• Glucose is the major substrate for ATP synthesis through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), whereas intermediary metabolism through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle utilizes non-glucose-derived monocarboxylates, amino acids, and alpha ketoacids to support mitochondrial ATP and GTP synthesis. (molvis.org)
  • In normal cells, glucose participates in cellular energy production through glycolysis as well as through its complete catabolism via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
  • When oxygen is limited, as in muscles that have undergone prolonged exercise, pyruvate is not consumed in the TCA cycle but is rather converted into lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in a process termed anaerobic glycolysis. (hindawi.com)
  • For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. (wikipedia.org)
  • Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle), especially when a primary source of energy, such as glucose, is scarce, or when cells undergo metabolic stress. (wikipedia.org)
  • Devimistat's mechanism of action differs from other drugs, operating on the tricarboxylic acid cycle and inhibiting enzymes involved with cancer cell energy metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study aimed to explore the mitochondrial response under inflammatory and anti-inflammatory environments, with a focus on the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (nature.com)
  • Mitochondria play an important role in cell energy metabolism 12 through the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), whose main product is adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the fundamental energy molecule for cells 12 . (nature.com)
  • The protein encoded by this gene is a Krebs tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of citrate from oxaloacetate and acetyl coenzyme A. The enzyme is found in nearly all cells capable of oxidative metabolism. (thermofisher.com)
  • Succinate is an essential intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle that exerts pleiotropic roles beyond metabolism in both physiological and pathological conditions. (haematologica.org)
  • The metabolite succinate or succinic acid is at the hub of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and it is mainly produced by succinyl coenzyme A synthetase from succinyl coenzyme A, in a reversible reaction that generally occurs under aerobic conditions ( Figure 1 ). (haematologica.org)
  • Succinate is an intermediate of several metabolic pathways, i.e. tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle under normoxic conditions (blue lines), and glutamine-dependent anerplerosis and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt under anaerobic conditions (red lines). (haematologica.org)
  • Mitochondria are sites of biochemical processes including lipid oxidation, tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, that culminate in generation of energy. (fapesp.br)
  • Particular focus is given to the role of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and its participation within various biological processes. (helsinki.fi)
  • Thioredoxin, a master regulator of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in plant mitochondria. (helsinki.fi)
  • The Krebs cycle, also called the citric acid cycle and tricarboxylic acid cycle, is the common pathway by which organic fuel molecules of the cell are oxidized during cellular respiration. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Each turn of the Krebs cycle therefore begins when one of the two acetyl-CoA molecules derived from the original 6-carbon glucose molecule yields its acetyl group to the 4-carbon compound oxaloacetate to form the 6-carbon tricarboxylic acid (citrate) molecule. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Six major pathways have been studied in immune cells in detail: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid oxidation, fatty acid synthesis and amino acid metabolism. (nature.com)
  • Here, we provide a brief refresher course on six of the major metabolic pathways involved (specifically, glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid oxidation, fatty acid synthesis and amino acid metabolism), giving specific examples of how precise changes in the metabolites of these pathways shape the immune cell response. (nature.com)
  • Figure 6: Amino acid metabolism in immunity. (nature.com)
  • acetyl-CoA then efficiently produces adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. (molcells.org)
  • These are oxidized to carbon dioxide during the third phase, a cyclic reaction sequence called the tricarboxylic acid (or Krebs) cycle . (britannica.com)
  • We show that hepatic sulfur amino acid (SAA) metabolism is under transcriptional control of HNF4α. (biomed.news)
  • Mechanistically, Sirt2 suppresses T cell metabolism by targeting key enzymes involved in glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid-cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and glutaminolysis. (biomed.news)
  • The transcriptomic findings exhibited that the differentially expressed genes of fungus after rosmarinic acid intervention were mainly enriched in the carbon metabolism pathway, while the proteomic findings suggested that rosmarinic acid could inhibit the average growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes by interfering with the expression of enolase in the glycolysis pathway. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The key findings of the present study manifested that rosmarinic acid, a medicinal compound extracted from P. frutescens , had pharmacological activity in inhibiting the growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes by affecting its enolase expression to reduce metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Yet, a subset tumors harbor genetic mutations in the electron transport chain or tricarboxylic acid cycle that disable normal oxidative mitochondrial function. (tdl.org)
  • Here we show that glutaminolysis is the major pathway fuelling the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in T-cell receptor-stimulated naïve, as well as memory CD4, subsets and is required for optimal HIV-1 infection. (gla.ac.uk)
  • A central pillar of all cellular metabolism-and the bane of generations of high school biology students who had to memorize it-is a complex 10-step chemical process variously known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the citric acid cycle or the Krebs cycle. (nautil.us)
  • Pyruvate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate, produced from glycolysis, to acetyl-CoA, which is oxidised in the tricarboxylic acid cycle within mitochondria. (dcaguide.org)
  • In detail, proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle were found to be down-regulated, whereas proteins associated to lipid metabolism were found up-regulated in sh beta cat compared to shCTR. (unich.it)
  • Compared to controls, beta-catenin knockout cells showed increased incorporation of [1-C-14] acetate and decreased utilization of [U-C-14] glucose for fatty acid synthesis. (unich.it)
  • This acetyl group is further metabolised in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and fully oxidized to yield CO 2 . (kdwis.com)
  • Metabolomics data obtained through gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GS-MS) of a tetracycline (tet) inducible CHO T-RExTM cell line capable of expressing 0.09 pg/ul/cell EPO, revealed that 0.1% v/v tet addition does not affect consumption of carbon sources such as glucose, and pyruvate, but concentration of waste products, such as glycerol, threitol, alanine and phenyllactic acid increases towards the end of each batch culture. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) intermediates, such as citrate, isocitrate and fumarate also increased upon EPO expression. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Regulation of the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle. (mpg.de)
  • Metabolic control and regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in photosynthetic and heterotrophic plant tissues. (mpg.de)
  • In mammalian cells, most of the redox potential used for generating ATP arrives at the mitochondrion in the form of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH 2 ), reduced coenzymes generated by the acceptance of electrons derived from the breakdown of organic substances in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is also one of the few metabolites that can act as a precursor to other metabolites of both the urea cycle and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (hmdb.ca)
  • Cuproptosis causes proteotoxic stress and ultimately results in cell death by the binding of Cu ions to lipid-acylated proteins during the tricarboxylic acid cycle of mitochondrial respiration. (ijbs.com)
  • A total of 90 potential redox-regulated proteins were identified with functions in carbohydrate and energy metabolism, biosynthesis of cysteine, sucrose and brassinosteroid, cell wall biogenesis, polysaccharide/starch biosynthesis, cuticle development, lipid metabolism, proteolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, protein targeting to vacuole, and oxidation-reduction. (omicsdi.org)
  • 2 4 A few cases have been reported that involve deficiencies in enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, such as fumarase, or of gluconeogenesis, such as pyruvate carboxylase (PC) or phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). (bmj.com)
  • Reducing equivalents (NADH, FADH 2 ) are generated by reactions catalysed by the PDC and the tricarboxylic acid cycle and donate electrons (e - ) that enter the respiratory chain at NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) or at succinate ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex II). (bmj.com)
  • Coenzyme A is necessary in the reaction mechanism of the citric acid cycle . (wikipedia.org)
  • [13] CoA is important in energy metabolism for pyruvate to enter the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) as acetyl-CoA, and for α-ketoglutarate to be transformed to succinyl-CoA in the cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Citrate is best known as an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle of the cell. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In addition to this essential role in energy metabolism, the tricarboxylate anion also acts as both a precursor and a regulator of fatty acid synthesis1-3. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A non-canonical tricarboxylic acid cycle underlies cellular identity. (gcs-web.com)
  • Most PC gene mutations change a single protein building block (amino acid) in pyruvate carboxylase, which reduces the amount of this enzyme in cells or disrupts its ability to effectively convert pyruvate to oxaloacetate. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Pithukpakorn M. Disorders of pyruvate metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Some studies in arsenic metabolism suggest that methylation of inorganic arsenic may be a toxification, rather than a detoxification pathway and that trivalent methylated arsenic metabolites, particularly monomethylarsonous acid and dimethylarsinous acid, have a great deal of biological activity [Kitchin 2001]. (cdc.gov)
  • Our findings indicate an impaired function of the PDH enzyme complex, resulting in reduced flux of pyruvate to the [tricarboxylic acid ( TCA )] cycle. (medscape.com)
  • Increased lactic acid accumulates upon limited exertion, and there is a compensatory use of alternative substrates to fuel the TCA cycle. (medscape.com)
  • Mitochondria are a convergence point for glucose, glutamine, and lipid metabolism. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Recent research showed that abnormal lipid metabolism was associated with cancers. (jcancer.org)
  • As one of the genes that can regulate the level of lipid metabolism, abnormal APOE expression was associated with carcinogenesis. (jcancer.org)
  • The functions of APOE co-expressed genes were mainly enriched in adaptive immune response, protein-lipid complex subunit organization, actin cytoskeleton reorganization, cell chemotaxis, protein activation cascade and transcriptional misregulation in cancer. (jcancer.org)
  • β-Catenin Knockdown Affects Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Lipid Metabolism in Breast Cancer Cells. (unich.it)
  • The attenuation of metal/peroxide oxidative chemistry, as well as lipid peroxidation, appears to be the major chemical mechanisms by which NO may limit oxidative injury to mammalian cells. (researchgate.net)
  • Copper (Cu) plays a crucial and diverse function in biological systems, acting as a cofactor at numerous sites of enzymatic activity and participating in various physiological processes, including oxidative stress regulation, lipid metabolism, and energy metabolism. (ijbs.com)
  • TRPML1-mediated lysosomal calcium release can also dephosphorylate TFEB and promote its nuclear translocation and regulate lysosome biogenesis, autophagy, and lipid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to its role in glucose metabolism, this pathway also regulates the redirection of free amino acids to protein synthesis via the mTOR-signaling pathway. (hindawi.com)
  • Pyruvate metabolism, a key pathway in glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, is crucial for energy homeostasis and mitochondrial quality control (MQC), including fusion/fission dynamics and mitophagy. (molcells.org)
  • Conversely, genetic or metabolic restoration of the transsulfuration pathway in SAA metabolism significantly alleviates the outcomes induced by HNF4α deficiency in liver cancer cells. (biomed.news)
  • To gain mechanistic insight into how this unusual pathway was regulated I carried out a targeted metabolomics analysis in our isogenic tumor cell models. (tdl.org)
  • This led to the striking discovery that cells engaged in the reductive carboxylation pathway also operate an additional metabolic pathway that, at first glance, would appear to be superfluous and inefficient. (tdl.org)
  • Some of the impairments in glycolytic pathway, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation that contribute to cancer cell growth, development, progression, survival and malignancy would be critically discussed. (kdwis.com)
  • This process is the body's primary catabolic pathway and is essential in breaking down the building blocks of the cell such as carbohydrates , amino acids and lipids , for fuel. (wikipedia.org)
  • Lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides necessary for the biosynthesis of the daughter cells are mostly provided by intermediate metabolites of these pathways. (hindawi.com)
  • These fuel molecules, glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids, are broken down and fed into the Krebs cycle, becoming oxidized to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) before entering the cycle. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The importance of the Krebs cycle lies in both the efficiency with which it captures energy released from nutrient molecules and stores it in a usable form, and in the raw materials it provides for the biosynthesis of certain amino acids and of purines and pyrimidines. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Before glucose, fatty acids, and most amino acids can be oxidized to CO2 and H2O in the Krebs cycle, they must first be broken down to acetyl CoA. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Recent Amino acids play an essential role in both metabolism and 﫿ndings are related to (1) glycemic and/or ketogenic amino proteome. (sagepub.com)
  • and (3) amino acids there have been more research studies on amino acids, which that are the decomposition products from cytosine, uracil, are involved in the primary tumor formation, growth, and and thymine nucleotides and that can re﫿ect the severity of metabolism. (sagepub.com)
  • 6) Lysosomes are the pools of metabolites in cells, including amino acids, sugars, lipids and nucleotides. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the patients with ME/CFS, there was a specific reduction of amino acids that fuel oxidative metabolism, pointing to functional impairment of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), a key enzyme for the conversion of carbohydrates to energy. (medscape.com)
  • The Krebs cycle is part of the aerobic degradative process in eukaryotes known as cellular respiration, which is a process that generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by oxidizing energy-rich fuel molecules. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The Krebs cycle, first postulated in 1937 by Hans Krebs, is an efficient way for cells to produce energy during the degradation of energy-rich molecules. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Electrons removed from intermediate metabolic products during the Krebs cycle are used to reduce coenzyme molecules nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NAD + ] and flavin mononucleotide [FAD]) to NADH and FADH 2 , respectively. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Much more energy is released if glucose is fully degraded by the Krebs cycle, where it is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The breakdown of pyruvate irreversibly funnels the products of glycolysis into the Krebs cycle. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Thus, the transformation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA is the link between the metabolic reactions of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The enzymatic steps of glycolysis and the subsequent synthesis of acetyl-CoA involve a linear sequence, whereas the oxidation of acetyl-CoA in the Krebs cycle is a cyclic sequence of reactions in which the starting substrate is subsequently regenerated with each turn of the cycle. (encyclopedia.com)
  • In step two of the Krebs cycle, citrate is isomerized to isocitrate by means of a dehydration reaction that yields cis -aconitate, followed by a hydration reaction that replaces the H + and OH- to form isocitrate. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, each step being facilitated by a specific enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
  • A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways among vastly different species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nonetheless, when cells rely on anaerobic glycolysis, like cancer cells and certain innate immune cells upon activation, other metabolic pathways sustain succinate levels, including glutamine-dependent anerplerosis to α-ketoglutarate, and eventually citrate by reductive carboxylation. (haematologica.org)
  • In the last few years, it has been evidenced different metabolic pathways driving the phenotype of Treg cells, which require mitochondrial integrity and metabolism for exerting their functions. (fapesp.br)
  • Immunometabolism describes the changes that occur in intracellular metabolic pathways in immune cells during activation. (nature.com)
  • In recent years a substantial number of findings have been made in the area of immunometabolism, by which we mean the changes in intracellular metabolic pathways in immune cells that alter their function. (nature.com)
  • Overall, mitochondrial dysfunction caused by mtDNA mutations, malfunctioned TCA cycle enzymes, electron respiratory chain leakage and subsequent oxidative stress, and/or aberrant oncogenic and tumor suppressor signaling is known to alter cellular metabolic pathways, disrupt redox balance, and cause resistance to apoptosis and therapies that significantly contribute to the development of multiple types of human cancers. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Comparison of real-time PCR and transcriptomics results showed that the trends of gene expression in glycolytic, carbon metabolism and glutathione metabolic pathways were identical. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In contrast to normal cells, most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactate fermentation, even in the presence of oxygen, a less efficient metabolism compared to a low rate of glycolysis followed by mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • T cell differentiation is also directly linked to pyruvate metabolism, with inhibition of pyruvate oxidation by PDKs promoting proinflammatory T cell polarization. (molcells.org)
  • There are a number of reactive nitrogen oxide species, such as N2O3 and ONOO-, that can alter critical cellular components under high local concentrations of NO. However, NO can also abate the oxidation chemistry mediated by reactive oxygen species such as H2O2 and O2- that occurs at physiological levels of NO. In addition to the antioxidant chemistry, NO protects against cell death mediated by H2O2, alkylhydroperoxides, and xanthine oxidase. (researchgate.net)
  • Figure 1 summarises the major steps of carbohydrate oxidation in mammalian cells. (bmj.com)
  • Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze the chemical reactions in metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other proteins have structural or mechanical functions, such as those that form the cytoskeleton, a system of scaffolding that maintains the cell shape. (wikipedia.org)
  • Proteins are also important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, active transport across membranes, and the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Autophagy is one of the major digestive processes in cells and plays a critical role in maintaining cell homeostasis through delivering cytoplasmic materials, such as lipids, proteins, and organelles to lysosomes, for degradation 13 . (nature.com)
  • Cells' status can be inferred by examining autophagy proteins such as ATG8, as well as measuring ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential. (nature.com)
  • The TCA cycle is at the heart of much of modern biology, where it is used both to break down food into energy and to synthesize vital building blocks of proteins," said Greg Springsteen , a professor of chemistry at Furman University, an origins-of-life researcher and one of the authors of the study. (nautil.us)
  • Here, we applied a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach to identify proteins modulated after beta-catenin knockdown in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. (unich.it)
  • We used a label free analysis to compare trypsin-digested proteins from CTR (shCTR) and beta-catenin knockout cells (sh beta cat). (unich.it)
  • Cancer cells are known to proliferate uncontrollably and therefore, have greater demand for energy and a ready supply of the building blocks necessary for the biosynthesis of macromolecules such as nucleotides, proteins and lipids). (kdwis.com)
  • Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are the leading mammalian cell platform for manufacturing therapeutic proteins due to their ability for producing human-like products. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • The outer and inner membranes are composed of phospholipid bilayers studded with proteins , much like a typical cell membrane . (fact-archive.com)
  • While parts of them may be similar to the proteins reportedly involved in solvent stress response in other Gram-positive bacteria, significant role of proline in the proline-glutamate-arginine metabolism was substantiated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These ions also act as cofactors or structural components of proteins or enzymes that regulate several physiological processes such as mitochondrial respiration, energy metabolism, and antioxidants [ 3 , 4 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • Typically, rapidly proliferating tumor cells have glycolytic rates up to 200 times higher than those of their normal tissue of origin, even in the presence of oxygen [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Effector T cells are highly glycolytic whereas memory T cells have an oxidative metabolism. (nature.com)
  • The glycolytic phenotype offers growth advantages to cancer cells by resisting apoptosis, and facilitating tumour spread and metastasis (Yeluri et al, 2009). (dcaguide.org)
  • Enzymes act as catalysts - they allow a reaction to proceed more rapidly - and they also allow the regulation of the rate of a metabolic reaction, for example in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Taking into account the relevance of PGC1a in the regulation of mitochondrial activity and integrity, in addition to the importance of oxidative metabolism for Treg cell function, this project aims to investigate how PGC1a connects the regulation of cellular metabolism to the generation and function of Treg cells in homeostasis and tumor context. (fapesp.br)
  • Your second year builds on this knowledge and covers areas such as gene regulation, cell biology and metabolism. (kent.ac.uk)
  • The Fernie group focuses on identifying factors involved in metabolic regulation of primary and intermediary metabolism within both photosynthetic and heterotrophic tissues. (helsinki.fi)
  • Our data highlight a role of beta-catenin in the regulation of metabolism and energy homeostasis in breast cancer cells. (unich.it)
  • promoting abnormal regulation of signalling pathways involved in cell cycle regulation, genetic stability, apoptosis and cell differentiation. (kdwis.com)
  • TCGA data revealed that T cell functions, such as HLA, cytolytic activity, inflammation regulation, co-inhibition, and co-stimulation, differed significantly between members of the low and high groups. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell proliferation involves the replication of all cellular contents with the required energy for this to happen. (hindawi.com)
  • To prevent aberrant cell proliferation, these pathways are tightly regulated. (hindawi.com)
  • This activation is necessary for both cell proliferation as well as glucose uptake and use. (hindawi.com)
  • Dichloroacetate (20 mM) did not reduce growth of non-cancerous cells but caused significant decrease in cancer cell proliferation ( P =0.009), which was associated with apoptosis and G 2 phase cell-cycle arrest. (dcaguide.org)
  • During these processes, the cancer cells acquire multiple allelic mutations in genes such as proto-oncogenes, tumour suppressor (TS) genes and other genes that control cell proliferation ( Hahn and Weinberg, 2002 ). (kdwis.com)
  • In addition, previous studies have shown that lysosomes may play important roles in cancer development and progression through the abovementioned biological processes and that the functional status and spatial distribution of lysosomes are closely related to cancer cell proliferation, energy metabolism, invasion and metastasis, immune escape and tumor-associated angiogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cancer cells exhibit copper addiction compared to normal cells, which is the over-reliance on copper for proliferation, which opens a new therapeutic frontier for cancer treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These include modes that are predominately genotoxic (i.e., chromosomal abnormalities, oxidative stress, and gene amplification) vs. more nongenotoxic (i.e., altered growth factors, enhanced cell proliferation and promotion of carcinogenesis, and altered DNA repair). (cdc.gov)
  • For example, a major regulator of metabolism is phosphoinositol 3 kinase (PI3K). (hindawi.com)
  • Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1a) acts as an important regulator of oxidative metabolism, biogenesis and mitochondrial dynamics through the activation of different transcription factors, being widely described in tissues with high energy demand. (fapesp.br)
  • Our study identifies HNF4α as a regulator of hepatic SAA metabolism that regulates the sensitivity of liver cancer to methionine restriction. (biomed.news)
  • A key regulator of cellular metabolism is pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). (dcaguide.org)
  • Cancer cells rewire their metabolism and rely on endogenous antioxidants to mitigate lethal oxidative damage to lipids. (biomed.news)
  • Metabolites, such as succinate and citrate, and enzymes, such as pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 (PKM2), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and enolase, have roles outside of metabolism that promote specific events during immune cell activation. (nature.com)
  • It was noted that, in addition to a direct effect on redox signaling molecules, α-ketoacid metabolites of organoselenium compounds are able to change the status of histone acetylation and suppress the activity of histone deacetylases in cancer cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • ResultsSeveral metabolites were identified to be altered in the pre-treatment serum samples of small-cell lung cancer patients compared to healthy individuals. (edu.qa)
  • Abstract Starting from mature vegetable compost, four bac- the utilization of these bacteria as cell factories for upgrading terial strains were selected using a lignin-rich medium. (lu.se)
  • To reconstruct how it evolved, biochemists have generally tried to work backward by replacing the eight enzymes involved in the modern TCA cycle with transition metals, since those can act as catalysts for many reactions and should have been abundant. (nautil.us)
  • Our goals were twofold: 1) to characterize the gene expression, protein expression, and activity of key synthesizing and regulating enzymes of energy metabolism in the whole mouse retina, retinal compartments, and/or cells and 2) to provide an integrative analysis of the results related to function. (molvis.org)
  • This suggests that MGCs utilize TCA cycle anaplerosis and cataplerosis to generate GTP and ~P transferring kinases to produce ATP that supports MGC energy requirements. (molvis.org)
  • Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy and will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. (wikipedia.org)
  • As these molecules are vital for life, metabolic reactions either focus on making these molecules during the construction of cells and tissues, or on breaking them down and using them to obtain energy, by their digestion. (wikipedia.org)
  • This study aims to explore the energy metabolism of macrophages under either inflammatory or anti-inflammatory conditions by adding LPS and Met, respectively, using an in vitro and an in vivo model. (nature.com)
  • Another is the rise of metabolism-the biochemical processes inside cells that make life possible by continuously drawing energy from the environment and directing it into the assembly of vital molecules. (nautil.us)
  • Early observations concerning the metabolic differences between cancer and normal cells were made by Otto Warburg, who showed that cancer cells are inherently dependent on glycolysis for production of chemical energy (Warburg, 1956). (dcaguide.org)
  • In the paper, the relationship between cancer and cellular energy metabolism will be examined. (kdwis.com)
  • Pyruvate, the end-product of glycolysis has several fates within the cell, depending on the energy need of the body. (kdwis.com)
  • It will elucidate on the additional hallmarks of cancer mentioned above, i.e. reprogramming energy metabolism in cancer cell by pointing out to key experiments pertaining, and that serve as proof, to this phenomenon. (kdwis.com)
  • In its most traditional definition, the mitochondrion is the energy-generating organelle of the cell, responsible for the final steps of metabolizing organic substances to produce energy for the cell in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hyperlactataemia is the defining biochemical abnormality in children with CLA and, in the absence of hypoxia, should be considered a surrogate marker for underlying failure of mitochondrial energy metabolism. (bmj.com)
  • This expanded understanding has provided key insight into novel connections between chronic positive energy balance and aberrant metabolism and the maladaptation of multiple inflammatory, immune, fibrotic, extra-cellular matrix remodeling, and proliferative processes 5-8 . (gcs-web.com)
  • Insulin controls the amount of glucose in the blood that is passed into cells for conversion to energy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Impairment of PDH could result in the cells switching to consumption of alternative fuels, causing a sudden shortage of energy in the muscles and a buildup of lactate, experienced by patients as a burning sensation in their muscles after even minor exertion. (medscape.com)
  • Asked to comment, Anthony L. Komaroff, MD, professor of medicine at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, and editor-in-chief of the Harvard Health Letter, told Medscape Medical News , "This is the latest of many research studies that are pursuing a simple idea: That the human being who says 'I don't have enough energy' could have a problem with their cells producing enough energy. (medscape.com)
  • It adds to a large literature indicating that cellular energy metabolism is abnormal in patients with ME/CFS. (medscape.com)
  • Dr Komaroff also said, "What is urgently needed are some testable hypotheses that would explain the several different reported abnormalities in energy metabolism [in ME/CFS]. (medscape.com)
  • Confocal studies showed differential cellular and compartmental distribution of isozymes involved in glucose, glutamate, glutamine, lactate, and creatine metabolism. (molvis.org)
  • In contrast, cancer cells shift their metabolism toward lactate production even in the presence of oxygen [ 4 ], partly through genetic modifications that stabilize the transcription factor Hypoxia Inducible Factor (HIF) involved in the adaptation of the cells to hypoxia, under nonhypoxic conditions as well as generating an adaptive response to the hypoxic microenvironment (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
  • Dichloroacetate reduced lactate levels in growth media and induced dephosphorylation of E1 α subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in all cell lines, but the intrinsic mitochondrial membrane potential was reduced in only cancer cells ( P =0.04). (dcaguide.org)
  • The term congenital lactic acidosis (CLA) refers to a group of inborn errors of mitochondrial metabolism variably characterised by progressive neuromuscular deterioration and accumulation of lactate and hydrogen ions in blood, urine and/or cerebrospinal fluid, frequently resulting in early death. (bmj.com)
  • Under aerobic conditions, the activity of PDC determines the rate at which all cells oxidise glucose, pyruvate, and lactate. (bmj.com)
  • Expression levels of key TCA cycle enzymes and the autophagy-related protein light chain 3b (LC3b) were determined in raw 264.7 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and metformin (Met). (nature.com)
  • GPR91 is a G protein-coupled cell surface receptor for extracellular succinate (Sucnr1). (haematologica.org)
  • Liver cells import citrate through the sodium-dependent citrate transporter NaCT (encoded by SLC13A5) and, as a consequence, this protein is a potential target for anti-obesity drugs. (ox.ac.uk)
  • These data are consistent with the reduced expression of transcriptional factors regulating mitochondrial biogenesis detected in sh beta cat cells. (unich.it)
  • Regulatory T (Treg) cells play important role in the maintenance of immunologic tolerance and control of immune responses. (fapesp.br)
  • Although a low expression of PGC1a has been related to the exacerbation of inflammatory responses, little is known about its intrinsic role in immune cells, especially in immunoregulatory functions. (fapesp.br)
  • Figure 7: Metabolism of immune cell subtypes. (nature.com)
  • In their review " Natural and Adaptive Immunity to Cancer ", Vesely and colleagues draw from recent mouse models of cancer and human clinical data to describe how cells, effector molecules, and pathways of the immune system act to suppress and control tumor cells. (massgenomics.org)
  • The idea that the immune system might recognize and destroy tumor cells was conceived 50-100 years ago. (massgenomics.org)
  • Pyruvate metabolism also plays an important role in immune cell activation and function, dysregulation of which also leads to insulin resistance and inflammatory disease. (molcells.org)
  • Pyruvate metabolism affects macrophage polarization, mitochondrial dynamics and MAM formation, which are critical in determining macrophage function and immune response. (molcells.org)
  • There is growing evidence that the dysregulated metabolic activity of tumor cells generates an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) that orchestrates an impaired anti-tumor immune response. (biomed.news)
  • APOE level was significantly correlated with tumor-infiltrating cells (B cells, CD8+ T cells, neutrophils, and dendritic) and immune biomarkers in PTC. (jcancer.org)
  • APOE is a potential independent biomarker for PTC and APOE expression is positively correlated with immune cell infiltration in PTC. (jcancer.org)
  • 5) Lysosomes can also fuse with the plasma membrane to mediate membrane repair or discharge contents outside the cell, such as cathepsins or immune factors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • At 7wk, HF-fed animals exhibited several immune alterations (blood leukocyte/neutrophil number, lymph node B-cell proportionality)-effects which were more pronounced in SD rats. (cdc.gov)
  • The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transportation of substances into and between different cells, in which case the above described set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary (or intermediate) metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this paper, we describe the metabolic changes as well as the mechanisms of resistance to apoptosis occurring in cancer cells and cancer stem cells, underlying the connection between these two processes. (hindawi.com)
  • Hence, succinate links metabolism to processes like gene expression and intercellular communication. (haematologica.org)
  • This article provides a brief review on the emerging role of pyruvate metabolism in MQC and MAM function, and how dysfunction in these processes leads to metabolic and inflammatory diseases. (molcells.org)
  • Because the TCA cycle feeds into so many vital processes in even the simplest cells, scientists suspect it was one of the early reactions to establish itself in the prebiotic soup. (nautil.us)
  • beta-catenin plays an important role as regulatory hub in several cellular processes including cell adhesion, metabolism, and epithelial mesenchymal transition. (unich.it)
  • Copper (Cu) is an essential transition metal that serves as a cofactor for various enzymes and participates in crucial biological processes that maintain normal cellular metabolism and growth. (ijbs.com)
  • RCD is critical for cell homeostasis, tissue remodeling, and disease processes. (ijbs.com)
  • Lysosomes are an important component of the inner membrane system and participate in numerous cell biological processes, such as macromolecular degradation, antigen presentation, intracellular pathogen destruction, plasma membrane repair, exosome release, cell adhesion/migration and apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Anaerobic organisms can also run the cycle in reverse to transform carbon dioxide into the organic building blocks of fats and sugars. (nautil.us)
  • Knocking down HNF4α or SAA enzymes in HNF4α-positive epithelial liver cancer lines impairs SAA metabolism, increases resistance to methionine restriction or sorafenib, promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and induces cell migration. (biomed.news)
  • Recent evidence obtained in mouse models shows its essential role regulating blood cell function through various mechanisms that include pseudohypoxia responses by hypoxia-inducible factor-1α activation, post-translational modifications like succinylation, and communication mediated by succinate receptor 1. (haematologica.org)
  • Here, we further discuss current suggestions of the possible contribution of succinate to blood stem cell function and blood formation. (haematologica.org)
  • Further study will be required in the future to better understand succinate biology in blood cells. (haematologica.org)
  • Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism occur in many forms. (medscape.com)
  • Acquired or secondary derangements in carbohydrate metabolism, such as diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar coma, and hypoglycemia, all affect the central nervous system. (medscape.com)
  • The remaining disorders of carbohydrate metabolism are the rare inborn errors of metabolism (ie, genetic defects). (medscape.com)
  • The inherited defects affecting carbohydrate metabolism that have been discovered so far are inherited as autosomal recessive traits. (medscape.com)
  • Most of the known defects of carbohydrate metabolism appear to be due to point mutations. (medscape.com)
  • Their main structural uses are as part of biological membranes both internal and external, such as the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • 4- Cells, Membranes and Transport. (books-express.ro)
  • Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) arises from the mucous membranes of the mouth, pharynx, and larynx, primarily due to the consumption of tobacco and alcohol. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, arsine gas may interact directly with red cell membranes. (cdc.gov)
  • To overcome tumor cell resistance and uncover new and efficient prognostic biomarkers for HNSCC, it is particularly important to investigate other forms of cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chronically high levels of pyrroline-5-carboxylate are associated with at least five inborn errors of metabolism, including hyperprolinemia type I, hyperprolinemia type II, iminoglycinuria, prolinemia type II, and pyruvate carboxylase deficiency. (hmdb.ca)
  • Furthermore, HIF-1 actively limits the mitochondrial consumption of pyruvate at two levels: (i) through the enzyme PDK (PDH-kinase), which in turn inhibits PDH activity preventing the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA, and thereby limiting mitochondrial metabolism of pyruvate [ 6 ] and (ii) through the direct activation of LDH [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • This thesis focused on characterizing the central carbon metabolism of different recombinant CHO cells to identify novel molecular mechanisms by increasing the metabolic load overexpressing human erythropoietin (EPO). (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Flux profiling of photosynthetic carbon metabolism in intact plants. (mpg.de)
  • As shown in Table 1 [1-18], studies in the 﫿eld malignant tumor and the therapeutic e﫿ect of chemotherapy of colorectal cancer (CRC) metabolism were routinely for malignant tumor [19]. (sagepub.com)
  • Our aim was to determine if switching metabolism from glycolysis towards mitochondrial respiration would reduce growth preferentially in colorectal cancer cells over normal cells, and to examine the underlying mechanisms. (dcaguide.org)
  • Representative colorectal cancer and non-cancerous cell lines were treated with dichloroacetate (DCA), an inhibitor of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. (dcaguide.org)
  • Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibition attenuates glycolysis and facilitates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, leading to reduced growth of colorectal cancer cells but not of non-cancerous cells. (dcaguide.org)
  • The stereoisomer (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate is an intermediate in glutamate metabolism, arginine degradation, and proline biosynthesis and degradation. (hmdb.ca)
  • Genetic Determinants of the Network of Primary Metabolism and Their Relationships to Plant Performance in a Maize Recombinant Inbred Line Population. (helsinki.fi)
  • Silicon nutrition increases grain yield, which, in turn, exerts a feed-forward stimulation of photosynthetic rates via enhanced mesophyll conductance and alters primary metabolism in rice. (mpg.de)
  • A neurotoxin causes damage to nerve cells and nerve tissues. (hmdb.ca)
  • The DNA within the nuclei of our cells carries the information to generate the machinery of the cell, the cell itself, our tissues and then the whole human. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • Figure 4: The TCA cycle in macrophages. (nature.com)
  • An important early study on metabolism in different types of macrophages. (nature.com)
  • Metabolic reprogramming connected with pyruvate metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics and MAM formation are important to macrophages polarization (M1/M2) and function. (molcells.org)
  • Of note, the reprogramming of cellular metabolism and the aberrant redox status have been heralded as major emerging hallmarks of neoplastic transformation. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Hydrogen atoms or electrons from the intermediate compounds formed during the cycle are transferred (through a succession of carrier molecules) ultimately to oxygen , forming water . (britannica.com)
  • catabolism , the sequences of enzyme -catalyzed reactions by which relatively large molecules in living cells are broken down, or degraded. (britannica.com)
  • In order to trigger gene amplification of both genes, DG44-I and DG44-C cells were incubated and sub cultured in the presence of 250 nM MTX for 35 days, leading to EPO titers of 0.123 and 0.15 pg/ul/cell respectively without affecting maximum viable cell density (VCD). (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Phosphonate analogs of 2-oxoglutarate perturb metabolism and gene expression in illuminated Arabidopsis leaves. (mpg.de)
  • There are still other, non-apoptotic paths to cell death (necrosis, autophagy, mitotic catastrophe) that are gaining attention as barriers to transformation. (massgenomics.org)
  • These metabolic transitions are only just beginning to be understood, often relying on transcriptional data to infer metabolism, rather than actual metabolic outputs. (conditionmed.org)
  • Mitochondrial Ca 2+ regulates the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), which is central to pyruvate metabolism, by promoting its dephosphorylation. (molcells.org)