Cell phagocytosis. Medical search. Frequent questions

In vivo, apoptotic cells are removed by surrounding phagocytes, a process thought to be essential for tissue remodeling and the resolution of inflammation [1]. (nih.gov)
Although apoptotic cells are known to be efficiently phagocytosed by macrophages, the mechanisms whereby their interaction with the phagocytes triggers their engulfment have not been described in mammals. (nih.gov)
The history of phagocytosis is an account of the discoveries of cells, known as phagocytes, that are capable of eating other cells or particles, and how that eventually established the science of immunology. (wikipedia.org)
Phagocytosis has been traditionally studied in pathological conditions, leading to the assumption that microglia have to be activated in order to become efficient phagocytes. (frontiersin.org)
In multicellular organisms, and more particularly in animals with a well-developed immune system, phagocytosis is mostly performed by specialized, professional phagocytes: macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and neutrophils. (frontiersin.org)
Serum components, like serum amyloid P component (SAP), together with membrane receptors on phagocytes play essential roles in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. (biomedcentral.com)
As pHrodo ® labeled cells residing in the neutral extracellular solution (pH 7.4) are engulfed by phagocytes and enter the acidic phagosome (pH 4.5-5.5), a substantial increase in fluorescence is observed. (sartorius.com)
In the absence of phagocytes, the fluorescence intensity of the labeled cells remains low. (sartorius.com)
Phagocytes are immune cells that can recognize and "eat" bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
EPEC/EHEC inhibit both transcytosis through M cells and internalization by phagocytes. (wikipedia.org)
C3b and C4b bind to CR1, which is present on various phagocytes and also on erythrocytes and B cells. (medscape.com)
At the inoculation site, amastigotes are maintained in the interior of the mononuclear phagocytes, and the immunoreactions elicited by these cells are associated with different types of nodular lesions or ulcers. (biomedcentral.com)
It can be assessed on both the population and single-cell level of the phagocytes, separating adhesion and internalization. (lu.se)
discovered phagocytes and phagocytosis in 1883. (pasteur.fr)
After discovering phagocytes and phagocytosis in 1883, Ilya Mechnikov fought long and hard to win acceptance for his theory. (pasteur.fr)
and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES). (bvsalud.org)

In fact, in patients suffering from severe COVID-19, massive infiltration of proinflammatory immune cells, including activated macrophages, was detected in infected lung tissue. (nature.com)
Here, we report that primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (using alpha(v)beta(3) integrin for apoptotic cell uptake) extend lamellipodia to engulf apoptotic cells and form an actin cup where phosphotyrosine accumulates. (nih.gov)
Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Dermcidin-Containing Migrasomes enhance LC3-Associated Phagocytosis of Pulmonary Macrophages and Protect against Post-Stroke Pneumonia. (physiciansweekly.com)
By then evidences were mounting that leucocytes can perform cell eating just like protists, but it was not until Metchnikoff showed that specific leukocytes (in his case macrophages) eat cell that the role of phagocytosis in immunity was realised. (wikipedia.org)
Cell biology of phagocytosis has been mainly established on bone marrow-derived tissue macrophages. (frontiersin.org)
Particularly, yolk sac-derived macrophages including microglia may possibly have different tasks since they are confronted with different target structures, mainly apoptotic cells during developmental tissue remodeling, while bone marrow-derived macrophages have a higher chance to be confronted with pathogens, mainly during defense against invading microbes. (frontiersin.org)
Phagocytosis was performed by incubation of macrophages for 30 minutes with EA or LA cells in the presence of human serum (HS) and depicted as phagocytosis index (PI, number of Jurkatt internalized by 100 macrophages). (biomedcentral.com)
SAP binds to late apoptotic cells and is involved in the phagocytosis of these cells by human monocyte derived macrophages. (biomedcentral.com)
Immune cell responses induced by DAMPs may include cytokine and chemokine release to activate inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and macrophages. (nature.com)
These amoeba-like cells are a type of phagocyte called macrophages. (medlineplus.gov)
OBJECTIVE: To study the phagocytosis of macrophages on the early biofilm cells of E. coli on polydimethylsiloxane, a biomaterial with different surface hardness. (syr.edu)
CFU cell counting, flow cytometry and inverted fluorescence microscope were used to detect the difference in macrophages Phagocytosis of E. coli biofilm cells on surface hardness materials. (syr.edu)
CFU cell count was applied to detect macrophages phagocytosis of E. coli biofilm cells on materials with different surface hardness. (syr.edu)
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Bacteria were inoculated first and then macrophages were added to the experiment: CFU cell count, flow cytometry technology and inverted fluorescence microscope detection showed that as the surface hardness of the material increased, the phagocytosis of macrophages increased and the number of E. coli biofilm cells decreased. (syr.edu)
2) Macrophages were inoculated first and then bacteria were added to the experiment: CFU cell count test showed that as the surface hardness of the material increased, the phagocytosis of macrophages increased and the number of bacterial cells decreased. (syr.edu)
3) The results show that with the increase of the hardness of polydimethylsiloxane, the efficiency of macrophages phagocytosis of E. coli biofilm cells is higher. (syr.edu)
Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis occurs in macrophages at exceedingly low cytosolic Ca2+ levels. (silverchair.com)
Cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) homeostasis was investigated in mouse peritoneal macrophages and in the macrophage-like cell line J774. (silverchair.com)
T regulatory (Treg) cells, T helper cell balances, dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells can be considered as the most determinant dysregulated mediators in immunomodulatory status. (hindawi.com)
Macrophages, as one of the most abundant tumor-infiltrating cells, play an important role in tumor development and metastasis. (springer.com)
Pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages hold the potential to engulf tumor cells. (springer.com)
Moreover, the genetic engineering of macrophages with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) allows them to recognize tumor antigens and perform tumor cell-specific phagocytosis. (springer.com)
In the wild-type embryo, these dead cells are rapidly engulfed and cleared by macrophages. (bris.ac.uk)
CD64 is a 72 kD single chain type I glycoprotein also known as FcγRI and FcR I. CD64 is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily and is expressed on monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, and activated granulocytes. (biolegend.com)

Importantly, activated MDMs in turn mediate strong activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), leading to the secretion of high levels of IFN-α and TNF. (nature.com)
In this context, complement receptor 4 (CR4), typically a dendritic cell marker, has also been shown to be sharply increased with A plaque load throughout all stages of AD. (nos-nop.org)
CR2 binds C3dg, and C3d is present on B cells and dendritic cells (see the Table 1). (medscape.com)
Coincubation with Leishmania changes the migratory pattern of dendritic cells in vivo . (biomedcentral.com)
Such changes in dendritic cell migration may be associated with immunological events that maintain inflammation at the sites of infection. (biomedcentral.com)
These cells include dermal resident dendritic cells (DC), epidermal Langerhans cells, neutrophils and monocytes, which are released from the blood when the dermal capillary is disrupted and a reputed blood lake is formed [ 3 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Doxorubicin enhances the expression of "eat-me" signals by dying tumor cells, facilitating their phagocytosis by dendritic cells (DC). (aacrjournals.org)
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that have a notable role in the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. (mdpi.com)

In addition, these studies suggest that intracellular signaling via CR3 is usually proinflammatory and harmful in AD and that C3-brought on phagocytosis of A is beneficial when mediated by receptors other than CR3. (nos-nop.org)
Efficient phagocytosis also depends on recognition of ligands, intracellular signaling by multiple receptors, successful endosomal trafficking, lysosomal digestion and product recycling, and protection of surrounding cells from bystander cytotoxic effects (46). (nos-nop.org)
It has been shown that intracellular PI3K signaling brought on by Galectin-3 is crucial for activating CR3-mediated microglial phagocytosis of myelin (47, 48). (nos-nop.org)
In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of hemocyte-mediated phagocytosis, in particular focusing on the related receptors for recognition and internalization of pathogens as well as the downstream signal pathways and intracellular regulators involved in the process of hemocyte phagocytosis. (frontiersin.org)
In Staphylococcus aureus, rsbU down-regulates agr and stimulates production of staphyloxanthin (STX), an antioxidant that may contribute to intracellular survival after phagocytosis. (illinois.edu)
Once internalized by host cells Salmonella subverts the endolysosome trafficking pathway to create a Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV), which is essential for its intracellular survival. (wikipedia.org)
[1] The membrane enclosing the vesicle is also a lamellar phase , similar to that of the plasma membrane , and intracellular vesicles can fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents outside the cell. (wikipedia.org)

[ 1 ] Immune adherence refers to the process by which bacteria coated with immunoglobulin G (IgG) or immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody and C3b adhere to erythrocytes, which facilitates phagocytosis by neutrophils. (medscape.com)
When many neutrophils are needed, they are released from the bone marrow as immature cells, called bands or stab cells. (answerbag.com)
Microscope images confirmed that neutrophils appeared to have an important role in leishmania elimination through phagocytosis of amastigotes in the later stages of the disease process. (who.int)

Kit containing one vial of lyophilized solid sufficient for labeling 5 x10 7 target cells of choice along with wash and labeling buffers - suitable for 100-200 live-cell imaging phagocytosis assays in 96-well format. (sartorius.com)

The biological theory and concept, experimental observations and the name, phagocyte (from Ancient Greek φαγεῖν (phagein) 'to eat', and κύτος (kytos) 'cell') were introduced by a Ukrainian zoologist Élie Metchnikoff in 1883, the moment regarded as the foundation or birth of immunology. (wikipedia.org)
Phagocytosis of invading microorganisms by immune cells was first discovered by the father of cellular immunology Ilya Metchnikoff in 1882, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. (frontiersin.org)
Our lab works at the interface of immunology, cell biology, biophysics and microbiology. (sfu.ca)
With a basis in stem cell biology, genetics, immunology and cancer, the major goal of our research is to develop new immunotherapies that target leukemia and other malignancies. (lu.se)

By using dose-response curve principles for both experimental design and analysis, it is possible to increase the sensitivity and robustness, leading to accurate quantification of phagocytosis that is comparable across experiments and systems.Here, we describe how to quantify phagocytosis using flow cytometry with a robust, high-throughput, and easy-to-use approach. (lu.se)

Together with inflammation, phagocytosis composes the first line of defense against multicellular organisms by the innate immune system. (frontiersin.org)
Dying cells have been defined as apoptotic by distinguishing features, including cell contraction, nuclear fragmentation, blebbing, apoptotic body formation and maintenance of intact cellular membranes to prevent massive protein release and consequent inflammation. (nature.com)
Phagocytosis is involved in several functions including nutrient uptake, immune response, inflammation, tissue homeostasis, cellular apoptotic bodies and debris elimination. (allbiosolution.com)
2012 ). In vitro , flavopiridol suppresses the interaction between leukocytes and endothelial cells in the model of murine hepatitis, which is a crucial step in the initiation of inflammation (Schmerwitz et al. (researchsquare.com)
Many steps of the immune responses require force generation by leukocytes: recruitment to the sites of inflammation, killing by phagocytosis or degranulation, migration to and from secondary lymphoid organs, antigen discrimination. (sfu.ca)
white blood cells that combat infection & respond to inflammation. (studystack.com)

Results support the hypothesis that surface of cell culture plates affects the cellular phagocytosis mechanism which play a critical role in the functions in many cases such as in vivo retina. (allbiosolution.com)

The purpose of this study was to identify the presence and distribution of cortactin in isolated rat Sertoli cells active in phagocytic activity following the addition of 0.8 μm latex beads. (biomedcentral.com)
FSH exposure did not alter the distribution of cortactin within Sertoli cells, even when phagocytic activity was upregulated by the presence of beads. (biomedcentral.com)
Granulocytes from 15 oral cancer patients were collected and tested for phagocytic activity, by assessing the percent phagocytosis and phagocytic index of the granulocytes towards candida albicans before and after radiotherapy. (amrita.edu)

There is evidence for C1q-mediated microglial phagocytosis in the clearance of apoptotic cells (36, 37). (nos-nop.org)
More importantly, the functional consequences of microglial phagocytosis remain largely unexplored. (frontiersin.org)
The present review will summarize the current state of the literature regarding the role of microglial phagocytosis in maintaining tissue homeostasis in health as in disease. (frontiersin.org)

The 2013 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was shared by James Rothman , Randy Schekman and Thomas Südhof for their roles in elucidating (building upon earlier research, some of it by their mentors) the makeup and function of cell vesicles, especially in yeasts and in humans, including information on each vesicle's parts and how they are assembled. (wikipedia.org)

10 9 apoptotic events occurring per day in human adult tissues, it is surprisingly difficult to histologically detect apoptotic cells due to the rapid recognition and clearance of apoptotic cells. (nature.com)

The T3SS effectors of pathogenic E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella, and Yersinia regulate actin dynamics to facilitate their own attachment or invasion, subvert endocytic trafficking, block phagocytosis, modulate apoptotic pathways, and manipulate innate immunity as well as host responses. (wikipedia.org)
On the basis of recent advances in the understanding of antitumor immunity, we designed a three-step approach to in situ immunization to lymphoma: (i) inducing immunogenic tumor cell death with the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin. (aacrjournals.org)
He is considered the father of cell-mediated immunity as opposed to the humoral immunity observed by Paul Ehrlich. (pasteur.fr)
And humoral immunity also begins with cells. (pasteur.fr)
Widely considered as the father of cell-mediated immunity, he was awarded the prize jointly with Paul Ehrlich. (pasteur.fr)
the Hillyer Lab is currently investigating the role hemocytes (immune cells) play in immunity and the genetic bases of pathogen killing. (vanderbilt.edu)
In the context of cancer, appropriately activated DCs can induce anti-tumor immunity by activating innate immune cells and tumor-specific lymphocytes that target cancer cells. (mdpi.com)

[ 3 ] Thus, it enhances and prolongs antigen signaling on B cells. (medscape.com)
It plays a role in antigen capture, phagocytosis of IgG/antigen complexes, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). (biolegend.com)

In crustacean, phagocytosis by hemocyte has also been well-recognized as a crucial defense mechanism for the host against infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses. (frontiersin.org)
Phagocytosis was first observed as a process by which unicellular organisms eat their food, usually smaller organisms like protists and bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
Bacterial effectors are proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria into the cells of their host, usually using a type 3 secretion system (TTSS/T3SS), a type 4 secretion system (TFSS/T4SS) or a Type VI secretion system (T6SS). (wikipedia.org)
Some bacteria inject only a few effectors into their host's cells while others may inject dozens or even hundreds. (wikipedia.org)
Several bacteria, including Salmonella and Shigella, enter the cell and survive intracellularly by manipulating the endocytic pathway. (wikipedia.org)
They destroy bacteria by enveloping and digesting them, a process called phagocytosis. (answerbag.com)
Lysosomes can vary in size and shape, and function to break down food particles, destroy bacteria and viruses that enter the cell, and to recycle cellular components as organelles age. (cellimagelibrary.org)
Non-motile bacteria are more immunogenic due to a lower expression of arnT upon host-cell contact, but do not produce spermidine and are phagocytosed less. (elifesciences.org)
Cooperation among Conflict: Prophages Protect Bacteria from Phagocytosis. (bvsalud.org)

We show that inhibition of Rho GTPases by Clostridium difficile toxin B prevents apoptotic cell phagocytosis and inhibits the accumulation of both F-actin and phosphotyrosine. (nih.gov)
Importantly, the Rho GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 are required for apoptotic cell uptake whereas Rho inhibition enhances uptake. (nih.gov)
The PI 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 also prevents apoptotic cell phagocytosis but has no effect on the accumulation of F actin and phosphotyrosine. (nih.gov)
These results indicate that both Rho GTPases and PI 3-kinases are involved in apoptotic cell phagocytosis but that they play distinct roles in this process. (nih.gov)

J Cell Biol (1973) 58 (2): 346-356. (rupress.org)
Trends Cell Biol. (allbiosolution.com)
J Cell Biol (1988) 106 (3): 657-666. (silverchair.com)
1986. J. Cell Biol. (silverchair.com)

The pHrodo ® Cell Labeling Kit for Incucyte ® enables the labeling of your choice of target cells with a pH-sensitive fluorophore for use in Incucyte ® Phagocytosis Assays. (sartorius.com)
This approach is easily incorporated into most existing phagocytosis assays and allows for reproducible results with high sensitivity. (lu.se)

The complement anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a) can also indirectly modulate phagocytosis. (nos-nop.org)
Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cell type in the brain, provide metabolic and trophic support to neurons and modulate synaptic activity. (jneurosci.org)
We hypothesized that, in CBD, failure of IL-10 to modulate the beryllium-specific, cell-mediated immune response would result in persistent, maximal cytokine production and T lymphocyte proliferation, thus contributing to the development of granulomatous lung disease. (cdc.gov)

Phagocytosis is an ancient, highly conserved process in all multicellular organisms, through which the host can protect itself against invading microorganisms and environmental particles, as well as remove self-apoptotic cells/cell debris to maintain tissue homeostasis. (frontiersin.org)
In addition, microglia phagocytoses brain-specific cargo, such as axonal and myelin debris in spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis, amyloid-β deposits in Alzheimer's disease, and supernumerary synapses in postnatal development. (frontiersin.org)
7 The goal of these processes is detection and removal of dead cells and associated debris to limit potential further damage. (nature.com)
Results showed that RPE cell membrane was forming blebs releasing black dots like particles as cell debris in cell culture medium. (allbiosolution.com)
In an in vitro model of Sertoli cell-spermatid binding, cortactin was identified around debris and dead germ cells. (biomedcentral.com)
They remove debris and microorganisms by phagocytosis. (answerbag.com)
Release of damaged cells and tissue debris occurs upon injury. (medscape.com)

Phagocytosis currently is described as an endocytic process that endogenous foreign particles or pathogens larger than 0.5 μm were first recognized by phagocyte surface receptor and then uptaken and engulfed into a plasma-membrane device, known as phagosome, following initiation of a signaling cascade to generate phagolysosome by fusion of phagosome with lysosomes. (frontiersin.org)
The unique pHrodo ® -based system uses the acidic environment of the phagosome to quantify phagocytosis. (sartorius.com)
Cortactin is recruited to the actin-rich membrane ruffles of the entry structure of Shigella flexneri when invading HeLa cells and is also found in the periphery of the phagosome shortly after internalization [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Double-labeling experiments in HeLa cells invaded with S. flexneri showed a near perfect co-localization of cortactin with actin in the entry structure and at the periphery of the phagosome [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

As he extracted the blood, he found that the colour particles accumulated in the cytoplasm of some blood cells. (wikipedia.org)
Cells exposed to no hormone and no beads appeared to have a ubiquitous distribution of cortactin throughout the cytoplasm. (biomedcentral.com)
Cortactin immunostaining was diffuse throughout the Sertoli cell cytoplasm when incubated without beads (Fig. 1A ). (biomedcentral.com)
In pinocytosis, rather than an individual droplet of liquid traveling passively through the cell membrane , the droplet first becomes bound, or adsorbed, on the cell membrane, which then invaginates (forms a pocket) and pinches off to form a vesicle in the cytoplasm. (britannica.com)
A droplet of fluid could thus be transported through the cell without disturbing its cytoplasm. (britannica.com)
In cell biology , a vesicle is a structure within or outside a cell , consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer . (wikipedia.org)
These vacuoles take water from the cytoplasm and excrete it from the cell to avoid bursting due to osmotic pressure . (wikipedia.org)
Cells are identified by the shape and appearance of the nucleus, the color of cytoplasm (the background of the cell), and the presence and color of granules. (answerbag.com)

Complement-mediated phagocytosis is not restricted to C3 opsonins and CR3 and/or CR4 engagement. (nos-nop.org)
Jaumouillé V, Cartagena-Rivera AX and Waterman CM. Coupling of β2 integrins to actin by a mechanosensitive molecular clutch drives complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis. (sfu.ca)
Most bacterial pathogens responsible for such infections are enclosed by polysaccharide capsules that protect them from phagocytosis and complement- mediated killing, ensuring their persistence on the respiratory mucosa and survival in the bloodstream and deep body tissues. (cdc.gov)

This kind of pDC activation was dependent on direct integrin-mediated cell‒cell contacts and involved stimulation of the TLR7 and STING signaling pathways. (nature.com)
Our results indicated that lcn2 is critical for cell death sensitization, stimulation of cell migration, and morphological changes of reactive astrocytes. (jneurosci.org)
Consequently, phagocytosis stimulation by expression of the scavenger receptor Croquemort significantly delays neurodegeneration. (uantwerpen.be)
RAW 264.7 cells were treated with 200 nM flavopiridol before fungal stimulation. (researchsquare.com)
2 of free radicals from the stimulation of available to the cell [ 1,2,7,8 ]. (who.int)

In vitro , doxorubicin microparticles were less cytotoxic to DCs than to B lymphoma cells, did not require internalization by tumor cells, and significantly enhanced phagocytosis of tumor cells by DCs as compared with soluble doxorubicin. (aacrjournals.org)

Overall, the present study describes a novel and potent pathway of pDC activation that is linked to the macrophage-mediated clearance of infected cells. (nature.com)
However, they have a different origin and are a unique macrophage cell type in the adult organism. (frontiersin.org)
Zhou XF, Liu XR, Huang L. Macrophage-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis: opportunity for nanomedicine intervention. (springer.com)

The results are consistent with a mechanism whereby divalent cations and heat-labile opsonin activate ingestion by stimulating the work of engulfment rather than by merely enhancing cell-particle affinity, and whereby heat-labile opsonin acts by potentiating the effects of divalent cations. (rupress.org)
Phagocytosis is a term coined from the Greek to describe the receptor-mediated engulfment and degradation of dead cells and microbes. (frontiersin.org)
Common mechanisms of recognition, engulfment, and degradation of the different types of cargo are assumed, but very little is known about the shared and specific molecules involved in the phagocytosis of each target by microglia. (frontiersin.org)

abstract = "Apoptosis is one of the key tools used by an embryo to regulate cell numbers and sculpt body shape. (bris.ac.uk)
abstract = "Phagocytosis is relevant for many research fields and is often measured as a functional outcome. (lu.se)
ABSTRACT The in vitro effects of metronidazole on the production of reactive oxygen species by polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells were studied by means of nitroblue tetrazolium and luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. (who.int)

However, phagocytosis can also activate the respiratory burst, which produces toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). (frontiersin.org)

Conditions or medications that weaken the immune system, such as AIDS or chemotherapy , cause a decrease in white cells. (answerbag.com)
Overview of the Immune System The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)
Successful completion of these projects will identify new therapeutic targets in acute myleoid leukemia (AML) and expand our knowledge regarding how cancer cells evade the immune system, findings that may translate into new therapeutic opportunities. (lu.se)

A recent presentation at the 2019 Society for Neuroscience conference reported that pretreatment of transformed mouse brain microglial cells (BV-2 cells) or primary mouse microglia with a C3aR agonist increased their motility and their ability to phagocytose beads and A plaques. (nos-nop.org)

To identify components of the CEACAM3-initiated signaling cascade, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9-based screen in human myeloid cells. (biologists.com)
Arrayed molecular barcoding identifies TNFSF13 as a positive regulator of acute myeloid leukemia-initiating cells. (lu.se)
Interleukin 4 induces apoptosis of acute myeloid leukemia cells in a Stat6-dependent manner. (lu.se)

2004). In vitro and in vivo characterization of pigment epithelial cells differentiated from primate embryonic stem cells. (allbiosolution.com)
These receptors are present on phagocytic cells, mast cells, and lung epithelial and smooth muscle cells. (medscape.com)
Dust exposure induced PKCalpha and -epsilon activation in isolated tracheal epithelial cells but were dampened with repetitive exposures. (cdc.gov)
Figures 272 (upper) and 273 (lower) from Chapter 8 (Lysosomes) of 'The Cell, 2nd Ed.' by Don W. Fawcett M.D. Lysosomes in the basal region of epithelial cells from the cauda epididymis of the rabbit. (cellimagelibrary.org)
Figure 262 from Chapter 8 (Lysosomes) of 'The Cell, 2nd Ed.' by Don W. Fawcett M.D. Aggregations of primary lysosomes in the supranuclear region of an epithelial cell from the epididymis of the bandi. (cellimagelibrary.org)

Human rheumatoid synovial fluid cells and fibronectin-purified monocytes. (biolegend.com)

Uninfected or Leishmania -infected thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal exudate cells were transferred from C57BL/6 to BALB/c mice or from Ly5.1 + to Ly5.1 - mice. (biomedcentral.com)
In mice, this three-step therapy induced CD4- and CD8-dependent systemic immune responses that enhanced T-cell infiltration into distant tumors, leading to their eradication and significantly improving survival. (aacrjournals.org)

J Cell Sci (2023) 136 (17): jcs259724. (biologists.com)
J Cell Sci (2023) 136 (11): jcs260771. (biologists.com)

Pinocytosis is one type of endocytosis, the general process by which cells engulf external substances, gathering them into special membrane-bound vesicles contained within the cell . (britannica.com)
Food can be taken from outside the cell into food vacuoles by a process called endocytosis . (wikipedia.org)

Phagocytosis has been considered as an essential defense mechanism of immune response to pathogens among eukaryotes, which are also implicated in diverse physiological processes, including development, apoptotic, tissue repair, and host defense ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
Cell and tissue cultures need proper surfaces to grow and maintain them in laboratory conditions. (allbiosolution.com)
tissue culture plate polystyrene and glass coverslip, on phagocytosis performed by RPE cells growing on each surface. (allbiosolution.com)
Basic Techniques in Mammalian Cell Tissue Culture. (allbiosolution.com)
Cell Tissue Res. (allbiosolution.com)
Discovery of new hematopoietic tissue and discovery of multinucleated giant blood cells in D ananassae. (nottingham.ac.uk)
Moreover, immune cell responses are largely affected by the mechanical properties of their tissue environment. (sfu.ca)
Figures 264 (upper) and 265 (lower) from Chapter 8 (Lysosomes) of 'The Cell, 2nd Ed.' by Don W. Fawcett M.D. Lysosomes apparent in thin sections from liver tissue of hamster treated with phenobarbito. (cellimagelibrary.org)

This results in the expression of spermidine on the surface, which specifically activates the PIP 3 -pathway to induce phagocytic uptake into primary or immortalized murine cells. (elifesciences.org)
IL4 promotes phagocytosis of murine leukemia cells counteracted by CD47 upregulation. (lu.se)

The effect of reducing cytosolic Ca2+ to very low concentrations on Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis was also investigated. (silverchair.com)
and they provide direct evidence that Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis occurs normally even at exceedingly low [Ca2+]i. (silverchair.com)

They are divided into three groups by the type of hemolysis on blood agar: beta-hemolytic (complete lysis of red cells), a hemolytic (green hemolysis), and gamma-hemolytic (no hemolysis). (nih.gov)
In broad terms, mosquitoes kill pathogens via three mechanisms: cell-mediated phagocytosis, melanization, and lysis. (vanderbilt.edu)
MAC causes lysis of foreign cells. (msdmanuals.com)

Apoptosis allows for efficient and immunologically silent removal of damaged or superfluous cells in multicellular organisms. (nature.com)

Yersinia inhibits phagocytosis through the concerted actions of several effector proteins, including YopE which acts as a RhoGAP and inhibits Rac-dependent actin polymerization. (wikipedia.org)

Microglial CR3-mediated phagocytosis has also been shown to be dependent on DAP12, PKC, DAG, cAMP, MLCK, and Rho/Rock signaling pathways, all of which could be modulated pharmacologically or by other endogenous receptors (49C52). (nos-nop.org)
Cell type-specific super-resolution imaging reveals an increase in calcium-permeable AMPA receptors at spinal peptidergic terminals as an anatomical correlate of inflammatory pain: PAIN Pain. (nottingham.ac.uk)
We hypothesized that gonococci selectively target human anti-inflammatory sialic acid-recognizing Siglec receptors on innate immune cells to blunt host responses, and that pro-inflammatory Siglecs and SIGLEC pseudogene polymorphisms represent host evolutionary adaptions to counteract this interaction. (datadryad.org)

In 1862, Ernst Haeckel experimentally showed that some blood cells in a slug could ingest external particles. (wikipedia.org)
Disproving Lieberkühn's conclusion, Haeckel discovered that such cells could indeed ingest particles, even experimentally introduced ones. (wikipedia.org)

Mechanistic insight into heterogeneity of trans-plasma membrane electron transport in cancer cell types. (nottingham.ac.uk)
It is the in vivo situation where blood cells are worth mentioning that many of the electron- suspended in their original medium. (who.int)

Cortactin, an actin binding protein, has been associated with Sertoli cell ectoplasmic specializations in vivo , based on its immunolocalization around the heads of elongated spermatids, but not previously identified in isolated Sertoli cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Based on this observation, we hypothesized that this actin binding protein may be associated with a non-junction-related physiological function, such as phagocytosis. (biomedcentral.com)
In the presence of cytochalasin D, cortactin immunostaining was punctate and distributed in a pattern similar to that reported for actin in cells exposed to cytochalasin D. Sertoli cells not exposed to FSH, but activated with beads, did not show cortactin immunostaining around the phagocytized beads at any of the time periods. (biomedcentral.com)

Because of the vesicant activity of doxorubicin, microparticles made of biodegradable polymer poly(lactide-co-glycolide) or PLGA can safely deliver doxorubicin intratumorally and are effective vaccine adjuvants, (ii) enhancing T-cell activation using anti-OX40 and (iii) sustaining T-cell responses by checkpoint blockade using anti-CTLA-4. (aacrjournals.org)
We demonstrate that not only the presence of pathogen inherent molecular patterns induces immune responses, but that bacterial motility is linked to a host-cell-induced expression of additional immune modulators. (elifesciences.org)

Results differential interference contrast microscopy indicated that beads were localized within the cells. (biomedcentral.com)
We are studying how immune cells generate and sense mechanical forces using quantitative approaches based on high-resolution live cell microscopy. (sfu.ca)

For example, an study showed that whereas short-lived exposure to C3a increases A phagocytosis by primary microglia, chronic exposure attenuates A Tirbanibulin Mesylate phagocytosis, an effect that can be reversed by C3aR antagonists (45). (nos-nop.org)

bronchoalveolar lavage cells from control and CBD subjects to evaluate the beryllium salt-specific production of endogenous IL-10 and the effects of exogenous human rIL-10 (rhIL-10) on HLA expression, on the production of IL-2, IFN- , and TNF- , and on T lymphocyte proliferation. (cdc.gov)
We of both mitogen- and Ag-induced accessory cell-dependent T lym- phocyte proliferation. (cdc.gov)

Cell surface sensors on immune cells that ordinarily recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns produced by infectious agents may also interact with DAMPs, leading to the activation of signaling pathways resulting in a nonpathogen-induced 'sterile' inflammatory response. (nature.com)
Labeling whole cells with a pH-sensitive fluorophore, making them suitable for screening compounds for inhibition/activation of efferocytosis. (sartorius.com)
Alternate pathway activation occurs when components of microbial cell surfaces (eg, yeast walls, bacterial cell wall lipopolysaccharide [endotoxin]) or immunoglobulin (eg, nephritic factor, aggregated IgA) cleave small amounts of C3. (msdmanuals.com)

The first demonstration of phagocytosis as a property of leukocytes, the immune cells, was from the German zoologist Ernst Haeckel. (wikipedia.org)
Migrating cells corresponded to approximately 1% of the injected leukocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
The influx of leukocytes facilitates the process of phagocytosis and the removal of damaged cells and other particulate matter. (medscape.com)

During the past few decades, hemocyte-mediated phagocytosis, as one of the most important innate cellular immune function, has also received great attention in crustacean, and a good progress in elucidating the involvement of hemocyte-mediated phagocytosis, as well as its protective roles and mechanisms, against bacterial and viral infections has been achieved. (frontiersin.org)
We propose that lcn2 is an autocrine mediator of reactive astrocytosis based on the multiple roles of lcn2 in the regulation of cell death, morphology, and migration of astrocytes. (jneurosci.org)
We provide new insights into the roles of autophagy and phagocytosis in the neuronal metabolic stress response and open new avenues into understanding of human disease and development of therapeutic strategies. (uantwerpen.be)

N. gonorrhoeae can indeed engage multiple human but not chimpanzee CD33rSiglecs expressed on innate immune cells and in the genitourinary tract--including Siglec-11 (inhibitory) and Siglec-16 (activating), which we detected for the first time on human cervical epithelium. (datadryad.org)

LCN2 protein induced upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), cell migration, and morphological changes similar to characteristic phenotypic changes termed reactive astrocytosis. (jneurosci.org)

The fundamental theory of phagocytosis was first described by Élie Metchnikoff in 1882, which has been gradually established and well-understood over the past two centuries ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)

We still know very little about the mechanisms controlling the ability of these cells containing live parasite or parasite fragments to remain in the infection site or to migrate to the draining lymph node. (biomedcentral.com)
Understanding mechanisms controlling neuronal cell death and survival under conditions of altered energy supply (e.g., during stroke) is fundamentally important for the development of therapeutic strategies. (uantwerpen.be)

Overall, phagocytosis is considered a beneficial phenomenon, since it eliminates dead cells and induces an anti-inflammatory response. (frontiersin.org)

Phagocytosis of Retinal Rod and Cone Photoreceptors. (allbiosolution.com)
Renewal of photoreceptor outer segments and their phagocytosis by the retinal pigment epithelium. (allbiosolution.com)

Anatomy7

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs12

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Phagocytes16

Macrophages24

Dendritic8

Intracellular7

Neutrophils3

Imaging phagocytosis assays1

Immunology4

Flow cytometry1

Inflammation6

Cellular phagocytosis1

Phagocytic activity3

Microglial phagocytosis3

Physiology1

Clearance of apoptotic cells1

Immunity7

Antigen2

Bacteria9

Apoptotic cell4

Biol4

Assays2

Modulate3

Debris7

Phagosome4

Cytoplasm8

Complement3

Stimulation5

Internalization1

Macrophage3

Engulfment3

Abstract3

Reactive oxygen1

Immune system3

20191

Myeloid3

Epithelial5

Monocytes1

Mice2

20232

Endocytosis2

Tissue8

Murine2

Receptor-mediated2

Lysis3

Multicellular organisms1

Inhibits1

Receptors3

Particles2

Electron2

Actin3

Responses2

Microscopy2

C3aR1

Proliferation2

Activation3

Leukocytes3

Roles3

Innate immune cells1

Migration1

Élie Metchnikoff1

Mechanisms2

Anti-inflammatory1

Retinal2