Cell membrane photoreceptor cells vertebrate. Medical search. Frequent questions

A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuroepithelial cell found in the retina that is capable of visual phototransduction. (wikipedia.org)
The opsin found in the intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells of the retina is called melanopsin. (wikipedia.org)
Most vertebrate photoreceptors are located in the retina. (wikipedia.org)
Immunohistology note: labels photoreceptors in vertebrate retina. (uiowa.edu)
labels photoreceptors in the retina also labels skin in Xenopus embryos and larvae. (uiowa.edu)
Two cellular inductions involved in photoreceptor determination in the Xenopus retina. (uiowa.edu)
Rod, one of two types of photoreceptive cells in the retina of the eye in vertebrate animals. (moviecultists.com)
The photoreceptors in the retina that contain rhodopsin are rods. (moviecultists.com)
Other light receptor cells in the retina, called cones, are responsible for vision in bright light. (moviecultists.com)
Rhodopsin is the visual pigment of the rod photoreceptor cell in the vertebrate retina that has an integral membrane protein, opsin, and a chromosphore, 11-cis-retinal. (moviecultists.com)
Our previous work showed that upon the alteration of the blood-retina barrier, the serine protease thrombin could contribute to the transformation, proliferation, and migration of RPE cells. (molvis.org)
One of the classic cases cited by Darwinists of supposed maladaptation in nature is the inverted design of the vertebrate retina. (arn.org)
This arrangement necessitates the placement of the neural cell layer--which relays the visual image from the retina to the brain--between the photoreceptors and the light, and results in the blind spot where the axons of these neural cells leave the retina for the brain via the optic nerve. (arn.org)
Vision is such an important adaptation in higher vertebrates that if the retina is indeed wired wrongly or badly designed it would certainly pose, as Dawkins implies, a considerable challenge to any teleological interpretation of nature. (arn.org)
However, consideration of the very high energy demands of the photoreceptor cells in the vertebrate retina suggests that rather than being a challenge to teleology the curious inverted design of the vertebrate retina may in fact represent a unique solution to the problem of providing the highly active photoreceptor cells of higher vertebrates with copious quantities of oxygen and nutrients. (arn.org)
4 Moreover, because most of the metabolic activity of the retina is concentrated in the photoreceptor layer 5 --comprising less than half of the total mass of the retina--it is clear that the oxygen demands (per gram of tissue) of the photoreceptors are comparatively greater than such whole retinal estimates imply. (arn.org)
The neural retina consists of several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses and is supported by an outer layer of pigmented epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
The vertebrate retina is inverted in the sense that the light-sensing cells are in the back of the retina, so that light has to pass through layers of neurons and capillaries before it reaches the photosensitive sections of the rods and cones. (wikipedia.org)
therefore, the optic nerve must cross through the retina en route to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
[6] In contrast, in the cephalopod retina, the photoreceptors are in front, with processing neurons and capillaries behind them. (wikipedia.org)
[9] Some vertebrates, including humans, have an area of the central retina adapted for high-acuity vision. (wikipedia.org)
The cephalopods have a non-inverted retina, which is comparable in resolving power to the eyes of many vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
This research proposal is concerned with a study of synaptic mechanisms in the outer plexiform layer of the vertebrate retina. (researchwithnj.com)
Horizontal cells are the interneurons of distal vertebrate retina. (org.es)
The actions of horizontal cells propagate forward in the retina, can be identified in the physiology of retinal ganglion cells, and in visual perception. (org.es)
The first intracellular, light-evoked responses recorded in the vertebrate retina were slow, negative going changes in membrane potential that lasted for as long as the light stimulus was present (Fig. 1). (org.es)
At first, the cell type of origin for S-potentials was not really known other than that microelectrode tips were somewhere in the outer retina. (org.es)
In this chapter, we shall try to summarize our current knowledge of horizontal cells in the vertebrate retina. (org.es)
These cell types were first described as huge brick-like structures occupying much of the inner nuclear layer in the fish retina (27, 28). (org.es)
Specific antibodies raised against the N terminus of RS1 were used as probes to examine the properties and distribution of RS1 in retina, retinal cell cultures, and transfected COS-1 cells by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy. (nih.gov)
RS1 antibodies specifically stained rod and cone photoreceptors and most bipolar cells, but not Müller cells, ganglion cells, or the inner limiting membrane of adult and developing retina as revealed in double-labeling studies. (nih.gov)
RS1 is expressed and assembled in photoreceptors of the outer retina and bipolar cells of the inner retina as a disulfide-linked oligomeric protein complex. (nih.gov)
The secreted complex associates with the surface of these cells, where it may function as a cell adhesion protein to maintain the integrity of the central and peripheral retina. (nih.gov)
Students will learn about the evolution of the eye, and how the direction that evolution took led to an inside-out retina that resulted in light having to pass through several layers of cells before reaching the actual photoreceptors. (charlotteteachers.org)
They will learn about how vision occurs as light passes through the structures of the eye and is absorbed by photoreceptors in the retina, and how the brain interprets the signals in order to respond to what it is seeing. (charlotteteachers.org)
Glutamate and glutamate receptors in the vertebrate retina. (org.es)
Rod photoreceptors and rod-connected nerve cells through the retina are responsible for pathways concerned with night vision and increased sensitivity of our visual system under what is called scotopic conditions (conditions of very little ambient light). (utah.edu)
When looking at the mosaic of human photoreceptors it becomes apparent that the human retina is actually rod-dominated numerically (Fig. 1). (utah.edu)
Both Golgi impregnation of single rod bipolar cells (Fig. 6) and immunocytochemical staining of rod bipolar cell populations with protein kinase C (PKC) (Fig. 7) show the characteristic morphology of the rod bipolar cell type in mammalian retina (Kolb et al. (utah.edu)
Two amacrine cells are key in the rod pathway circuitry through the mammalian retina (Fig. 10). (utah.edu)
This study investigated the effect of low-intensity blue light on the albino Wistar rat retina, including intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). (mdpi.com)
The ultimate goal of our research is to understand how amacrine cell synaptic function is modified by signaling molecules known to be generated in the retina. (lsu.edu)
The high density of cone photoreceptors in the central foveal region of the retina is responsible for the high level of visual acuity necessary for visual tasks such as reading. (cotelab.org)
The photoreceptor outer segment (OS) is the phototransductive organelle in the vertebrate retina. (bvsalud.org)
Photoreceptor cells form the sensory part of the retina, capturing photons in rod photoreceptors to allow dim light vision (monochromatic vision in the dark), in cone photoreceptor cells that measure color, and photosensitive retinal ganglion cells that are involved in diurnal regulation and initiate the pupillary reflex response to incident light. (fatsoflife.com)
The retina is characterized by an immune privileged status to avoid that immune cell infiltration disturbs the physical configuration and cellular health of the photosensitive retinal tissue. (fatsoflife.com)
During early post-natal development, the large demand for DHA by photoreceptor cells is covered by DHA synthesized from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in the liver , as well as preformed DHA obtained from breast milk and carried via lipoprotein-mediated transport to the developing retina. (fatsoflife.com)
Likewise, microvascular endothelial cells in the retina have this biosynthetic capacity. (fatsoflife.com)
During vertebrate development, the retina is originally derived from anterior neural plate. (oist.jp)
Thus, the retina provides a good model for studying cell differentiation and neural circuit formation in the developing brain. (oist.jp)
The 'inverted' arrangement of the vertebrate retina, in which light has to pass through several inner layers of its neural apparatus before reaching the photoreceptors, has long been the butt of derision by evolutionists who claim that it is inefficient, and therefore evidence against design. (answersingenesis.org)
This article reviews the reasons for our having the inverted retina and why the opposite arrangement (the verted retina), in which the photoreceptors are innermost and the first layer to receive incident light, would be liable to fail in creatures who have inverted retinas. (answersingenesis.org)
Evolutionists frequently maintain that the vertebrate retina exhibits a feature which indicates that it was not designed because its organisation appears to be less than ideal. (answersingenesis.org)
In biological terms this arrangement of the retina is said to be inverted because the visual cells are oriented so that their sensory ends are directed away from incident light (Figure 1). (answersingenesis.org)
Single-cell RNA-Seq analysis of the retina and RPE tissue confirmed that RGR is expressed in human and bovine RPE and Müller glia, whereas mouse RGR is expressed in RPE but not in Müller glia. (johnshopkins.edu)

Most plasma membrane proteins are sorted by the trans -Golgi network (TGN) in the conventional secretory pathway. (jneurosci.org)
In humans and other vertebrates, neurotransmitter release occurs in the dark (when the photoreceptor plasma membrane is depolarized). (moviecultists.com)
Rhodopsin-containing vesicles move from the Golgi to the outer segment where they fuse with the outer segment plasma membrane. (moviecultists.com)
This model is supported by the observation that Gap1 appears to be constitutively associated with the plasma membrane (Powe, 1999). (sdbonline.org)
Glutamate is incorporated into these cell types through a high affinity glutamate transporter located in the plasma membrane. (org.es)
In rod outer segments, a stack of thousands of membranous disk membranes are physically distinct from the plasma membrane. (cotelab.org)
Cone outer segments, in contrast, consist of continuous infoldings of the plasma membrane. (cotelab.org)

The photoreceptor sensory cilium is recognized for fast membrane renewal, for which rhodopsin and peripherin/rds (P/rds) play critical roles. (jneurosci.org)
Because rhodopsin is known to traffic through conventional secretion, this study of P/rds suggests that both conventional secretion and unconventional secretion need to cooperate for the renewal of the photoreceptor sensory cilium. (jneurosci.org)
This disk membrane deficiency is one of the most severe among the retinal degeneration models and is comparable to rhodopsin knock-out mice that are also incapable of forming disks. (jneurosci.org)
If unconventional secretion were to mediate the cilia trafficking of P/rds, then cooperation with the conventional secretory pathway that mediates the trafficking of rhodopsin would be required to ensure proper morphogenesis of the photoreceptive disk membranes. (jneurosci.org)
In rod cells, these together are called rhodopsin. (wikipedia.org)
When light strikes a molecule of rhodopsin the photoreceptor? (moviecultists.com)
a) Rhodopsin, the photoreceptor in vertebrates, has two parts: the trans-membrane protein opsin, and retinal. (moviecultists.com)
Rhodopsin is found in specialized light receptor cells called rods . (moviecultists.com)
In the retinas of most vertebrates, there are two types of photoreceptor cells, rods and cones (Fig. ... Rods contain a single rod visual pigment (rhodopsin), whereas cones use several types of cone visual pigments with different absorption maxima. (moviecultists.com)
Which cells contain rhodopsin? (moviecultists.com)
Rhodopsin is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and passes to the Golgi membranes where it becomes glycosylated. (moviecultists.com)
This remarkable capacity is dependent on a complex catalytic cascade consisting of a series of enzymes in the photoreceptor cell which massively amplifies the initial signal--the absorption by a single rhodopsin molecule of a single photon. (arn.org)
DHA-containing lipids physically interact with rhodopsin, the opsin of rod photoreceptors, to allow proper phototransduction. (fatsoflife.com)
Fast noninvasive activation and inhibition of neural and network activity by vertebrate rhodopsin and green algae channelrhodopsin. (nature.com)
Data indicate molecular dynamics simulations and site-directed fluorescence experiments on arrestin-1 interactions with rhodopsin, showing that loops within the C-edge of arrestin function as a membrane anchor. (cusabio.com)

A third class of mammalian photoreceptor cell was discovered during the 1990s: the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. (wikipedia.org)
The mammalian photoreceptor is capable of generating a measurable electrical response to a single photon of light--the minimal bundle of light energy. (arn.org)

There are currently three known types of photoreceptor cells in mammalian eyes: rods, cones, and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. (wikipedia.org)

The function of the photoreceptor cell is to convert the light information of the photon into a form of information communicable to the nervous system and readily usable to the organism: This conversion is called signal transduction. (wikipedia.org)
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) plays a central structural and functional role in both the sensory function of the photoreceptor cell as well as in mechanisms that protect retinal tissue from being damaged. (fatsoflife.com)

Rather, it is the ratios of responses of the three types of cone cells that can estimate wavelength, and therefore enable color vision. (wikipedia.org)
In cone cells, there are different types of opsins that combine with retinal to form pigments called photopsins. (wikipedia.org)
Resolution of these problems has been approached in Drosophila by carrying out an in vivo functional analysis of Drosophila Gap1 in the context of cone cell determination in the developing Drosophila eye. (sdbonline.org)
To introduce altered Drosophila Gap1 transgenes into flies, the sevenless ( sev ) enhancer/promoter cassette, an eye-specific promoter, was used to drive expression in cone cell precursors at appropriate levels. (sdbonline.org)
Humans, of course, are highly visual vertebrates and function mostly with their cone systems for color and high acuity form vision. (utah.edu)
That is, rod photoreceptors out-number cone photoreceptors by orders of magnitude and the consequent second- and third-order neurons recruited for processing rod-driven vision outnumber the cone pathways neurons everywhere but in the central fovea. (utah.edu)
Cone photoreceptors are well suited to bright light conditions, but are less responsive than rods to photons of light. (cotelab.org)
The presence of multiple classes of cone cells, each with a distinctive spectral sensitivity, confers the ability of many animals to discriminate colors. (cotelab.org)
These anatomical and biochemical differences underlie the dramatic differences in the electrophysiological responses of rod and cone photoreceptors to light stimulation. (cotelab.org)
Photoisomerization of the 11-cis-retinal chromophore of rod and cone visual pigments to an all-trans-configuration is the initiating event for vision in vertebrates. (johnshopkins.edu)

Given the intimate contact of the RPE with the photoreceptor outer segments, diffusion of RPE-released glutamate could contribute to the excitotoxic death of retinal neurons, and the development of thrombin-induced eye pathologies. (molvis.org)
Neural signals from the rods and cones undergo processing by other neurons, whose output takes the form of action potentials in retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve. (wikipedia.org)
Using both first and second order isolated retinal neurons, it will be possible to localize both pre-and postsynaptic receptors to specific cell types. (researchwithnj.com)
Horizontal cell actions are in turn tuned by neuromodulators released by other retinal neurons. (org.es)
At that time, neurons were thought only to be depolarized by synaptic inputs (inside becoming more positive relative to outside), thus having their inside-negative resting membrane potentials become reduced. (org.es)
However, later intracellular marking techniques, in which dyes were injected from the electrode tips into the cytoplasm of the recorded neuron, revealed that horizontal cells, second order neurons postsynaptic to cones, were the source of the S-potentials (3, 4). (org.es)
Horizontal cells are second order neurons contacting photoreceptors directly all across the plane of the retina's outer plexiform layer. (org.es)
Now we know horizontal cells to be true neurons that make true, if unique, synapses and exhibit most of the structural and ultrastructural characteristics of neurons. (org.es)
Glutamate incorporated into Muller cells is rapidly broken down into glutamine, which is then exported from glial cells and incorporated into surrounding neurons (Pow and Crook, 1996). (org.es)
Amniotic epithelial cells transplantation in Parkinson model of rats was found to reverse the condition and prevent death in neurons (Kakishita et al. (scielo.org.ar)
2001) had found amniotic epithelial cells conditioned medium showed neurotrophic effect on rat embryonic day 18 (E18) cortical neurons. (scielo.org.ar)
New research indicates that photoreceptor neurons themselves can also import EPA and convert it to DHA to serve a role in their differentiation and protection from oxidative damage. (fatsoflife.com)
Although apoptosis is important for establishment of proper neural circuits by eliminating abnormally differentiated neurons, it is unclear how differentiating cells monitor their own abnormality, and how the threshold at which apoptosis is induced is determined. (oist.jp)

This allows for both divergence of the rod signal and collection (convergence) of signals from many rods and rod bipolars, by means of these amacrine cells, before synaptic output to ganglion cells. (utah.edu)

The two classic photoreceptor cells are rods and cones, each contributing information used by the visual system to form an image of the environment, sight. (wikipedia.org)
In vertebrates, there are typically two classes of photoreceptor cells, rods and cones. (cotelab.org)
The stacked membranes in the outer segments of rods that hold the light-sensitive opsin proteins are composed of phospholipids containing very high levels of DHA. (fatsoflife.com)
Sufficient dietary DHA intake, along with the macular pigments lutein and zeaxanthin, is required to maintain the sensitivity and recovery of photoreceptor rods . (fatsoflife.com)

To be more specific, photoreceptor proteins in the cell absorb photons, triggering a change in the cell's membrane potential. (wikipedia.org)
Each photoreceptor absorbs light according to its spectral sensitivity (absorptance), which is determined by the photoreceptor proteins expressed in that cell. (wikipedia.org)
Cytoskeleton participation in subcellular trafficking of signal transduction proteins in rod photoreceptor cells. (xenbase.org)
In his final years he was particularly interested in membrane proteins that transduce light. (pas.va)
Our imaging revealed roles for f-actin dynamics and specific dynamic localizations of two BAR (Bin-Amphiphysin-Rvs) proteins, FBP17 and AMPH1-BAR, in shaping the RPE apical membrane as it surrounds the OS tip. (bvsalud.org)

Although the overlying neural tissue is partly transparent, and the accompanying glial cells have been shown to act as fibre-optic channels to transport photons directly to the photoreceptors, [7] [8] light scattering does occur. (wikipedia.org)
The outer segment portion of the cell contains the visual pigment (which absorbs photons of light), as well as all of the necessary signaling components needed to generate the electrical response. (cotelab.org)
The photoreceptor cell is a neuronal cell type specialized in sensing light and transducing photons into electrical signals. (fatsoflife.com)

Compared to DHA, which makes up over half of all fatty acids esterified in phospholipids of the outer segments of photoreceptor cells, EPA is present in very low amounts. (fatsoflife.com)
The RPE cells have fine hair-like projections on their inner surface called microvilli which lie between and ensheath the tips of the photoreceptor outer segments. (answersingenesis.org)

Closest to the visual field (and farthest from the brain) is the axon terminal, which releases a neurotransmitter called glutamate to bipolar cells. (wikipedia.org)
Feedback signals adjust the gain of photoreceptor synaptic output, both as seen in the horizontal cells themselves and in the adjacent, proximally projecting bipolar cells. (org.es)
They generate spatial opponency in both cones and bipolar cells. (org.es)
They also generate color opponency in cones, bipolar cells, and chromatic horizontal-cell subtypes. (org.es)
RS1 antibodies also labeled retinal bipolar cells of photoreceptorless mice and retinal bipolar cells grown in cell culture. (nih.gov)
2. Rod bipolar cells. (utah.edu)
As was pointed out in a previous section, only one morphological type of bipolar cell has been found to make connections with the rod photoreceptors. (utah.edu)
Electron microscope investigation of Golgi-impregnated rod bipolar cells first showed that the rod bipolar dendrite penetrates into the rod spherule to make an invaginating ribbon related type of contact (Fig. 4) (Kolb, 1970). (utah.edu)
This invaginating contact is known to bear metabotropic glutamate receptors in the bipolar dendrite membrane (Fig. 5). (utah.edu)
1994). The immunocytochemical staining and confocal microscopy is now the most illustrative way of seeing the rod bipolar cells in mammalian retinas (Cuenca personal communication) (Fig. 7). (utah.edu)
Electron microscopy of the rod bipolar cell axons in the inner plexiform layer shows that they make ribbon synapses only upon amacrine cell profiles (Fig. 8). (utah.edu)
Most commonly the output of the rod bipolar ribbon is to a dyad of amacrine cell processes, one of which is known as AII and the other as A17, a reciprocal amacrine (Figs. 8 and 9). (utah.edu)
The one is a small-field, bistratified cell given the name AII in its original description, to compare with the other amacrine common at the rod bipolar ribbon dyad, known then as as AI (Kolb and Famiglietti, 1974). (utah.edu)
The organization of the postsynaptic processes, which has been difficult to resolve with past methods, appears as a tetrad arrangement of two horizontal cell and two rod bipolar cell processes. (bvsalud.org)

In ciliated cells, including bovine and Xenopus laevis rod photoreceptors, P/rds was robustly sensitive to endoglycosidase H, which is consistent with its bypassing the medial Golgi and traversing the unconventional secretory pathway. (jneurosci.org)
in Xenopus laevis photoreceptors that exhibit covalent and non-covalent interactions. (xenbase.org)

Phototransduction by photoreceptor cells allows our brain to construct a visual image of our surroundings, an ability that is vital for survival of the human organism as a whole. (fatsoflife.com)
We focus on zebrafish mutants, in which photoreceptor degeneration is caused by defects in protein synthesis in ER, protein transport from ER to the apical photoreceptive membrane region, and phototransduction. (oist.jp)

2 This amplification process requires vast quantities of metabolic energy and consequently the photoreceptor layer has one of the highest metabolic rates of any known tissue. (arn.org)
pl. retinae or retinas ) is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs . (wikipedia.org)
This area, termed the fovea centralis , is avascular (does not have blood vessels), and has minimal neural tissue in front of the photoreceptors, thereby minimizing light scattering. (wikipedia.org)
95 kDa) under nonreducing conditions in the membrane fraction of retinal tissue homogenates and transfected COS-1 cells. (nih.gov)
In other words, various cell types in retinal and choroidal tissue may contribute to form DHA locally and supply this fatty acid to photoreceptor cells. (fatsoflife.com)

Since being first described in fish retinas, S-potentials have been recorded from retinal horizontal cells in all vertebrate classes. (org.es)
Most vertebrates have a preponderance of rod photoreceptors in their retinas and such animals are very good at hunting and movement at night because of their very sensitive scotopic visual systems. (utah.edu)
Yet this is exactly what happens in all vertebrate retinas. (answersingenesis.org)

Although their photoreceptors contain a protein, retinochrome, that recycles retinal and replicates one of the functions of the vertebrate RPE, cephalopod photoreceptors are likely not maintained as well as in vertebrates, and that as a result, the useful lifetime of photoreceptors in invertebrates is much shorter than in vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
Vision in vertebrates and invertebrates depends on light transduction by photo receptors in the rod cells. (pas.va)
It is typical of vertebrates but rare among invertebrates, being seen in a few molluscs and arachnids. (answersingenesis.org)
Comparative proteomics has shown that vertebrate excitatory synapses have evolved to be significantly more complex than invertebrates. (nature.com)

The membranous photoreceptor protein opsin contains a pigment molecule called retinal. (wikipedia.org)
Furthermore, we show that the accumulation of activated Akt in the cytoplasm is responsible for this phenotype and leads to a much higher expression of LSD2, the fly homologue of the vertebrate lipid-storage protein perilipin. (silverchair.com)

By combining these techniques, it will be possible to identify the organelles which initiate membrane retrieval and which give rise to new generations of synaptic vesicles. (researchwithnj.com)
Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the presynaptic cell and stored in vesicles in presynaptic processes, such as the axon terminal. (org.es)
Glutamate is incorporated into the vesicles by a glutamate transporter located in the vesicular membrane. (org.es)

By virtue of expressions of glial and neural surface markers and capability of neurotransmitter metabolism, amniotic epithelial cells are considered as candidate cell type for transplantation strategies to treat neurological disorders. (scielo.org.ar)
Previously, we have reported neurotrophism exhibited by human amniotic epithelial cells when transplanted after spinal cord injury in bonnet monkeys. (scielo.org.ar)
Amniotic epithelial cells were believed to secrete an 'Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) - like' factor and exact identification was not made. (scielo.org.ar)
At this juncture, through the present study it was found that, chicken neural retinal cells when grown alone failed to survive and contrarily when either co-cultured with chicken amniotic epithelial cells / cultured in amniotic epithelial cell conditioned medium not only survived but also showed extensive differentiation. (scielo.org.ar)
It is interesting to note that while factor secreted by amniotic epithelial cells resembles EGF and/or FGF-2 in its biological action, known isoforms of them were not detected. (scielo.org.ar)
Considering the biological closeness between EGF and FGF-2, results indicate the possibility of a novel isoform of these growth factors secreted by amniotic epithelial cells. (scielo.org.ar)
Amniotic epithelial cells were known to express some of neuronal and glial cell markers (Sakuragawa et al. (scielo.org.ar)
Transplantation of amniotic epithelial cells in various regions of central nervous system such as caudate nucleus (Bankiewicz et al. (scielo.org.ar)
2001). In our previous report, we concluded the usefulness of amniotic epithelial cells transplantation in spinal cord injury repair research. (scielo.org.ar)
We had also outlined various biological and social advantages by which, amniotic epithelial cells transplantation excels its precedent viz. (scielo.org.ar)
Recently, our conclusion of usefulness of amniotic epithelial cells transplantation to treat spinal cord injuries has been confirmed in rodent models of spinal cord injury (Zhi-yuan et al. (scielo.org.ar)
Based on the neurotropism exerted by amniotic epithelial cells conditioned medium, a diffusible neurotrophic factor produced by them had been suggested as a possible cause apart from direct cell-to-cell effects (Uchida et al. (scielo.org.ar)
Past research had shown that the DHA in photoreceptors was obtained from hepatic synthesis transported via the circulation, as well as from local synthesis in the retinal pigment epithelial cells that support photoreceptor function. (fatsoflife.com)
Lenses consist of two cell-types: lens epithelial cells and lens fiber cells. (oist.jp)
Lens epithelial cells differentiate into lens fiber cells, each of which are integrated in a stereotyped geometric pattern to form spherical lens fiber core. (oist.jp)

We analyzed the molecular mechanisms leading to glutamate release from rat primary cultures of RPE cells, under isosmotic conditions. (molvis.org)
however, the effect of thrombin on glutamate release from RPE cells has not been examined. (molvis.org)
This study showed for the first time that thrombin promotes specific, dose-dependent glutamate release from RPE cells, induced by the activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1). (molvis.org)

2 targeting to rod photoreceptor disk membranes and retinitis pigmentosa. (xenbase.org)

The inner segment of the cell contains all of the organelles required for normal cellular metabolism. (cotelab.org)
Scientists working in basic, translational, and clinical cancer metabolism research are invited to join the Academy in New York on April 17th to discuss the intersection between cell signaling and metabolism. (nyas.org)

Photoreceptor degeneration is an important topic for medical research, because more than 300 genetic mutations are associated with photoreceptor degeneration in humans. (oist.jp)
Photoreceptors provide a useful model for studying such a surveillance mechanism of neuronal development and homeostasis, because there are many hereditary retinal diseases in humans associated with photoreceptor degeneration. (oist.jp)

Synaptic transmission is observed in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate organisms and underlies their behaviour. (nature.com)

These cells are thought not to contribute to sight directly, but have a role in the entrainment of the circadian rhythm and pupillary reflex. (wikipedia.org)
These cells are involved in various reflexive responses of the brain and body to the presence of (day)light, such as the regulation of circadian rhythms, pupillary reflex and other non-visual responses to light. (wikipedia.org)

Further studies will establish the nature of this novel factor which will enhance the application of this interesting cell type for neural transplantations. (scielo.org.ar)
They refer to the fact that for light to reach the photoreceptors it has to pass through the bulk of the retina's neural apparatus, and presume that consequent degradation of the image formed at the level of the photoreceptors occurs. (answersingenesis.org)

HC RSs are characterized by the presence of a sphere-shaped proteinaceous organelle (also known as dense body) adjacent to the presynaptic membrane. (jneurosci.org)
1) Presynaptic transmitter release by exocytosis will be quantified with the rapid freezing technique in isolated amphibian and mammalian rod photoreceptors. (researchwithnj.com)
In forming a distal, lateral synaptic network, horizontal cells enrich not only their own physiology but that of presynaptic and postsynaptic partners. (org.es)
The chemical messenger, or neurotransmitter, provides a way to send the signal across the extracellular space, from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic cell. (org.es)
Some neuroactive compounds are amino acids, which also have metabolic functions in the presynaptic cell. (org.es)

To examine the biochemical properties, cell expression, and localization of RS1, the product of the gene responsible for X-linked juvenile retinoschisis. (nih.gov)

Fukuda, 1996), implying that release of the PH domain from the membrane is accompanied by activation of the catalytic domain. (sdbonline.org)
By contrast, high levels of Gap1 expression under sev enhancer/promoter control using amplification by the UAS/GAL4 system in an otherwise wild type background results in a rough eye phenotype due to loss of photoreceptors (Rørth, 1996). (sdbonline.org)
This has been supported by the results from double-labeling studies using antibodies to both GABA and glutamate: glutamate-positive amacrine cells also label with the GABA antibodies (Jojich and Pourcho, 1996, Yang, 1996). (org.es)
1994). Though Muller cells take up glutamate, they do not label with glutamate antibodies (Jojich and Pourcho, 1996). (org.es)

The sensory primary cilium of vertebrate photoreceptor cells houses thousands of photosensitive disk membranes that are renewed continuously throughout our lifespan. (jneurosci.org)
Despite their crucial role in sensory physiology, the three-dimensional ultrastructure of these synapses, especially the complex organization of the rod photoreceptor synapse, is not well understood. (bvsalud.org)

Squid eyes do not have an analog of the vertebrate retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). (wikipedia.org)
OS tips are regularly ingested and degraded by the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), offsetting the addition of new disk membrane at the base of the OS. (bvsalud.org)
However, phagocytosis usually refers to engulfment of an entire particle or cell, whereas our observations of OS tip scission indicate a process that is more specifically described as "trogocytosis," in which one cell "nibbles" another cell.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The ingestion of the photoreceptor outer segment (OS) tips by the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a dynamic cellular process that has fascinated scientists for 60 years. (bvsalud.org)
During outer segment turnover by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, necessary for the recycling of bleached retinal photopigment, DHA is released from phagocytosed membranes to activate cytoprotective mechanisms that protect the photoreceptor from oxidative damage and cell death, while maintaining inflammatory responses at bay. (fatsoflife.com)
RPE cells not only play an important role in recycling the active opsin pigment, 11- cis -retinal, back to photoreceptor cells, but they can also synthesize DHA from precursor fatty acids such as ALA and docosapentaenoic acid (ω-3). (fatsoflife.com)

When this connection was made, it launched a whole new field," says Isidore Rigoutsos, Ph.D., professor of pathology, anatomy, and cell biology and director of the Computational Medicine Center at Thomas Jefferson University. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
We will start by examining the anatomy and physiology of plant cells, including the specialized structures called photoreceptors that are responsible for detecting light. (wellbeingport.com)

Mechanisms regulating cardiomyocyte cell cycle arrest are of great interest partly because reversing this process could provide a way to stimulate cardiac regeneration after injury [ 17 ]. (springer.com)
Second, we will investigate mechanisms that regulate photoreceptor degeneration. (oist.jp)

L-type Ca 2+ channels (LTCCs) drive the bulk of voltage-gated Ca 2+ entry in vertebrate inner ear hair cells (HCs) and are essential for mammalian auditory processing. (jneurosci.org)

However, in the vertebrate lateral eye, the photoreceptors point backwards away from the light towards the retinal epithelium and the choroidal blood sinuses. (arn.org)
HN - 2008 BX - Lateral Sinus MH - Atrial Septum UI - D054087 MN - A07.541.459.249 MS - The thin membrane-like muscular structure separating the right and the left upper chambers (HEART ATRIA) of a heart. (bvsalud.org)

Neuroactive glutamate is classified as an excitatory amino acid (EAA) because glutamate binding onto postsynaptic receptors typically stimulates, or depolarizes, the postsynaptic cells. (org.es)

It is unclear how unconventional secretion interplays with conventional secretion for the normal maintenance and renewal of membrane structures. (jneurosci.org)

A third type of light-sensing cell, the photosensitive ganglion cell , is important for entrainment of circadian rhythms and reflexive responses such as the pupillary light reflex . (wikipedia.org)

Cullen, 1997), suggesting that an increase in intracellular IP4 levels leads to the release of the PH domain from the membrane. (sdbonline.org)

In this condition, elevated extracellular glutamate causes neuronal loss in many retinal disorders, including glaucoma, ischemia, diabetic retinopathy, and inherited photoreceptor degeneration. (molvis.org)

Within this branch of research, I am studying: 1) the physiological and genomic responses of vertebrates to crude oil and its chemical derivatives, and 2) the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on metal bioavailability and toxicity in fish. (lsu.edu)

Some horizontal and/or amacrine cells can also display weak labeling with glutamate antibodies (Ehinger et al. (org.es)
3. Rod amacrine cells. (utah.edu)
The Gleason lab investigates the synaptic physiology of a class of retinal interneurons called amacrine cells. (lsu.edu)

In the long term, it is hoped that they will provide a basis for the use of cell culture techniques in studies of photoreceptor cell biology and synaptic interactions between pharmacologically identified retinal cells. (researchwithnj.com)
They provide the pathways for both local and long range interactions between photoreceptors. (org.es)

The great biological importance of photoreceptors is that they convert light (visible electromagnetic radiation) into signals that can stimulate biological processes. (wikipedia.org)
His interests then turned to studies of biological membranes. (pas.va)

In all non-vertebrate eyes, and in the pineal or dorsal eyes of primitive vertebrates, the photoreceptors point toward the light. (arn.org)

The rod photoreceptor synapse is the first synapse of dim-light vision and one of the most complex in the mammalian CNS. (bvsalud.org)
Comparisons of vertebrate PSD and synaptogenesis genes with orthologues from sponges and cnidarians open an avenue for speculating as to what may have contributed to the origin of the first synapse. (nature.com)

gem homozygous receptor mutant HCs display normal cell viability, afferent synaptogenesis, and peripheral innervation, yet exhibit strongly reduced extracellular potentials (∼50% of wild-type potentials). (jneurosci.org)

Mouse photoreceptors include only 3% cones, and the majority of these coexpress two opsins (short- and middle-wavelength sensitive, S and M), with peak sensitivity to either ultraviolet (360 nm) or green light (508 nm) . (moviecultists.com)

Up to certain stimulus durations, in this case about 10 msec, the amplitude is directly related to the quantal content of the stimulus (quantal flux multiplied by duration), while for stimuli of longer duration, the amplitude is related to the quantal flux, that is, the rate of quantal absorption by photoreceptors (1). (org.es)

Photoreceptor required for image-forming vision at low light intensity. (cusabio.com)

Anatomy50

Organisms32

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs75

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment32

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes53

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Information Science3

Health Care2

Retina55

Plasma membrane7

Rhodopsin15

Mammalian photoreceptor2

Types of photoreceptor cells1

Function of the photoreceptor cell2

Cone10

Neurons13

Ganglion cells1

Rods4

Proteins5

Photons3

Outer segments2

Bipolar14

Xenopus2

Phototransduction2

Tissue5

Retinas3

Invertebrates4

Protein2

Vesicles3

Epithelial cells15

Glutamate release3

Retinitis1

Metabolism2

Humans2

Invertebrate1

Pupillary reflex2

Neural2

Presynaptic5

Localization1

19964

Sensory2

Pigment5

Anatomy2

Mechanisms2

Voltage-gated1

Lateral2

Excitatory1

Structures1

Photosensitive1

19971

Neuronal1

Responses1

Amacrine cells3

Interactions2

Biological2

Primitive1

Synapse2

Synaptogenesis1

Cones1

Absorption1

Light intensity1