• The complement system as understood today is a multimolecular system composed of more than 32 proteins and consisting of serum proteins, serosal proteins, and cell membrane receptors that bind to complement fragments. (medscape.com)
  • The complement system consists of 7 serum and 9 membrane regulatory proteins, 1 serosal regulatory protein, and 8 cell membrane receptors that bind complement fragments. (medscape.com)
  • Membrane androgen receptors (mAR) are functionally expressed in a variety of tumor-cells including the breast tumor-cell line MCF-7. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To this end, MCF- cells were treated with testosterone-albumin conjugates (TAC, 100 nM), which selectively activate mAR without activating intracellular androgen receptors (iAR). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nuclear mGlu5 receptors derived from HEK cells or cortical cell types bound [ 3 H]quisqualate. (wustl.edu)
  • In contrast, carbachol-activation of endogenous muscarinic receptors led to cytoplasmic but not nuclear Ca 2+ responses. (wustl.edu)
  • Similarly, activation of mGlu5 receptors expressed on neuronal nuclei led to sustained Ca 2+ oscillatory responses. (wustl.edu)
  • Nuclear mGlu5 receptors derived from HEK cells or cortical cell types bound [3H]quisqualate. (wustl.edu)
  • α-TEA induces apoptosis via activation of extrinsic death receptors Fas (CD95) and DR5, JNK/p73/Noxa pathways, and suppression of anti-apoptotic mediators Akt, ERK, c-FLIP and survivin in breast, ovarian and prostate cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Initially, all antibodies are of the first form, attached to the surface of a B cell - these are then referred to as B-cell receptors (BCR). (wikipedia.org)
  • The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably, [1] though the term 'antibody' is sometimes reserved for the secreted, soluble form, i.e. excluding B-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although these platelet activation processes are relatively well-studied as a function of the platelet environment, only since recently it is becoming clear that a multitude of proteases present in plasma or produced by platelets themselves are important for the distinct properties of platelet populations, often by cleaving specific receptors. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here, we review current knowledge how proteases act on platelet receptors and the platelet membrane surface. (frontiersin.org)
  • Ephrins, also known as ephrin ligands, and Eph receptors (Ephs), which are RTKs, are key regulators of physiological and pathological processes involved in development and disease, such as cellular motility, cell repulsion, and cell adhesion [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Both receptors and ligands are membrane-bound proteins that require direct cell-cell interaction for activation. (hindawi.com)
  • Proteins known as G protein-coupled receptors, or GPCRs for short, detect and respond to hormones and other signaling molecules found outside cells. (helsinki.fi)
  • The results highlight the capacity of lipids to regulate the conformation of membrane receptors through specific interactions. (helsinki.fi)
  • Indeed, the increased transmissibility of SARS-CoV-2 compared with SARS-CoV could potentially be explained by an increased number of cellular receptors allowing the virus to penetrate host cells. (abcam.com)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Viral and bacterial infections induce expression of multiple NK cell receptors in responding CD8(+) T cells. (duke.edu)
  • NK cells express several families of receptors that play central roles in target cell recognition. (duke.edu)
  • These NK cell receptors are also expressed by certain memory phenotype CD8(+) T cells, and in some cases are up-regulated in T cells responding to viral infection. (duke.edu)
  • These subtle effects suggest that CD94/NKG2A-mediated inhibition of T cells may be limited to particular circumstances or may synergize with other receptors that are similarly up-regulated. (duke.edu)
  • VWF binds to receptors on the platelet surface membrane (glycoprotein Ib/IX). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Platelet receptors for ADP include the P2Y12 receptor, which sends signals to suppress adenylate cyclase, decreases cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, and promotes activation of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor (assembled on the activated platelet surface membrane from glycoproteins IIb and IIIa). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Illustration of membrane-embedded plant cell-surface receptors (white cartoons) that establish communication with symbiotic bacteria via secreted carbohydrate signaling molecules. (lu.se)
  • In a study combining structural biology, biochemical and genetic approaches, scientists showed that plant cell-surface receptors employ a mechanism for error correction responsible for the control of receptor activation and signaling select bacterial symbionts. (lu.se)
  • Cell-surface receptors in plants and animals are found within cells' plasma membrane where they enable a cell to receive, process, and transmit signals from its environment by binding to extracellular signaling molecules such as growth factors, hormones or neurotransmitters. (lu.se)
  • A low level of signaling was also obtained when functionalizing the blocked SLBs with adhesion molecules binding to receptors on the T cell. (lu.se)
  • 2003), and (c) availability of T lymphocytes way how skin sensitization is dealt with in toxicological with T-cell receptors specific for the hapten-peptide con- risk assessment: while older test systems aimed at pure jugates formed (Budinger et al. (cdc.gov)
  • CD44 is an integral cell membrane glycoprotein with a postulated role in matrix adhesion lymphocyte activation and lymph node homing. (wdv.com)
  • C-reactive protein (CRP, not shown) leads to classic pathway activation analogous to lectin pathway activation by MBL and ficolins. (medscape.com)
  • Mitochondrial and plasma membrane pools of stomatin-like protein 2 coalesce at the immunological synapse during T cell activation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Second, T cell receptor (TCR)-mediated intracellular signals are sufficient to induce ezrin relocalization, indicating that this protein is an effector of TCR signaling. (ox.ac.uk)
  • They are, T-cell leukemia/lymphoma protein 1A TCL1A encoded by oncogene TCL-1 SWISSPROT and Protein p13 MTCP-1 encoded by MTCP-1 SWISSPROT. (wikipedia.org)
  • Signaling of tumor-cells may further involve up-regulation of pore forming Ca 2+ channel protein Orai1, which accomplishes store operated Ca 2+ entry (SOCE). (biomedcentral.com)
  • TAC treatment of MCF-7 cells was followed by Rac1 activation, actin polymerization, transient increase of Orai1transcript levels and protein abundance, and transient increase of SOCE. (biomedcentral.com)
  • mAR sensitive Rac1 activation and actin reorganization contribute to the regulation of Orai1 protein abundance and SOCE. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present study explored, whether mAR activation is followed by alterations of Orai1 protein abundance and function in MCF-7 breast tumor cells and addressed the role of actin reorganization and actin signaling to this effect. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To this end, MCF-7 cells were exposed to TAC and Orai1 protein abundance at the cell surface was determined by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry as well as intracellular Ca 2+ release and SOCE were quantified utilizing Fura-2 fluorescence. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In a first step, confocal microscopy was employed to visualize the effect of TAC on the Orai1 protein abundance at the MCF-7 cell membrane surface. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As illustrated in Fig. 1 , mAR activation was followed by a rapid increase of Orai1 protein abundance at the surface of MCF-7 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In contrast to Orai1 abundance, the Na + /K + ATPase protein abundance was similar without mAR activation (24.5 ± 1.1 a.u., n = 5) and 1 h (24.7 ± 2.2 a.u., n = 5) or 2 h (25.0 ± 1.9 a.u., n = 5) following mAR activation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a membrane-bound protease. (doaj.org)
  • The Schnell/Chou model, based on solution NMR, had the drug binding to the outside of the channel, within the membrane (at a 4:1 drug:protein ratio). (scienceblogs.com)
  • Effects of triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum on protein expression profile of HeLa cells. (springer.com)
  • The ligands can have a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor (A type) or a membrane-spanning protein domain (B type). (hindawi.com)
  • The mutation at 25088bp occurred in the S2 subunit of the viral spike protein, which plays a vital role in virus-host membrane fusion and viral entry. (news-medical.net)
  • There is evidence that lipids can be allosteric regulators of membrane protein structure and activation. (helsinki.fi)
  • About one-third of existing drugs work by controlling the activation of this protein. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes four major structural proteins: the spike (S) protein, nucleocapsid (N) protein, membrane (M) protein and the envelope (E) protein, each of which is essential to compose the viral particle 3 . (abcam.com)
  • This protein contains two subunits: the S1 subunit that contains the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and N-terminal domain (NTD), and a second S2 subunit that mediates the fusion of the viral and host cell membranes 4 . (abcam.com)
  • SARS-CoV-2 S protein binds to the ACE2 receptor at the surface of host cells, initially through the S1 RBD. (abcam.com)
  • This process is dependent upon activation of the S protein, by cleavage at two sites (S1/S2 and S2') via the proteases Furin and TMPRSS2. (abcam.com)
  • TMPRSS2 cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein is believed to enable the fusion of the viral capsid with the host cell to permit viral entry 5 , 6 . (abcam.com)
  • Within the trimeric S protein, only one of the three RBD heads is present in the accessible conformation to bind the human Angiotensin 2 (hACE2) host cell receptor 10 . (abcam.com)
  • Both Neuropilin-1 and Neuropilin-2 have been shown to bind the cleaved form of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein to mediate host cell entry 13, 14 . (abcam.com)
  • The PDGFRA gene provides instructions for making a receptor protein that is found in the cell membrane of certain cell types. (medlineplus.gov)
  • When the ligand attaches (binds), the PDGFRA receptor protein is turned on (activated), which leads to activation of a series of proteins in multiple signaling pathways. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Type I membrane protein. (lu.se)
  • This indicates that TCR-pMHC binding in cell contacts depends significantly on the local environment and not only on the protein-protein interaction per se. (lu.se)
  • Our data also suggest that there may be a net exchange of membrane material between mitochondria and plasma membrane, explaining the presence of some mitochondrial proteins in the plasma membrane. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The first step in GPCR activation leads to conformational changes which trigger interaction with G proteins. (psi.ch)
  • There are over 800 different GPCRs in human cells, making them the largest family of cell surface proteins. (helsinki.fi)
  • In addition to binding ACE2, increasing evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 can also bind other surface proteins to gain cell entry. (abcam.com)
  • Apoptotic stimuli activate and oligomerize the proapoptotic proteins Bak and Bax, resulting in mitochondrial outer-membrane permeabilization and subsequent cell death. (rcsb.org)
  • Taken at face value, senile cataract is intimately associated with the increased risk of oxidative stress, which levies irrevocable changes in the lenticular proteins that impel the lens epithelial cells to the apoptotic phase. (molvis.org)
  • Clinical manifestations of PNH occur when a HSC clone carrying somatic PIGA mutations acquires a growth advantage and differentiates, generating mature blood cells that are deficient of GPI-anchored proteins. (medscape.com)
  • In many T cell activation studies, the SLB contains the nickel-chelating lipid DGS-NTA(Ni) to functionalize the SLB with histidine-tagged proteins. (lu.se)
  • The flow-dependent adhesion of platelets to those and other extracellular matrix components is stabilized by a panel of integrins, including integrin α 2 β 1 , α IIb β 3 , and α 6 β 1 (adhesive platelet population), while the initial activation of platelets is achieved by signaling via the collagen/laminin receptor, glycoprotein VI (GPVI). (frontiersin.org)
  • Like all coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 utilizes the S glycoprotein to mediate entry into the host cell. (abcam.com)
  • An approximately 230 amino acid membrane glycoprotein characterized by an IMMUNOGLOBULIN V-SET DOMAIN in its N-terminal half. (bvsalud.org)
  • After an antigen binds to a BCR, the B cell activates to proliferate and differentiate into either plasma cells , which secrete soluble antibodies with the same paratope, or memory B cells , which survive in the body to enable long-lasting immunity to the antigen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Yoda1, a specific PIEZO1 agonist, activates a small membrane current and thereby triggers β-cell electrical activity with resultant stimulation of Ca 2+ -influx and insulin secretion. (lu.se)
  • In other words, PCO371 activates the receptor after entering the cell. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The term "nocturnal" refers to the belief that hemolysis is triggered by acidosis during sleep and activates complement to hemolyze an unprotected and abnormal RBC membrane. (medscape.com)
  • An increase in the intracellular ATP/ADP ratio activates ATP-sensitive potassium-dependent channels (KATPs) in the cell membrane. (medscape.com)
  • Factor Xa in complex with factor Va on a phospholipid membrane surface activates prothrombin to thrombin by cleaving two peptide bonds. (medscape.com)
  • In 1994, through application of broad range molecular cell signal transduction and possibly eukaryotic transcrip- amplification and DNA sequencing, the causative agent tion. (cdc.gov)
  • They contribute to signal transduction across the cell membrane. (psi.ch)
  • Eph/ephrin signal transduction occurs not only in the receptor-expressing cell but also in the ligand-expressing cell via bidirectional signaling [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • A team of researchers headed by Osamu Nureki, a professor at the University of Tokyo, and his lab, discovered a new receptor activation mode of a bone metabolism-related GPCR called human parathyroid hormone type 1 receptor (PTH1R) without signal transduction from the extracellular side. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In these tests control MPs had been prepared from neglected Jurkat cells cultured in CM for 2 18 or 2 h intervals pursuing transfer into clean mass media. (bioinf.org)
  • Recent evidence indicates that SLP-2 is involved in the organization of cardiolipin-enriched microdomains in mitochondrial membranes and the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and function. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Based on these results, we propose that SLP-2 facilitates the compartmentalization not only of mitochondrial membranes but also of the plasma membrane into functional microdomains. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Phospholipases attack cell and mitochondrial membranes destroying nerve and muscle function. (scienceblogs.com)
  • Necroptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is defined by activation of the kinase RIPK3 and subsequent cell membrane permeabilization by the effector MLKL. (nih.gov)
  • Activation of ERβ by WAY-200070 also resulted in the phosphorylation of p21-activated kinase (PAK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in cultured cortical neurons, suggesting a mechanism for the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. (jneurosci.org)
  • Signaling via ERβ also resulted in activation of a PAK/ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2) signaling pathway. (jneurosci.org)
  • A feed-forward pathway drives LRRK2 kinase membrane recruitment and activation. (stanford.edu)
  • In a recent study, activation of mAR by dehydrotestosterone (DHT) in prostate cancer cells was reported to induce rapid Ca 2+ influx via Orai that was important for rapid androgen effects [ 31 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ganoderic acid Mf and S induce mitochondria mediated apoptosis in human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. (springer.com)
  • ADP, thromboxane A2, and other mediators induce activation and aggregation of additional platelets on the injured endothelium. (msdmanuals.com)
  • LTD4 has been shown to induce cell proliferation, survival and migration in intestinal epithelial cells (Int407) via the CysLT1R. (lu.se)
  • But until now, there was no evidence of direct activation of only the intracellular side of GPCRs without the initiations from the extracellular side. (sciencedaily.com)
  • This specificity of its binding and receptor activation mode makes it a suitable candidate for potential small-molecule-based drugs for class B1 GPCRs, like PTH1R, which currently lack oral administrative drug ligands. (sciencedaily.com)
  • One major regulatory mechanism of GPCRs is the internalization from cell membrane upon activation. (lu.se)
  • Altered membrane events induced selective inhibition of TCR-induced phosphorylation of regulatory P85 subunit of PI3K and AKT as well as abrogated calcium influx. (nature.com)
  • This is reinforced by Lactobacilli through the production of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), bacteriocins and biosurfactants, as well as the inhibition of the physical attachment of pathogens to the epithelium by competitive exclusion and the promotion of the engulfment and degradation of infected epithelial cells (autophagy). (frontiersin.org)
  • Central to this role is the inhibitory action exerted by Golgi cells over granule cells: Golgi cells inhibit granule cells through both feedforward and feedback inhibitory loops and generate a broad lateral inhibition that extends beyond the afferent synaptic field. (amrita.edu)
  • Binding of factor H to C3b increases its inactivation by factor I. Properdin stabilizes it, preventing its inactivation by factors H and I. The alternate pathway does not result in a truly nonspecific activation of complement because it requires specific types of compounds for activation. (medscape.com)
  • A beta 2-Integrin/MRTF-A/SRF Pathway Regulates Dendritic Cell Gene Expression, Adhesion, and Traction Force Generation. (mpg.de)
  • Rap1 and membrane lipids cooperatively recruit talin to trigger integrin activation. (mpg.de)
  • As such, many biological processes occur within or in the proximity of the cell membrane, and therefore, interest in the properties and behavior of lipids in membranes is considerable. (lu.se)
  • The CD4(+) T cells expressed both cell surface and soluble TGF-beta and inhibited the development of an allergic phenotype when adoptively transferred to naive recipient mice. (nih.gov)
  • While cells expressing cell surface TGF-beta were detectable in mice with inflammation, albeit at a lower frequency compared with that in tolerized mice, only those from tolerized mice expressed FOXP3. (nih.gov)
  • Although cells that expressed TGF-beta on the cell surface (TGF-beta(+)), as well as the ones that did not (TGF-beta(-)), secreted equivalent levels of soluble TGF-beta, only the former were able to blunt the development of an allergic phenotype in mice. (nih.gov)
  • Consistent with cell culture data, immunohistochemical analyses of tumor tissues taken from α-TEA treated nude mice bearing MDA-MB-231 xenografts show increased levels of cell surface membrane ceramide in comparison to tumor tissues from control animals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • β-cell-specific Piezo1-knockout mice show impaired glucose tolerance in vivo and reduced glucose-induced insulin secretion, β-cell electrical activity and Ca 2+ elevation in vitro. (lu.se)
  • Third, overexpression of the membrane binding domain of ezrin perturbs T cell receptor clustering in the T cell-APC contact area and inhibits the activation of nuclear factor for activated T cells (NF-AT). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Khz, a naturally occurring compound derived from the fusion of Ganoderma lucidum and Polyporus umbellatus mycelia, inhibits the growth of cancer cells. (springer.com)
  • Such information is mediated immunity, secreting the cytokine crucial to determine the optimal approach interferon-gamma (IFN) that inhibits Th2 to improve the immune response of DN cell differentiation. (who.int)
  • In addition, the mechanism behind how GML mediates suppressed T cell activation is completely unknown. (nature.com)
  • Cell proliferation, migration and cell death are regulated by alterations of cytosolic Ca 2+ activity [ 20 - 23 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • GML treated T cells have decreased cellular proliferation when stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 12-acetate (PMA), concanavalin A (ConA), and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1) 13 . (nature.com)
  • In addition to providing biomechanical support to the islets, ECM components are required for β-cell development, proliferation, survival, and proper insulin secretion. (nature.com)
  • High estrogen states, as seen during puberty and pregnancy, promote the preservation of a homeostatic (eubiotic) vaginal microenvironment by stimulating the maturation and proliferation of vaginal epithelial cells and the accumulation of glycogen. (frontiersin.org)
  • The ILM serves as a scaffold for cellular proliferation of myofibroblasts, fibrocytes, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Effects of Ganoderma lucidum spores on HepG2 cells proliferation and growth cycle. (springer.com)
  • These signaling pathways control many important cellular processes, such as cell growth and division (proliferation) and cell survival. (medlineplus.gov)
  • As a result, the signaling pathways are constantly turned on (constitutively activated), which increases the proliferation and survival of cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • At puberty and during pregnancy, elevated levels of estrogen promote the maturation of and deposition of glycogen in vaginal epithelial cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Glycogen from exfoliated and lysed epithelial cells is catabolized by α-amylase in the vaginal lumen to smaller polymers that are subsequently metabolized to lactic acid by Lactobacillus spp. (frontiersin.org)
  • Lactic acid and cytolysin produced by Lactobacilli stimulate the dissolution of epithelial cells by lysis and enhance the availability of glycogen. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, no studies have comprehensively examined the effects of TCR-mediated T cell activation or identified potential mechanisms for the effects of GML on TCR-mediated T cell activation. (nature.com)
  • Our findings highlight the diversity in RTK oligomerization and activation mechanisms. (nature.com)
  • Various mechanisms, including endothelial cell nitric oxide and prostacyclin, promote blood fluidity by preventing platelet aggregation and dilating intact blood vessels. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These mechanisms are often used by cancer cells to surive and spread. (lu.se)
  • Thus, the aim of this work is to carry out a review of the literature on the role of bacterial endotoxin in the etiology of periapical lesions, its mechanism of action, and to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in endotoxin's recognition by the immune system and cell activation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Dynamic interactions between membrane and cytoskeleton components are crucial for T cell antigen recognition and subsequent cellular activation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • However, while many studies demonstrated the importance of the ECM, its interactions with β-cells are still not fully understood. (nature.com)
  • The interactions with the various BM components differentially affect β-cells, although the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. (nature.com)
  • The alternative mechanism, where the β2AR conformation would be modulated by membrane-mediated interactions, plays only a minor role. (helsinki.fi)
  • Interactions between immune cells such as T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are integral for mounting an adaptive immune response. (lu.se)
  • In the first part of this thesis I show that interactions between DGS-NTA(Ni) and the T cells can lead to, unwanted, T cell signaling. (lu.se)
  • The DGS-NTA(Ni) signaling was argued to be due to TCR-DGS-NTA(Ni) interactions and stressed the importance of adequately blocking these interactions in T cell activation studies. (lu.se)
  • In the second part of the thesis, a new method to measure the two-dimensional dissociation constant (2D Kd) of ligand-receptor interactions on single cells is presented. (lu.se)
  • In this study, we demonstrate that α-TEA induces the accumulation of cell surface membrane ceramide, leading to co-localization with Fas, DR5, and FADD, followed by activation of caspases-8 and -9 and apoptosis in human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Functional knockdown of ASMase with either the chemical inhibitor, desipramine, or siRNA markedly reduces α-TEA-induced cell surface membrane accumulation of ceramide and its co-localization with Fas, DR5, and FADD, cleavage of caspases-8 and -9 and apoptosis, suggesting an early and critical role for ASMase in α-TEA-induced apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Taken together, these studies demonstrate that ASMase activation and membrane ceramide accumulation are early events contributing to α-TEA-induced apoptosis in vitro and perhaps in vivo . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we show that activation of ERβ with the specific agonist WAY-200070 results in increased spine density and PSD-95 (postsynaptic density-95) accumulation in membrane regions. (jneurosci.org)
  • These results implicate mechanotransduction and activation of PIEZO1, via intracellular accumulation of glucose metabolites, as an important physiological regulator of insulin secretion. (lu.se)
  • Sulforaphane also prevented hyperglycemia-induced activation of the hexosamine and PKC pathways and prevented increased cellular accumulation and excretion of the glycating agent methylglyoxal. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • The accumulation of anaphylatoxins (such as C5a) from complement activation might also have a role. (medscape.com)
  • We focus on the Rab GTPases that are master regulators of membrane trafficking. (stanford.edu)
  • Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, many genomic studies have shown that the SARS-CoV-2 genome undergoes recurrent mutations, indicating a continuous viral adaptation process inside host cells. (news-medical.net)
  • The S2' site is cleaved by host proteases, facilitating membrane fusion and viral entry into host cells. (news-medical.net)
  • S1 is then shed from the viral surface, allowing S2 to fuse to the host cell membrane. (abcam.com)
  • One vial containing 420 mg of trastuzumab, a humanised IgG1 monoclonal antibody produced by mammalian (Chinese hamster ovary) cell suspension culture and purified by chromatography including specific viral inactivation and removal procedures. (who.int)
  • However, how GML treatment affects the full T cell activation response from signaling events to effector functions is not well understood. (nature.com)
  • Binding of the CD94/NKG2A receptor by its ligand (Qa-1(b)) did not significantly inhibit CD8(+) T cell effector functions. (duke.edu)
  • Gram-negative bacteria not only have different factors of virulence and generate products and sub-products that are toxic to apical and periapical tissues, but also contain endotoxin in the outer membrane of their cell wall. (bvsalud.org)
  • That is why drug development focuses on activating specific molecular signal pathways within cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • A molecular understanding of membrane traffic has broad implications for our understanding of growth control in cancer, receptor trafficking errors in heart disease, regulation of insulin secretion in diabetes and synaptic vesicle biogenesis and transport in neurological disorders. (stanford.edu)
  • In this study, we have mechanistically examined if GML affects the signaling and functional output of human primary T cells. (nature.com)
  • The overarching goal of this work is to enable paradigm-shift approaches for the integration of functional materials, structures, and devices into living nervous systems with subcellular- and cell-type-specificity, which will allow for the precise manipulation of subcellular electrochemical properties, remodeling the excitability of neurons in living nervous systems," said Liu. (scitechdaily.com)
  • CONCLUSIONS- We conclude that activation of nrf2 may prevent biochemical dysfunction and related functional responses of endothelial cells induced by hyperglycemia in which increased expression of transketolase has a pivotal role. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • First, ezrin relocalizes to the contact area between T cells and stimulatory antigen-presenting cells (APCs), accumulating in F-actin-rich membrane protrusions at the periphery of the immunological synapse. (ox.ac.uk)
  • A customized micropatterning approach combined with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy was used to quantify ligand-induced FGFR3 receptor activation at the live cell membrane. (austrian-bioimaging.at)
  • The ALK-ECR undergoes a pronounced ligand-induced rearrangement and adopts an orientation parallel to the membrane surface. (nature.com)
  • This orientation is further stabilized by an interaction between the ligand and the membrane. (nature.com)
  • If a drug molecule or a ligand is a message, an inbox is typically a receptor in the cell membrane. (sciencedaily.com)
  • For this purpose, a SLB functionalized with TCR and an adhesion ligand, was allowed to bind cell with pMHC and the corresponding adhesion receptor. (lu.se)
  • C1q can also be activated by mycoplasmal organisms, RNA viruses, bacterial endotoxins, and cell membranes of some organelles without the presence of antibody. (medscape.com)
  • Ceramide-enriched lipid microdomains can be formed by increased amounts of ceramide in cell surface membranes which is regulated by sphingomyelinase (SMase) hydrolysis of raft-associated sphingomyelin to ceramide [ 2 , 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Upon prolonged high intracellular rises in Ca 2+ , platelets develop a procoagulant phenotype that is characterized by the surface membrane exposure of phosphatidylserine and by the inactivation of integrin α IIb β 3 (procoagulant platelet population) ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • To determine how the profile of NK receptor expression changes in murine CD8(+) T cells as they respond to intracellular pathogens, we used class I tetramer reagents to directly examine Ag-specific T cells during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Listeria monocytogenes infections. (duke.edu)
  • The mAR sensitive signaling includes activation of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and reorganization of the actin filament network. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present study explored the effect of membrane androgen receptor (mAR) activation on Ca 2+ signaling in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our data reveal that the widely used anti-microbial agent GML also alters the lipid dynamics of human T cells, leading to their defective signaling and function. (nature.com)
  • To identify components of the CEACAM3-initiated signaling cascade, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9-based screen in human myeloid cells. (biologists.com)
  • It was found that increasing the concentration of DGS-NTA(Ni) both increased cell adhesion and the fraction of signaling cells. (lu.se)
  • Adding bovine serum albumin (BSA) functioned as a blocking agent, preventing unspecific cell adhesion and decreased the fraction of signaling cells down to a basal level. (lu.se)
  • Phosphatidylserine-exposing platelets, usually located around a thrombus, provide a negatively charged membrane surface, which supports coagulation factor binding and the formation of tenase and prothrombinase complexes ( 6 , 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Coagulation factors interact on platelet and endothelial cell surfaces to produce thrombin , which converts fibrinogen to fibrin. (msdmanuals.com)
  • For example, it is found that in nature the lipid distribution across the inner and outer leaflet of cell membranes is asymmetric and this asymmetry plays a prominent role in processes like cell fusion, activation of the coagulation processes and the recognition and removal of apoptotic cells by macrophages. (lu.se)
  • In contrast, culturing on Laminin-421 induced the expression of β-cell genes, including Ins1 , MafA , and Glut2 , and significantly improved glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. (nature.com)
  • 2, 3, 4] Mutations in at least 11 genes that play a role in regulating beta-cell insulin secretion have been implicated in the pathogenesis of HI. (medscape.com)
  • The rate of insulin secretion is dependent on the ratio of ATP to ADP within the beta cell. (medscape.com)
  • Glucose-induced insulin secretion depends on β-cell electrical activity. (lu.se)
  • We provide a comprehensive overview of the proteases acting on the platelet membrane. (frontiersin.org)
  • Independently of such activation processes, platelet heterogeneity can be achieved by aging and an accompanied inactivation ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Initial platelet adhesion is to long strings of von Willebrand factor (VWF) that have been previously secreted by, and anchored to, stimulated endothelial cells. (msdmanuals.com)
  • [ 8 ] Although any membrane surface that expresses anionic phospholipid can support prothrombinase complex assembly, the activated platelet surface is especially well suited for this purpose. (medscape.com)
  • The Collagen Receptor Discoidin Domain Receptor 1b Enhances Integrin beta 1-Mediated Cell Migration by Interacting With Talin and Promoting Rac1 Activation. (mpg.de)
  • These findings imply that cell death and production of inflammatory mediators are coordinated to optimize the immunogenicity of necroptotic cells. (nih.gov)
  • During activation, platelets release mediators of aggregation, including adenosine diphosphate (ADP) from storage granules. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Th1 cells are effectors of cell- sis on these mediators. (who.int)
  • Developmental regulation of membrane traffic organization during synaptogenesis in mouse diaphragm muscle. (nih.gov)
  • and positive regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity. (mcw.edu)
  • cAMP-dependent regulation of HCN4 controls the tonic entrainment process in sinoatrial node pacemaker cells. (mpg.de)
  • The proteases involved are of different origins and types: (i) present as precursor in plasma, (ii) secreted into the plasma by activated platelets or other blood cells, or (iii) intracellularly activated and cleaving cytosolic receptor domains. (frontiersin.org)
  • Although the major pool of SLP-2 is associated with mitochondria, we show here that there is an additional pool of SLP-2 associated with the plasma membrane of T cells. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Both plasma membrane-associated and mitochondria-associated pools of SLP-2 coalesce at the immunological synapse (IS) upon T cell activation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • SLP-2 is not required for formation of IS nor for the re-localization of mitochondria to the IS because SLP-2-deficient T cells showed normal re-localization of these organelles in response to T cell activation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Enhances the phosphorylation and activation of Akt. (wikipedia.org)
  • Moreover, we identify a distinct, N-terminal, higher affinity interaction interface between LRRK2 phosphorylated Rab8 and Rab10 termed 'Site #2', that can retain LRRK2 on membranes in cells to catalyze multiple, subsequent phosphorylation events. (stanford.edu)
  • The membrane-microfilament linker ezrin is involved in the formation of the immunological synapse and in T cell activation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Zhao S, Ye G, Fu G, Cheng JX, Yang BB, Peng C. Ganoderma lucidum exerts anti-tumor effects on ovarian cancer cells and enhances their sensitivity to cisplatin. (springer.com)
  • ALCL was recognized in 1985, when tumor cells consistently demonstrated labeling by the monoclonal antibody Ki-1, a marker later shown to recognize the CD30 antigen. (medscape.com)
  • In addition it is demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy that viable, activated T-cells effectively cleave the fluorogenic aminopeptidase substrate bis-glycyl-rhodamine 110 and that the corresponding aminopeptidase activity is associated with the cell surface. (silverchair.com)
  • Here we used cryo-electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray crystallography to determine the atomic details of human ALK dimerization and activation by ALKAL1 and ALKAL2. (nature.com)
  • Here we identify specific BH3 peptides capable of "unlatching" Bak and describe structural insights into Bak activation and oligomerization. (rcsb.org)
  • The phospholipid bilayer is the basic structural motif of most biological membranes. (lu.se)
  • This enzyme releases arachidonic acid, the precursor of CysLTs, from the cell membranes, upon activation. (lu.se)
  • Immunocytochemical, ultrastructural, and subcellular fractionation techniques revealed that the metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGlu5, can be localized to nuclear membranes in heterologous cells as well as midbrain and cortical neurons. (wustl.edu)
  • RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS- Human microvascular HMEC-1 endothelial cells were incubated in low and high glucose concentrations (5 and 30 mmol/l, respectively), and activation of nrf2 was assessed by nuclear translocation. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • RESULTS- Activation of nrf2 by sulforaphane induced nuclear translocation of nrf2 and increased ARE-linked gene expression, for example, three- to fivefold increased expression of transketolase and glutathione reductase. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • We demonstrate how LTD4 mainly internalizes CysLT1R and accumulates this receptor at the nuclear membrane and that LTC4 internalizes both the CysLT1R and CysLT2R. (lu.se)
  • This continued cytokine production is dependent on mRNA translation and requires maintenance of endoplasmic reticulum integrity that remains after plasma membrane integrity is lost. (nih.gov)
  • Unexpectedly, shortly after Wnt treatment, we detected the dephosphorylated form of β-catenin at the plasma membrane, where it displayed a discontinuous punctate labeling. (silverchair.com)
  • We found that GML potently altered order and disorder dynamics in the plasma membrane that resulted in reduced formation of LAT, PLC-γ, and AKT microclusters. (nature.com)
  • Predicted to be located in plasma membrane. (mcw.edu)
  • They occur in two forms: one that is attached to a B cell , and the other, a soluble form, that is unattached and found in extracellular fluids such as blood plasma . (wikipedia.org)
  • Macropinocytosis GTPase Rab Phosphatase Phosphoinositide EGF Ruffling Macropinocytosis is an actin-driven process that involves the formation and extension of plasma membrane ruffles and the eventual closure of large (≥0.2 to 5.0. (biologists.com)
  • The Podophyllotoxin cell-free supernatant was centrifuged to isolate MPs for assay further. (bioinf.org)
  • Here, by means of dot-blot hybridization and RNase protection assay, evidence is provided that human peripheral T-cells as well as derived cell lines contain significant amounts of APN mRNA, comparable to that in the promyeloic cell line U937, and that mitogenic activation of peripheral human T-cells leads to a more than 4-fold increase in their APN mRNA content. (silverchair.com)
  • Khz cytotoxicity was measured using an MTT assay and the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP)-related, calcium-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in A549 cells was measured by flow cytometry. (springer.com)
  • RIPK3 activation can also promote immune responses via production of cytokines and chemokines. (nih.gov)
  • The continued translation of cytokines by cellular corpses contributes to necroptotic cell uptake by innate immune cells and priming of adaptive immune responses to antigens associated with necroptotic corpses. (nih.gov)
  • The peri-islet membrane, which encapsulates the islets, separates the endocrine cells from the exocrine pancreas and serves as a barrier from immune cell infiltration to the islets. (nature.com)
  • Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize it directly (for example, by blocking a part of a virus that is essential for its invasion). (wikipedia.org)
  • Together with B and T cells , antibodies comprise the most important part of the adaptive immune system . (wikipedia.org)
  • 1990) demonstrated that CD44 is the main cell surface receptor for hyaluronate. (wdv.com)
  • Thus, CD94/NKG2A expression is a common consequence of CD8(+) T cell activation. (duke.edu)
  • The name of the disorder is a descriptive term for the clinical consequence of red blood cell (RBC) breakdown with release of hemoglobin into the urine, which manifests most prominently as dark-colored urine in the morning (see image below). (medscape.com)
  • Adhesion molecule pairs of similar height as TCR-pMHC have been argued to facilitate the TCR-pMHC interaction by physically keeping the opposing membranes at an optimal distance for binding. (lu.se)
  • However, adhesion pairs of different height than that of TCR-pMHC are also important for cell-cell contact formation and have been shown to result in an impaired T cell response if removed. (lu.se)
  • In addition, the TCR-pMHC distributed non-homogeneously in the cell-SLB contacts when having height-mismatched adhesion molecules, but homogeneously when having height-matched adhesion molecules. (lu.se)
  • In T cells, this role translates into enhanced T cell activation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • We report here that the membrane-microfilament linker ezrin plays an important role in these processes. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Prevention of raft reorganization into larger platforms by inactivation of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase), renders cells resistant to Fas clustering and apoptosis [ 9 ], indicating that ASMase/ceramide plays an important role in death receptor-mediated apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Miyajima, A, Nakashima J, Yoshioka K. Role of reactive oxygen species in cis-dichlorodiammineplatium-induced cytotoxicity on bladder cancer cells. (springer.com)
  • The properties of Ca(2+)- and voltage-dependent K+ currents and their role in defining membrane potential were studied in cultured rat chromaffin cells. (jneurosci.org)
  • Here, we report that cytokine production continues within necroptotic cells even after they have lost cell membrane integrity and irreversibly committed to death. (nih.gov)
  • ILM peeling is a surgical technique commonly used today to treat various vitreoretinal disorders including macular holes, macular puckers, epiretinal membranes, diabetic macular edema, retinal detachment, retinal vein occlusions, vitreomacular traction, optic pit maculopathy, and Terson syndrome [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a leading selectin), and soluble thrombomodulin--are cause of chronic renal failure and is a grow- providing further evidence of the relation- ing concern given the increasing incidence ship between endothelial cell activation and of type 2 diabetes. (who.int)
  • Our data reveal a mechanism of RTK activation that allows dimerization by either dimeric (ALKAL2) or monomeric (ALKAL1) ligands. (nature.com)
  • Our results confirm an analogous mechanism for activation and dimerization of Bak and Bax in response to certain BH3 peptides. (rcsb.org)
  • Apoptosis was induced by dealing with 4 × 107 Jurkat T cells with etoposide (10 μM) camptothecin Podophyllotoxin (10 μg/ml) 7 Podophyllotoxin (UCN-01) (5 μM) or staurosporine (STS) (1 μM) (all from Sigma-Aldrich Co. St. Louis MO). (bioinf.org)
  • Alpha-tocopherol ether-linked acetic acid (α-TEA), an analog of vitamin E (RRR-alpha-tocopherol), is a potent and selective apoptosis-inducing agent for human cancer cells in vivo and in vitro . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Khz inhibited cell division and induced apoptosis in A549 cells. (springer.com)
  • Induction of apoptosis by ethanol extracts of Ganoderma lucidum in human gastric carcinoma cells. (springer.com)
  • Here, we show that activation of ERβ in cortical neurons by WAY-200070 (herein referred to as 070) results in increased dendritic spine density and clustering of PSD-95 (postsynaptic density-95) at the membrane. (jneurosci.org)
  • found evidence and they did not require insulin therapy of endothelial cell injury in renal failure for glucose control. (who.int)
  • Strikingly, separation of the TGF-beta(+) cells from the rest of the cells allowed the TGF-beta(-) cells to proliferate in response to antigen. (nih.gov)
  • The expression of CD94/NKG2A was rapidly initiated in naive CD8(+) T cells responding to peptide Ags in vitro and on many of the naive T cells that proliferate when transferred into lymphopenic (Rag-1(-/-)) hosts. (duke.edu)
  • These are overexpressed in T cell prolymphocytic leukemias as a result of chromosomal rearrangements that involve the translocation of one T cell receptor gene to either chromosome 14q32 or Xq28. (wikipedia.org)
  • α-TEA treatment leads to increased acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) activity by 30 min, peaking at 4 hrs, which is correlated with ASMase translocation from cytosol to the cell surface membrane. (biomedcentral.com)