4+ T helper cells and dendritic cells play a central role in immunity. (eurekalert.org)
CD4 + T cell calibration of antigen-presenting cells optimizes antiviral CD8 + T cell immunity. (bvsalud.org)

This is achieved by interacting with a professional APC which presents an antigen recognized by their T cell receptor. (wikipedia.org)
T-cells may recognize this complex using their T-cell receptor (TCR). (wikidoc.org)
We demonstrate that targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to CD40 (αCD40.RBD) induces significant levels of specific T and B cells, with long-term memory phenotypes, in a humanized mouse model. (nature.com)
T cell activation, for example, needs three steps: (1) The lymphocyte T cell receptor (TCR) interacts with the antigen-loaded class II molecule in the first phase. (pharmacygyan.com)
The T cell receptor is a heterodimer with two chains, one variable (V) and the other constant (C). The structure of an α/β TCR is shown in the Figure below. (pharmacygyan.com)
The T cell receptor does not act on its own to transmit signal 1 into the cell. (nih.gov)
The T cell receptor and its associated CD3 complex. (nih.gov)

Target cells in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) , either with peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Natural Killer cells, or Jurkat-derived reporter T cells. (invivogen.com)

DCs present antigen to both helper and cytotoxic T cells. (wikipedia.org)
To activate a cytotoxic or helper T cell to proliferate and differentiate into an effector cell , an antigen-presenting cell provides two kinds of signals. (nih.gov)
Although the tNGs were taken up, they displayed neither cytotoxic and genotoxic effects nor any induction of reactive oxygen species in the tested cells. (hereon.de)
But if the pathogen has cytotoxic effects on a tissue, the release of damaged cell components may attract immune system cells by chemotaxis. (stackexchange.com)
Why cytotoxic T cells don't kill dendritic cells when they present antigen? (stackexchange.com)

NK cells have been seen as potential agents in adoptive immunotherapy for cancer. (springer.com)
Natural killer cell adoptive immunotherapy: Coming of age. (springer.com)
2016). Natural killer cell-based adoptive immunotherapy eradicates and drives differentiation of chemoresistant bladder cancer stem-like cells. (springer.com)
These data provide a strong rationale to combine A2BR inhibition with T-cell-based immunotherapy for the treatment of tumor growth and metastasis. (figshare.com)
Immunotherapy can fail in patients with cancer when certain cancer cells can hide from the immune system. (lu.se)

Samples were analyzed by flow cytometry, single cell RNA sequencing, and immunofluorescence. (bmj.com)
c) Cells were stained for DNA content with PI-pretreatment and analyzed of the cell cycle by flow cytometry. (biomedcentral.com)
Practical experience with multiparametric flow cytometry, cell sorting and immunohistochemistry /immunofluorescence microscopy, or immunopeptidomics is a merit. (lu.se)

The CD40L-activated B cells may be continually expanded and the B cells significantly up-regulate the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II and induce the expression of CD80 and CD86. (biomedcentral.com)
La interacción de CD86 con el ANTÍGENO CD28 proporciona una señal coestimuladora a los LINFOCITOS T, mientras que la interacción con el ANTÍGENO CTLA-4 puede desempeñar un papel en la inducción de la TOLERANCIA PERIFÉRICA. (bvsalud.org)

Evolutionarily ancient myeloid antigen-presenting cells appear to have evolved a transcriptional sensitivity to socioenvironmental conditions that may allow them to shift basal gene expression profiles to counter the changing microbial threats associated with hostile vs. affine social conditions. (nih.gov)
IFNγ responses are characteristically driven by IL-12 secretion from myeloid cells. (nih.gov)
Although T-cell A2BR plays an insignificant role for A2BR-mediated immunosuppression and tumor promotion, A2BR deficiency in tumor-bearing mice caused increased infiltration of myeloid and CD103+ dendritic cells, which was associated with more effective cross-priming of adoptively transferred tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. (figshare.com)
A2BR deletion also intrinsically favored accumulation of myeloid and CD11bdim antigen-presenting cells (APC) in the tumor microenvironment. (figshare.com)

Almost all cell types can present antigens in some way. (wikipedia.org)
Antigen-specific CD40L-activated B cells may efficiently endocytose and present antigens, such as protein, RNA, and cDNA, to prime primary T cells and boost robust memory T-cell responses [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Template:Seealso An antigen-presenting cell ( APC ) or accessory cell is a cell that displays foreign antigen complexed with MHC on its surface. (wikidoc.org)

immature cell is then subjected to negative selection to delete grouped based on their previously defined pheno- self-reactive cells before it leaves the BM to enter peripheral typic features, and a gene expression pattern for lymphoid organs, where it becomes a mature B cell [9]. (lu.se)

ii) plasmacytoid DC (pDC) in blood that represent the major producers of type 1 interferon and (iii) Langerhans cells (LC), the cutaneous contingent of DC in epidermis. (rwth-aachen.de)
Langerhans cell granulomatosis (LCG) is a clonal disorder characterized by lesions containing histiocyte-like cells, giant cells, and eosinophils. (medscape.com)
Langerhans cell granulomatosis cells are abnormal and coexpress S100 and CD1a, and these markers are used to separate this subpopulation of dendritic cells from other histiocyte-like cells. (medscape.com)
Cite this: Langerhans Cell Granulomatosis Manifested as Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis - Medscape - Dec 01, 2001. (medscape.com)
Dendritic cells are present in the skin (as Langerhans cells), lymph nodes, and tissues throughout the body. (msdmanuals.com)

Hematopoietic stem cells and LC precursors in skin develop into long-term LC in steady state, which requires the transcription factor Id2 (A, top panel). (rwth-aachen.de)
DC subsets develop from hematopoietic stem cells via Flt3 expressing progenitors through consecutive steps of lineage commitment and differentiation: multipotent progenitors (MPP) are committed to DC restricted common DC progenitors (CDP), which differentiate into the specific DC subsets cDC1 cDC2 and pDC. (rwth-aachen.de)

These immature dendritic cells are ineffective at presenting antigen to T helper cells. (wikipedia.org)
Immature DCs reside in almost all peripheral cells as sentinels of the immune system. (biospraysehatalami.com)

It moves from the tissue to lymph nodes, where it encounters and activates T cells. (wikipedia.org)
But although these humoral pathways are of great relevance, the nerves still have to reach the immune cells for establishing communication that will be more specific than endocrine factors arriving via the blood or the lymph fluid. (brainimmune.com)

Using reference distributions for the expression of each human gene in each major leukocyte subtype, we mapped the cellular origin of transcripts found to be differentially expressed in the circulating immune cells from chronically lonely individuals. (nih.gov)
Antigen presenting cells (APC) are a class of immune cells that mediate the immune response. (labroots.com)
Engineered immune cells have been the topic of investigation for the last few decades. (labroots.com)
Background While tumor infiltrating T-cells have a prognostic benefit in many tumor types 1-8 , the prognostic role of infiltrating immune cells is in patients with brain metastases (BrM) is poorly understood. (bmj.com)
It became apparent that more and more classical neurotransmitters are used by immune cells for intrinsic communication between these cells. (brainimmune.com)
2) T cell deficiencies affect the function in killing infected cells or helping other immune cells. (lu.se)

By using direct reprogramming strategies, I could induce the expression of tumor antigens on the surface of cancer cells, making them visible to the immune system again. (lu.se)

Signal 1 is provided by a foreign peptide bound to an MHC protein on the surface of the presenting cell. (nih.gov)
What attracts CD8+ cells to cells with an antigen on a MHC-1 protein? (stackexchange.com)
As Dr. Weissman laid bare the intricacies of mRNA vaccine mechanics in 2021, he painted a vivid portrait, stating: "We put the code for the spike protein (of the SARS-CoV-2) of the virus that causes COVID-19, into the mRNA, and deliver it to a (human) cell. (gulfnews.com)
The cell reads it, makes the spike protein, and the body recognises the spike protein as 'foreign' - and makes an immune response against it. (gulfnews.com)

Several reports have demonstrated that a single immunization with integration-defective lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) delivering viral or tumor model antigens in mice was able to elicit broad and long-lasting specific immune responses in the absence of vector integration. (duke.edu)

In vivo TR-APC induction elicits clonal expansion of cancer-specific T cells, establishes cancer-specific immune memory, and ultimately promotes leukemia eradication. (lu.se)
Shaping of natural killer cell antitumor activity by ex vivo cultivation. (springer.com)
These results demonstrate that prior in vivo immunization, which increases the precursor frequency, simplifies posterior expansion of tumorspecific CD8 + T cells, and aAPCs is superior to autologous APC for in vitro amplification. (ewha.ac.kr)
More importantly, activated B cells may also prime naive T-cell responses against neoantigens ex vivo as DCs do [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Dendritic cells also play a role in peripheral tolerance, which contributes to prevention of auto-immune disease. (wikipedia.org)
NK cells were obtained from peripheral blood (PB) of healthy volunteers. (springer.com)
This study investigated effects of four fibrous materials, i.e. nanofibrillar/nanocrystalline celluloses (NCF and CNC), single-walled carbon nanotube s (CNTs), and crocidolite asbestos (ASB), on pulmonary inflammation and immune responses found in the lungs, as well as the effects on spleen and peripheral blood immune cell subsets. (cdc.gov)

tolerance to tumor specific antigens. (bio.net)

An additional co-stimulatory signal is then produced by the antigen-presenting cell, leading to activation of the T cell. (wikipedia.org)
NK expansion and activation were stimulated by culture with artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) and IL-2, in the presence or absence of BM-MSCs. (springer.com)
3) The T cell's CD28 binds with a B7 molecule on the APC in the last stage of the activation cycle (antigen-presenting cell). (pharmacygyan.com)
Numerous animal studies as well as observational and clinical trials have shown that atherosclerosis arises from immune activation, with several cell-type specific pathways involved. (bmrat.org)
Sterile activation of invariant natural killer T cells by ER-stressed antigen-presenting cells. (ox.ac.uk)
Recent studies have highlighted a variety of classes of endogenous and pathogen-derived lipid antigens that can trigger iNKT cell activation under sterile and nonsterile conditions. (ox.ac.uk)
In addition, we demonstrate that actin cytoskeletal reorganization during ER stress results in an altered distribution of CD1d on the cell surface, which contributes to enhanced iNKT cell activation. (ox.ac.uk)
These results define a previously unidentified mechanism that controls iNKT cell activation during sterile inflammation. (ox.ac.uk)
We now describe DCs with a different activation phenotype: cells having the strong antigen-presenting functions of mDCs and the antigen-acquiring functions of iDCs. (elsevierpure.com)
By stimulating DCs with two distinct activation signals, a previously unrecognized phenotype exhibiting augmented antigen-presenting functions was obtained. (elsevierpure.com)

Uptake of allergens by PBMC, surface binding to and degradation by monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mdDC) were assessed. (biomedcentral.com)

This toolkit will allow labs to create single or dual recombinase effector lines easily for any cell population or subpopulation of interest when paired with the appropriate Cre and FLP recombinase mouse lines or viral vectors. (gointerlabs.com)
Helper T cells themselves, however, can only function when activated to become effector cells. (nih.gov)
The innate responses also dictate what kind of effector cell a helper T cell will develop into and thereby determine the nature of the adaptive immune response elicited. (nih.gov)
In this final section , we discuss the multiple signals that help activate a T cell and how a helper T cell , once activated to become an effector cell , helps activate other cells. (nih.gov)
We also consider how innate immune responses determine the nature of adaptive responses by stimulating helper T cells to differentiate into either T H 1 or T H 2 effector cells. (nih.gov)
The combined actions of signal 1 and signal 2 stimulate the T cell to proliferate and begin to differentiate into an effector cell by a curiously indirect mechanism. (nih.gov)

These include macrophage and smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic switching and various inflammatory signaling, such as IL-33/suppression of tumorigenesis 2 (ST2), Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK pathways, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 . (bmrat.org)
As of today, two major pathways have been described to regulate CD4+ T cell response. (eurekalert.org)

Vojtech L., Zhang M., Dave V., Levy C., Hughes S.M., Wang R., Calienes F., Prlic M., Nance E ., Hladik F. Extracellular vesicles in human semen modulate antigen-presenting cell function and decrease downstream antiviral T cell responses. (nancelab.com)

Here, we present a new generation of subunit vaccines targeting viral antigens to CD40-expressing antigen-presenting cells. (nature.com)
CD40 expression is also required on the B-cell surface to capture the CD40L presented by the Th1 cell. (ox.ac.uk)

This development occurs under the influence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), which is secreted by various cell types (eg, endothelial cells, fibroblasts). (msdmanuals.com)

Researchers at Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) have discovered a new cellular and molecular pathway that regulates CD4+ T cell response--a finding that may lead to new ways to treat diseases that result from alterations in these cells. (eurekalert.org)

The present study had aimed to evaluate the effect of a feeder layer of irradiated MSCs in the in vitro expansion of NK cells. (springer.com)
In this study, we set up an effective culture method for long-term maintenance of B cells in vitro , in which the B cells are activated by human soluble CD40L (sCD40L). (biomedcentral.com)

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most efficient antigen-presenting cells taking part in a key part in the adaptive immune responses to viral infections. (biospraysehatalami.com)

Oxidised lipid was created from CS-exposed bronchial epithelial cells (9.8-fold of control) and showed a different general lipid makeup compared to that of control total cellular lipid. (campaignfornonviolentschools.org)
The cellular makeup of these monocytoid/histocytic cells is heterogeneous and ranges from cells of lymphoid, histiocytic, and dendritic origin. (medscape.com)
Molecular Components of the Immune System The immune system consists of cellular components and molecular components that work together to destroy antigens (Ags). (msdmanuals.com)

To create a repertoire of antigen-specific TCRs, alternative forms of genes present in somatic cells are rearranged in a process, called somatic cell recombination, by using RAG-1 and RAG-2 recombinase activating enzymes showing in above figure. (pharmacygyan.com)
Simple recombination in the α-chain can result in approximately 4.9 × 103 antigen-specific TCRs. (pharmacygyan.com)

In 2018, our research group identified the three transcription factors that allow us to convert fibroblasts, for example from the skin, into type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1). (lu.se)

White blood cells of the donor's immune system which remain within the donated tissue (the graft) recognize the recipient (the host) as foreign (non-self). (wikipedia.org)
The white blood cells present within the transplanted tissue then attack the recipient's body's cells, which leads to GvHD. (wikipedia.org)

The review focuses on the role of APC-derived EVs in regulating the transformation of macrophage phenotype, shaping foam cells, driving autophagy and/or inhibiting apoptosis of Th4 + cells, T regulatory cells, endothelial and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), as well as in facilitating oxidative stress in vasculature. (bmrat.org)

The ability of Bet v 1 to sensitise is not conferred by differential antigen-processing but might stem from differences in T cell reactivity and the diverse routes of uptake of the aeroallergen Bet v 1 and the food allergens. (biomedcentral.com)

Most likely it is the viral innovator RNA that triggers IFN production in the infected cells (30). (biospraysehatalami.com)

They are activated on the surface of antigen -presenting cells, which mature during the innate immune responses triggered by an infection. (nih.gov)
Immunization using TLR agonists and B7-DC XAb (cross-linking antibody) together as adjuvant resulted in substantially increased cytolytic T cell responses, particularly when minimal peptide antigens were used. (elsevierpure.com)
The results revealed that pulmonary exposure to fibrous materials led to discrete local immune cell polarization patterns with a TH2-like response caused by ASB and TH1-like immune reaction to NCF, while CNT and CNC caused non-classical or non-uniform responses. (cdc.gov)
Alterations or aberrant dendritic cells and T cell responses can lead to many health conditions including autoimmune diseases, infections, allergy, primary immunodeficiencies and cancer. (eurekalert.org)

Interestingly, specific uptake mechanisms of the tNGs by the dendritic cells were depending on the nanogels cloud point temperature (Tcp), which determines the phase transition of the nanoparticle. (hereon.de)
Radhakrishnan, S, Cells, E & Pease, LR 2005, ' B7-DC cross-linking restores antigen uptake and augments antigen-presenting cell function by matured dendritic cells ', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , vol. 102, no. 32, pp. 11438-11443. (elsevierpure.com)
Pease, Larry R. / B7-DC cross-linking restores antigen uptake and augments antigen-presenting cell function by matured dendritic cells . (elsevierpure.com)

If a T cell receives signal 1 without signal 2, it may undergo apoptosis or become altered so that it can no longer be activated, even if it later receives both signals ( Figure 24-62 ). (nih.gov)
Cognate MHC-TCR interaction leads to apoptosis of antigen-presenting cells. (ox.ac.uk)

Dendritic cells generated from induced pluripotent stem cells and by direct reprogramming of somatic cells. (rwth-aachen.de)
This response is supported by TCF1+ stem-like CD8 T-cells residing in dense regions of closely clustered antigen presenting cells within the tumor known as the immune niche. (bmj.com)
9 Notably, these stem-like T cells are critical for a robust anti-PD-1 response. (bmj.com)
Here, we wished to determine whether: 1) TCF1+ stem-like CD8 T-cells are present, residing in immune niches, in BrM? (bmj.com)
and (3) stem-like CD8 T-cells and immune niches persist following SRS? (bmj.com)
Results We describe the presence of TCF1+ stem-like CD8 T-cells in BrM (figure 1A-B), regardless of histology, these stem-like cells reside in dense, antigen-presenting immune niches (figure 1C-D). We find that higher density of these immune niches in BrM correlates with improved local control of BrM (figure 1E). (bmj.com)
Pre-operative SRS did not decrease immune niche density (figure 1F-G), nor significantly alter the stem-like signature of this population of T-cells. (bmj.com)
Conclusions We have shown that stem-like T-cells are present in BrM in immune niches. (bmj.com)
Early fate decisions in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. (lu.se)
Similarly, destruction of neonatally abundant pluripotent stem cells would likely have a more pervasive outcome than destruction of The value of incorporating immunologic appeared more severe and/or persistent when single lineages or differentiated cells that pre- data for the toxicologic assessment of drugs, the exposure occurred perinatally when com- dominate in adults. (cdc.gov)

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a life-threate- disorders and to shed a light on the role of ning blistering skin disease in which pa- mast cells in autoimmune diseases [ 7 ]. (who.int)

Anatomy21

Organisms14

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs152

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment35

Phenomena and Processes27

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care3

APCs34

Professional antigen-prese5

Proteins9

Molecules23

Lymphocytes11

Receptors7

Human antigen-prese2

Antibodies6

Bone marrow6

Dendritic cell10

Cytokines1

Peptides3

Capable of acquiri1

Immunology2

Macrophages5

Presentation14

Malignant cells1

Proliferation3

Specificity3

Immunity8

Receptor7

Phagocytosis1

Cytotoxic5

Immunotherapy5

Flow cytometry3

CD862

Myeloid4

Present antigens2

Foreign antigen1

Lymphoid Organs1

Langerhans5

Hematopoietic stem2

Immature2

Lymph2

Immune cells6

Induce the expression1

Protein4

Elicit1

Vivo4

Peripheral3

Tumor-specific1

Activation10

Monocyte-derived dendritic cells1

Effector6

Pathways2

Vesicles1

CD402

Endothelial cells1

Pathway1

Vitro2

Efficient1

Cellular3

TCRs2

20181

Tissue2

Phenotype1

Reactivity1

Viral1

Responses4

Uptake3

Apoptosis2

Stem10

Autoimmune1