Cell membrane permeability. Medical search. Frequent questions (2)

The green and black tea extracts, EGCG, and theaflavins decreased the adherence of F. nucleatum to oral epithelial cells and matrix proteins. (nature.com)
New tools over the next few decades confirmed this theory, but controversy remained regarding the role of proteins in the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
This "flaw" remained unanswered for nearly half a century until the discovery that specialized molecules called integral membrane proteins can act as ion transportation pumps. (wikipedia.org)
MemBrite™ Fix dyes covalently label cell surface proteins, and are available in with a wide selection of bright and photostable colors. (biotium.com)
Consequently, the purpose of these studies was to evaluate whether volume-sensitive tyrosine kinases mediate cell volume increases through effects on the activity or distribution of NSC channel proteins. (elsevierpure.com)
Our work is primarily focused on membrane transport proteins mediating ion exchange, namely NHE isoforms mediating Na + -H + exchange, and SLC26 isoforms mediating anion exchange. (yale.edu)
The amino acids are interconnected in such a manner that they form a surface into which the proteins and other membrane constituents are inserted and secured. (politicalforum.com)
These proteins are necessary for the transport through the cell membrane of many types of nutrients and waste materials. (politicalforum.com)
The transport proteins of the membrane become locked, and the membranes become less permeable. (politicalforum.com)
Energetics of Proteins in Membranes. (thisisbeep.com)
Ankyrins link integral membrane proteins to the spectrin-based membrane skeleton. (dana-farber.org)
Hereditary defects in membrane skeleton proteins. (dana-farber.org)
This indicates that AE1 and probably other integral membrane proteins have a 'lipid-anchoring' function. (dana-farber.org)
are proteins and __________ are tubes in the cell membrane. (flashcardmachine.com)
Sometimes various globular proteins embedded in the matrix function as receptors and help transport molecules across the membrane. (msdmanuals.com)
Mutations that result in alterations of the outer membrane porin proteins of Gram-negative organisms lead to decreased permeability of the drug through the outer membrane so less drug reaches the target enzyme. (cdc.gov)

Here, we have used two-color multiparameter flow cytometry to study simultaneously its effects on cell membrane permeability, intracellular pH, and cell size/structure of EMT6 mouse mammary tumor cells and HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells in vitro . (aacrjournals.org)
Erythrocytes have intracellular hemoglobin, 2-3,diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), and ATP, which all exert osmotic pressure across the semipermeable cell membrane. (medscape.com)
By transporting Na + and K + ions across the cell membrane, red cells can adjust the intracellular concentration of these cations and regulate intracellular hydration. (medscape.com)
In contrast, the primary abnormality in dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis is a change in the relative membrane permeability to K + . Efflux of K + is increased 2-fold to 4-fold and results in cation depletion, with decreased intracellular osmolality and water loss. (medscape.com)

Rupture of outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) and ultimately cell death due to necrosis are the end results. (news-medical.net)
Cholesterol exists in the outer layer of every cell in our body and has multiple functions. (natural-homeremedies.com)
Furthermore, outer membrane permeability of the host organism(s) will be adjusted in-process using moleculobiological tools. (boku.ac.at)
The goal is to quantify and link outer membrane permeability to different mechanical properties of the cell. (boku.ac.at)

A membrane consists of two layers of molecules situated opposite of one another and consisting of an essential fatty acid on one end, and a sulfur containing amino acid on the other end. (politicalforum.com)
Conventional drug administration methods such as intravenous injection and oral administration are the main methods for delivering chemotherapeutic molecules to tumor cells. (plos.org)
A major barrier for the efficacy of many clinically relevant anti-cancer drugs (e.g. gemcitabine, 5-flurouracil, cisplatin) is the passage of these molecules across biological membranes, whether in the context of transit across an endothelial monolayer or across the plasma membrane of the cancer cell itself [ 5 ]. (plos.org)
Therefore, molecules generally need to pass through the cell in order to cross the barrier, and must cross the plasma membrane to access the interior of the cell. (thisisbeep.com)
Once we understand the factors that can affect membrane permeability, we are then able to better understand the transport of molecules into and out of the cell. (thisisbeep.com)
The media of mitochondria treated with LL-37 (8 μM) for 2 h contained 50% more AIF and three times more cytochrome C than that of control mitochondria, showing that LL-37 promotes release of both AIF and cytochrome C. Moreover, in vesicles reflecting mitochondrial membrane lipid composition, LL-37 stimulates membrane permeabilization and release of tracer molecules. (lu.se)
Cell membranes are biologic barriers that selectively inhibit passage of drug molecules. (msdmanuals.com)
Small molecules tend to penetrate membranes more rapidly than larger ones. (msdmanuals.com)

The molecular level effects on motility, attachment/invasion of eukaryotic cell lines, and biofilm formation. (usda.gov)

By the 19th century it was accepted that some form of semi-permeable barrier must exist around a cell. (wikipedia.org)
This membrane, like those in human cells, is selectively permeable, allowing certain substances to pass through while blocking others. (exploratorium.edu)
The highly interdisciplinary project aims to develop cell membrane permeable AdoMet analogs and use them for DNA or RNA modifying enzymes which can position fluorescent probes at the specific sequences. (uni-goettingen.de)

Concentrations as low as 1 µ m up to 100 µ m SRI 62-834 caused a rapid, dose-dependent increase in membrane permeability, initially towards outward efflux of the preloaded fluorescein probe bis(carboxyethyl)carboxyfluorescein (green fluorescence) and then towards influx of extracellular propidium (red fluorescence). (aacrjournals.org)
Mutations that enhance the organism's efflux capability increase the amount of drug pumped out of the cell. (cdc.gov)

A drastic rise in permeability of inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), through consistent opening of a multi-protein channel referred to as the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) results in mitochondrial dysfunction. (news-medical.net)
Subcellular fractionation and Western blot disclose that stimulation with LL-37 (8 μM) for 2 h triggers release of the mitochondrial protein apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) to the cytosol, whereas LL-37 causes no release of cytochrome C oxidase subunit IV of the inner mitochondrial membrane, suggesting that LL-37 affects mitochondrial membrane. (lu.se)

The tea extracts and components displayed various degrees of antibacterial activity that may involve damage to the bacterial cell membrane and the chelation of iron. (nature.com)
Distrupts the bacterial cell membrane changing its permeability. (herts.ac.uk)

Fendiline demonstrated depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, with increased reactive oxygen species production in amlodipine and fendiline treated Leishmania , but without plasma membrane disruption. (hindawi.com)
The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 permeabilizes the plasma membrane of host cells, but LL-37-induced direct effects on mitochondrial membrane permeability and function has not been reported. (lu.se)
We conclude that LL-37 is rapidly internalized by MG63 cells and accumulates in mitochondria, and that the peptide triggers release of pro-apoptotic AIF and directly affects mitochondrial membrane structural properties. (lu.se)

Retrieved on December 11, 2023 from https://www.news-medical.net/whitepaper/20180614/Inhibition-of-Mitochondrial-Permeability-Transition-Pore-Evaluated-by-Calcium-Retention-Capacity-Assay.aspx. (news-medical.net)
Substitution of 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethane sulfonic acid (HEPES) for bicarbonate in protein-free animal cell culture medium: application to vaccinia virus quantitation and fluorogenic acetylesterase assay in living LM cells. (dojindo.com)
The Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay (PAMPA) PAMPA was applied to screen compounds for passive diffusion. (thisisbeep.com)

Traube had no direct evidence for the composition of this film, though, and incorrectly asserted that it was formed by an interfacial reaction of the cell protoplasm with the extracellular fluid. (wikipedia.org)

a quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells. (thisisbeep.com)
Osmolality directly affects the movement of solutes across a membrane [5], making it a necessity during cell processing and any subsequent testing of injectable products. (labmanager.com)

In addition, cell membrane permeability for ions also increased under anesthesia. (frontiersin.org)
1987. The effect of electrically generated silver ions on human cells. (cdc.gov)

Cholesterol is an essential structural component of mammalian cell membranes and is required to establish proper membrane permeability and fluidity. (natural-homeremedies.com)
TES and HEPES buffers in mammalian cell cultures and viral studies: problem of carbon dioxide requirement. (dojindo.com)

In liver cells, the influx of Na + mediated by nonselective cation (NSC) channels in the plasma membrane contributes importantly to regulation of cell volume. (elsevierpure.com)
Abnormalities of red cell membrane cation permeability are seen in several hereditary disorders. (medscape.com)
Any disturbances in membrane cation permeability alter cellular hydration and can cause numerous effects, including hemolysis. (medscape.com)

Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are a class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium influx through cellular membranes. (hindawi.com)

A series of pioneering experiments in 1925 indicated that this barrier membrane consisted of two molecular layers of lipids-a lipid bilayer. (wikipedia.org)
In spite of these issues the fundamental conclusion- that the cell membrane is a lipid bilayer- was correct. (wikipedia.org)
1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine) is a widely used carbocyanine membrane dye that labels cell membranes by inserting its two long (C 18 carbon) hydrocarbon chains into the lipid bilayer. (biotium.com)
During the past decade our laboratory and others have shown that hereditary spherocytosis is caused by defects in the connections that attach the membrane skeleton to the overlying lipid bilayer. (dana-farber.org)

Although the results of this experiment were accurate, Fricke misinterpreted the data to mean that the cell membrane is a single molecular layer. (wikipedia.org)
Using a molecular dynamics simulation, we show that even under a weak external electric field that is lower than the membrane breakdown intensity, a cationic nanoparticle will directly translocate across a model cell membrane without membrane disruption. (rsc.org)

1 Passive Membrane Permeability This serves to protect the body or tissue from exposure to potentially toxic substances. (thisisbeep.com)
What is passive membrane permeability? (thisisbeep.com)
Passive membrane permeability is the diffusion of drug across tissue barriers and cell membranes. (thisisbeep.com)
In overhydrated hereditary stomatocytosis, the major defect is a marked asymmetric increase in passive Na + and K + permeability. (medscape.com)

Calories that we consume, but are not used immediately by our tissues, are converted into triglycerides and stored in fat cells. (natural-homeremedies.com)
Sulfur bridges form flexible connections between the cells and the surrounding connective tissues. (politicalforum.com)
An attractive method to enhance the safety and efficiency of drug treatment in cancer is to supplement conventional administration methods with targeted drug delivery strategies in order to enhance drug uptake within tumour tissues while limiting their action within healthy cells [ 3 , 4 ]. (plos.org)

HL-60 cells were more sensitive to SRI 62-834 than were EMT6 cells in terms of both cytotoxicity and membrane permeability. (aacrjournals.org)
However, PAF was more potent than SRI 62-834 in causing membrane permeabilization with both cell lines, whereas PAF was less active than SRI 62-834 in cytotoxicity assays. (aacrjournals.org)
For this, the in vitro activity of four non-dihydropyridine agents (amrinone, fendiline, mibefradil, and lidoflazine) was tested against different Leishmania species and their cytotoxicity to mammalian cells was evaluated. (hindawi.com)

Osmosis: Water Permeability. (thisisbeep.com)

They are ideally suited for nuclear staining in flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy applications in fixed cells, along with nucleic acid detection on solid supports and in electrophoresis applications. (thermofisher.com)
CD47 expression was identified on the Daudi cells using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. (bvsalud.org)

Biotium offers two new classes of dyes for covalent labeling of the cell surface that are unique in that they can withstand fixation and permeabilization for subsequent IF staining. (biotium.com)

A new study published in Cell Metabolism shows that a protein called beta cell expansion factor A (BefA) secreted by gut bacteria could induce the replication of insulin-producing beta cells in neonatal mice. (medicalnewstoday.com)

DiA 4-(4-Dihexadecylaminostyryl)-N-methylpyridinium iodide) is a green fluorescent membrane dye which diffuses much faster than DiO in cell membranes. (biotium.com)
The un-ionized form is usually lipid soluble (lipophilic) and diffuses readily across cell membranes. (msdmanuals.com)

Thus, by the early twentieth century the chemical, but not the structural nature of the cell membrane was known. (wikipedia.org)
Fifty-one firefighters in two groups, 25 without respiratory protection and 26 wearing cartridge respirators, were monitored for exposure to products of combustion and changes in spirometric measurements and lung permeability following overhaul of a structural fire. (cdc.gov)

Falling out of specification could result in lower growth rate and viable HEK 293 cell concentrations, leading to growth inhibition and ineffective vector production [7]. (labmanager.com)

Single-cell recordings provided the first strong evidence for mammalian electrical synapses in the __________ nucleus of cranial nerve __________, the __________ nucleus, and the __________ __________ nucleus. (flashcardmachine.com)

The results of this experiment helps us to better understand the function and structure of cell membranes. (thisisbeep.com)

At the same time, median cell size from light scatter was reduced with an increased coefficient of variation, and the proportion of cell debris was elevated. (aacrjournals.org)
What does the permeability coefficient of a membrane tell us? (thisisbeep.com)
Consequently, the permeability coefficient gives us an idea of the velocity with which a given substance will permeate a given membrane. (thisisbeep.com)

After opening of MPTP, fluorescence of membrane-impermeable CalciumGreen™ dye is enhanced as Ca 2+ leaches into the buffer. (news-medical.net)

In vitro antitumor activity was seen over the same concentration range, as measured by tetrazolium dye reduction and cell growth curves. (aacrjournals.org)
However, this approach is largely limited to in vitro applications because of poor cell membrane permeability of AdoMet analogs. (uni-goettingen.de)

Their theory was also incorrect in that it ascribed the barrier properties of the membrane to electrostatic repulsion from the protein layer rather than the energetic cost of crossing the hydrophobic core. (wikipedia.org)
A new study reports that a protein called beta cell expansion factor A (BefA) secreted by certain gut bacterial species could induce the proliferation of beta cells in young mice and zebrafish. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Understanding the mechanisms underlying the actions of BefA protein could help develop therapies to stimulate beta cell proliferation in individuals with diabetes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The study's authors had previously identified such a protein, called BefA, secreted by gut microbes that could stimulate the proliferation of beta cells in zebrafish. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Moreover, the authors had also identified a version of the BefA protein synthesized by gut bacteria in humans that could stimulate the proliferation of beta cells in zebrafish. (medicalnewstoday.com)
However, the over production of oxygen free radicals in sperm membrane decreases the antioxidant defense activity thereby leading to low sperm motility and viability, DNA fragmentation and protein denaturation. (scialert.net)
Testing at baseline and 1 hour after overhaul included forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), serum Clara cell protein (CC16), and serum surfactant-associated protein A (SP-A). Overhaul increased CC16 in both groups, indicating increased alveolarcapillary membrane permeability. (cdc.gov)

The plant cell wall was easily visible even with these early microscopes but no similar barrier was visible on animal cells, though it stood to reason that one must exist. (wikipedia.org)

Oxygen is required to support life, but its metabolites such as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) can modify cell functions, endanger cell survival, or both. (scialert.net)

Organelle membrane skeletons. (dana-farber.org)

Substances that can pass easily through the membrane of the egg will follow the principles of diffusion. (exploratorium.edu)

Unless given IV, a drug must cross several semipermeable cell membranes before it reaches the systemic circulation. (msdmanuals.com)

Sodium permeability of dog red blood cell membranes. (cdc.gov)

CellBrite™ Fix dyes are fluorogenic membrane dyes that covalently stain the plasma membrane in live cells. (biotium.com)

In HTC hepatoma cells, decreases in cell volume evoked by hypertonic exposure increased total cellular tyrosine kinase activity ∼20-fold. (elsevierpure.com)

Polymyxins increase the permeability of bacterial cell wall membranes. (nih.gov)
In response to the consequent increase in blood glucose levels, beta cells produce more insulin to compensate for the resistance of cells to the hormone. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Glass fibre behaves like chrysotile in producing an increase in cell membrane permeability in cultured macrophages. (bmj.com)
Glass powder behaves like the inert dust corundum, producing little change in the number of cells stained by erythrosin B and a small increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity, both being in the range of the control. (bmj.com)
Higher osmolality has been used to increase the specific production rates of waste and/or slow cell growth to maximize productivity [10, 11]. (labmanager.com)

We also offer classic membrane and membrane potential dyes, including CellBrite™ and CellBrite™ NIR dyes , which are lipophilic carbocyanine dyes that stain the plasma membrane of cells and are non-toxic for long-term tracking. (biotium.com)
All these data indicate that diethyl ether anesthesia may partially mimic heat stress in plants through the effect on plasma membrane. (frontiersin.org)
Drug delivery to tumors is limited by several factors, including drug permeability of the target cell plasma membrane. (plos.org)
Oxygen free radicals are naturally produced by mitochondrial and sperm plasma membrane and have beneficial and detrimental effects that cannot be overlooked. (scialert.net)
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the Daudi cell line for the adsorption of free anti-CD47 monoclonal antibodies from patients' plasma to facilitate immunohematology testing in patients treated with anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody. (bvsalud.org)
Next, we tested the ability of intact Daudi cells mixed with simulating plasma and clinical samples to achieve efficient removal of interfering anti-CD47 monoclonal antibodies. (bvsalud.org)
Analysis of the indirect antiglobulin test results revealed that anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody-treated patients' plasma absorbed by Daudi cells for 15 min at 37°C could completely prevent the interference of anti-CD47 monoclonal antibodies in immunohematology testing while the detection of the tested antibodies, including anti-D and anti-K, was unaffected. (bvsalud.org)

Bucevičius J, Gilat T, Lukinavičius G (2020) Far-red switching DNA probes for live cell nanoscopy. (uni-goettingen.de)

The membranes are composed primarily of a bimolecular lipid matrix, which determines membrane permeability characteristics. (msdmanuals.com)

Silymarin protects against its toxic principle α-amanitin by preventing its uptake through hepatocyte membranes and inhibiting the effects of tumour necrosis factor-α, which exacerbates lipid peroxidation. (springer.com)
USMB treatment elicits enhanced cellular uptake of materials such as drugs, in part as a result of sheer stress and formation of transient membrane pores. (plos.org)
Pores formed upon USMB treatment are rapidly resealed, suggesting that other processes such as enhanced endocytosis may contribute to the enhanced material uptake by cells upon USMB treatment. (plos.org)
Hence, therapeutic strategies that can enhance drug uptake into cells with improved efficiency and specificity are of high importance for drug delivery to treat localized diseases such as cancer. (plos.org)

However, poorly organized tumor vasculature, irregular blood flow, high interstitial pressure within the tumor tissue, and broad adverse effects on healthy cells limit the effectiveness of anti-cancer agents [ 1 , 2 ]. (plos.org)
Dusts may produce two basic effects, namely a toxic effect and change in cell membrane permeability. (bmj.com)

Bucevičius J, Gerasimaitė R, Kiszka KA, Pradhan S, Kostiuk G, Koenen T, Lukinavičius G (2022) A general, highly efficient and facile synthesis of biocompatible rhodamine dyes and probes for live-cell multicolor nanoscopy. (uni-goettingen.de)

They interpreted this as meaning that to pass the cell membrane a molecule must be at least sparingly soluble in oil, their "lipoid theory of narcosis. (wikipedia.org)
Overall, biologically active peptides should be produced extracellularly in soluble form by adjusting the membrane permeability of growing and producing cell. (boku.ac.at)
Because the cell membrane is lipoid, lipid-soluble drugs diffuse most rapidly. (msdmanuals.com)

but both physiologic (e.g. insulin) and pathologic (e.g. oxidative stress) stimuli that are known to stimulate tyrosine kinases are associated with large increases in membrane Na + permeability to ∼80 pA/pF or more. (elsevierpure.com)
These findings indicate that volume-sensitive increases in p60 c-src and/or related tyrosine kinases play a key role in the regulation of membrane Na + permeability, suggesting that increases in the NSC conductance may be mediated in part through rapid recruitment of a distinct pool of channel-containing vesicles. (elsevierpure.com)

They will move through the membrane from the side where they are at a higher concentration to the side where they are at a lower concentration (click to enlarge the diagram below). (exploratorium.edu)
Membrane permeability allows for the possibility of concentration gradients across membranes, which in turn have potential energy associated with the concentration dif- ferential across the membrane. (thisisbeep.com)
Drugs diffuse across a cell membrane from a region of high concentration (eg, gastrointestinal fluids) to one of low concentration (eg, blood). (msdmanuals.com)
La concentration sérique pour ces facteurs chez les femmes non encein- tes était similaire à celle des femmes enceintes en bonne santé. (who.int)
Toutefois, la concentration sérique était significativement plus élevée en présence d'une prééclampsie bénigne ou grave par rapport aux grossesses normales et significativement plus élevée pour les prééclampsies graves par rapport aux prééclampsies bénignes. (who.int)

The replication rate of beta cells is high immediately after birth but rapidly declines thereafter. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Here, we demonstrate that LL-37 is rapidly (within 20 min) internalized by human osteoblast-like MG63 cells, and that the peptide co-localizes with MitoTracker arguing for accumulation in mitochondria. (lu.se)

Regulates cell death by controlling the mitochondrial mbrane permeability. (joplink.net)

What is membrane permeability in biology? (thisisbeep.com)

In contrast, in type 2 diabetes the body is initially able to produce insulin but the cells in the body do not respond to insulin. (medicalnewstoday.com)

When they compared the area of the monolayer to the surface area of the cells, they found a ratio of two to one. (wikipedia.org)
Later analyses of this experiment showed several problems including an incorrect monolayer pressure, incomplete lipid extraction and a miscalculation of cell surface area. (wikipedia.org)

He also noted that a thin film of oil behaves as a semipermeable membrane, precisely as predicted. (wikipedia.org)

A method for high-throughput Caco-2 permeability screening of drug candidates has been developed using thirteen generic drugs as test compounds. (nih.gov)

This study provides a mechanism through which gut microbes could influence the development of pancreatic beta cells and how gut microbiome composition could influence the risk of diabetes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In the present study, the researchers further examined the mechanism through which BefA could facilitate the proliferation of pancreatic beta cells in young mice and zebrafish. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Cells constitutively utilize several distinct mechanisms of endocytosis, including clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) for the internalization of receptor-bound macromolecules such as Transferrin Receptor (TfR), and distinct mechanism(s) that mediate the majority of fluid-phase endocytosis. (plos.org)
In sum, PPI can suppress the planktonic growth and biofilm of C. albicans and its mechanism involves the increased permeability of cell membrane. (bvsalud.org)

A non-specific effect on the cell membrane due to the slow and sometimes incomplete process of ingestion of long fibres is probably a function of the morphology, particularly the length of the fibres. (bmj.com)
Electrical synapses are important where __________ activity among a group of cells are a major function. (flashcardmachine.com)

Dr. Martin Blaser , a professor in the Departments of Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at Rutgers University, NJ, commented that this study "is exciting because it represents a novel way that we might be able to regrow beta cells in situations with injury - like type 1 diabetes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
In their previous work, the study authors had shown that germ-free zebrafish larvae, which show a complete absence of gut microbes, show lower levels of pancreatic beta cell proliferation during development. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Which model system is used to study the membrane permeability? (thisisbeep.com)
Why is it important to study membrane permeability? (thisisbeep.com)
This is the first study in which Daudi cells were used to effectively resolve the interference of anti-CD47 monoclonal antibodies in pretransfusion tests. (bvsalud.org)
In summary, the present study identified that LEDGF/p75 may serve as a prognostic predictor for tumors such as adrenocortical carcinoma, kidney chromophobe, liver hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, skin cutaneous melanoma, and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). (bvsalud.org)

His research focuses on red blood cell membrane disorders and anemias. (dana-farber.org)

Anatomy3

Chemicals and Drugs2

Phenomena and Processes4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Proteins16

Intracellular4

Outer4

Molecules8

Biofilm formation1

Permeable3

Efflux2

Inner mitochon2

Bacterial cell membrane2

Mitochondrial membrane3

Assay3

Extracellular1

Solutes2

Ions2

Mammalian cell2

Cation3

Influx1

Lipid bilayer4

Molecular2

Passive4

Tissues3

Cytotoxicity3

Osmosis1

Flow cytometry2

Permeabilization1

Metabolism1

Diffuses2

Structural2

Inhibition1

Nucleus1

Results of this experiment1

Coefficient3

Fluorescence1

Vitro2

Protein7

Barrier1

Reactive oxygen1

Organelle1

Diffusion1

Semipermeable cell1

Sodium1

Fluorogenic1

Decreases1

Increase5

Plasma7

20201

Characteristics1

Uptake4

Effects2

Dyes1

Soluble3

Increases2

Concentration5

Rapidly2

Regulates1

Biology1

Initially1

Monolayer2

Behaves1

Drug1

Mechanism4

Function2

Study6

Disorders1