• In 1895, Ernest Overton proposed that cell membranes were made of lipids. (wikipedia.org)
  • Consequently, all of the lipids extracted from the cells can be assumed to have resided in the cells' plasma membranes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sphingolipids are an extensive class of lipids with different functions in the cell, ranging from proliferation to cell death. (frontiersin.org)
  • Most of the lipids of nerve tissue are composed of plasma and subcellular membranes of neurons and myelin sheaths. (doclecture.net)
  • 1. Structure: lipids are part of the cell membranes of neurons. (doclecture.net)
  • MARV assembles and buds from the host cell plasma where MARV matrix protein (mVP40) dimers associate with anionic lipids at the plasma membrane inner leaflet and undergo a dynamic and extensive self-oligomerization into the structural matrix layer. (uci.edu)
  • Gangliosides are most abundant in cell membranes of the nervous system where they make up approximately 10% of the total lipids in the brain. (seperexnutritionals.com)
  • Recently, a body of evidence is growing that Aβ aggregation is facilitated in the presence of particular membranes lipids such as gangliosides and cholesterol and furthermore, that Aβ toxicities emerge through interaction with specific neuronal membrane microdomains such as lipid rafts. (hindawi.com)
  • Diffusion of lipids and GPI-anchored proteins in actin-free plasma membrane vesicles measured by STED-FCS. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In affected individuals, lipids accumulate abnormally in cells and tissues throughout the body, particularly around the joints. (medlineplus.gov)
  • In the present study, we examined potential contributory roles of membrane-associated, cholesterol-enriched lipid rafts/caveolae and their constituent proteins (e.g., caveolin-1 [Cav-1]) as potential sites for IL-1β−induced nitric oxide (NO) release in the isolated β-cell. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Disruption of lipid rafts (e.g., with cyclodextrin) markedly reduced IL-1β−induced gene expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and NO release from β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • They are located in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane within lipid rafts and are thought to be involved in numerous cellular events, including proliferation, differentiation, migration and neurite outgrowth. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Here we provide the first evidence to suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation of Cav-1 and subsequent interaction among members of the Ras signaling pathway within the membrane lipid microdomains represent early signaling mechanisms of IL-1β in β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • These low-density membrane microdomains have been referred to as detergent-resistant membranes, Triton-insoluble membranes, and Triton-insoluble floating fraction. (upenn.edu)
  • Important biological events associated with plasma membranes, such as signal transduction, cell adhesion, and protein trafficking, are mediated through the membrane microdomains. (mdpi.com)
  • We show that activation of Neu3 sialidase, also known as Neuraminidase-3, causing conversion of GD1a and GT1b to GM1 gangliosideM1 is an essential step in regeneration occurring in PNS (sensory) but not CNS (retinal) axons in adult rat. (jneurosci.org)
  • In PNS axons, axotomy activates Neu3 sialidase, increasing the ratio of GM1/GD1a and GM1/GT1b gangliosides immediately after injury in vitro and in vivo . (jneurosci.org)
  • Externally applied sialidase converted GD1a ganglioside to GM1 and rescued axon regeneration in CNS axons and in PNS axons after Neu3 sialidase blockade. (jneurosci.org)
  • The adult mammalian nervous system has four dominant types of gangliosides: GM1, GD1a, GD1b, and GT1b. (jneurosci.org)
  • The role of the ganglioside GD1a as a receptor for Sendai virus. (expasy.org)
  • In addition, cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion, ion conductivity, and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures, including the cell wall and the carbohydrate layer called the glycocalyx, as well as the intracellular network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, some microscopists correctly identified at this time that while invisible, it could be inferred that cell membranes existed in animal cells due to intracellular movement of components internally but not externally and that membranes were not the equivalent of a plant cell wall. (wikipedia.org)
  • G M1 ganglioside and its derivative asialo-G M1 ganglioside (GA1), glycoprotein-derived oligosaccharides, and keratan sulfate are found at elevated intracellular concentrations. (medscape.com)
  • Eukaryotic] cell membranes, where they play important roles in intracellular signaling and in membrane structure. (dadamo.com)
  • It is known that GSLs interact with both intracellular as well as exogenous proteins and are critical for membrane organisation, signalling, and recognition events. (springer.com)
  • Gangliosides are normal components of cell membranes, particularly neurons, and G M1 is the major ganglioside in the vertebrate brain. (medscape.com)
  • Moreover, a GSK-3β specific inhibitor, L803-mt, attenuated tau phosphorylation and rescued DA neurons from cell death in mesencephalic cultures. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In adults, almost all of cerebrosides (90%) are in the myelin sheath, and gangliosides are in neurons. (doclecture.net)
  • Information by which neurons established only certain connection with certain neurons is encoded in the structure of the polysaccharide chains of membrane glycoproteins. (doclecture.net)
  • The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of a cell, being selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules. (wikipedia.org)
  • protein-based molecules produced by living cells that bring about or speed up specific biochemical reactions in the organism, such as digestion. (visionlearning.com)
  • Ganglioside-membrane molecules penetrate cells in the immune system, spreading the HIV virus to the body's main infection-fighting centre - the lymph glands. (theolivepress.es)
  • With these molecules in hand, it became possible to investigate the phase behaviour of liquid ordered/liquid disordered supported membranes doped with the Gb 3 species by means of fluorescence and atomic force microscopy. (springer.com)
  • Here we show, in four cell lines of human adult T cell lymphoma/leukemia origin, that the three IL-2R subunits are compartmented together with HLA glycoproteins and CD48 molecules in the plasma membrane, by means of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), confocal microscopy and immuno-biochemical techniques. (unideb.hu)
  • Diffusion and interaction dynamics of molecules at the plasma membrane play an important role in cellular signaling and are suggested to be strongly associated with the actin cytoskeleton. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Our data underline the crucial role of the actin cortex in maintaining hindered diffusion modes of many but not all of the membrane molecules and highlight a powerful experimental approach to decipher specific influences on molecular plasma membrane dynamics. (ox.ac.uk)
  • 4 Ehrlich tumor expresses the ganglioside GT 1b , and anti-GT1b has great therapeutic potential against this cancer. (matreya.com)
  • The trisialoganglioside (GT1b) is one of the major brain gangliosides and acts as an endogenous regulator in the brain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Morphological evidence revealed GT1b-induced chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation as well as an increased number of TUNEL-positive cells, compared to control cultures. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent studies in vitro suggest that GT1b ganglioside associated with the toxin may play a role in this process (Sun et al. (reactome.org)
  • These findings suggest that complex gangliosides modulate glial cell function to some extent. (gla.ac.uk)
  • However, since the effects observed were subtle, it is possible that simpler gangliosides are able to compensate for the lack of complex gangliosides. (gla.ac.uk)
  • However, the localisation of sodium channels at the node of Ranvier and potassium channels at juxtaparanode was retarded in GalNAc T -/- mice lacking all complex gangliosides, suggesting that complex gangliosides modulate the formation of nodes of Ranvier. (gla.ac.uk)
  • In addition, GalNAc T -/- mice had significantly lower numbers of NG2 positive early oligodendrocyte progenitors compared to wild-type and Sia T -/- mice, suggesting that complex gangliosides may affect early progenitor differentiation, proliferation or survival. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Immunologic and confocal microscopic evidence also suggested a transient but significant stimulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Cav-1 in β-cells briefly (for 15 min) exposed to IL-1β that was markedly attenuated by three structurally distinct inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphorylation. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • This procedure yielded a consistent raft product that was enriched in cholesterol, gangliosides sphingo-myelin and membrane raft protein markers including lck and lat 1. (upenn.edu)
  • Whereas the trisaccharidic head group of Gb 3 defines the specificity of Shiga toxin binding, the lipophilic part composed of sphingosine and different fatty acids is suggested to determine its localization within membranes impacting membrane organisation and protein binding eventually leading to protein internalisation. (springer.com)
  • Being typically a minor component of the cell membrane, they are of utmost importance for biological functions that rely on lipid-lipid and lipid-protein interactions (Schnaar and Kinoshita 2015 ). (springer.com)
  • In order for a cell to respond to changes in internal and external environmental factors, a broad range of protein co- and post-translational modifications have evolved to expand upon the relatively static properties encoded in protein side-chains. (biologists.com)
  • DEC-205 (CD205), a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family, is the prototypic endocytic receptor of dendritic cells, whose ligands include phosphorothioated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides, a motif often seen in bacterial or viral DNA. (uci.edu)
  • Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL), one of the most frequent forms of the NCL storage diseases, is known to be caused by loss-of-function mutations in ceroid-lipofuscinosis neuronal protein 3 (CLN3), but its cell function has not been fully elucidated. (ac.ir)
  • Microinjection of 30 S-methionine into Xenopus laevis embryos was used to investigate membrane protein synthesis. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • ST3GAL5 is a type II membrane protein which catalyzes the formation of GM3 with lactosylceramide as the substrate. (prospecbio.com)
  • By using a novel method for the extraction of detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs), we observed that MHC I and MHC II associate with two distinct types of DRMs. (silverchair.com)
  • Gangliosides are characteristic extracellular-facing plasma membrane determinants in vertebrate brain. (nbuv.gov.ua)
  • The membrane also contains membrane proteins, including integral proteins that span the membrane and serve as membrane transporters, and peripheral proteins that loosely attach to the outer (peripheral) side of the cell membrane, acting as enzymes to facilitate interaction with the cell's environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • The instrument could resolve thicknesses that depended on pH measurements and the presence of membrane proteins that ranged from 8.6 to 23.2 nm, with the lower measurements supporting the lipid bilayer hypothesis. (wikipedia.org)
  • The genetic code is not a way for cells to translate genetic information in DNA directly into chains of amino acids to make proteins. (visionlearning.com)
  • Moreover, clustering of MHC proteins at the cell surface resulted in shifts of the respective DRMs, revealing proximity-induced changes in the membrane environment. (silverchair.com)
  • Instead, CAR-T recognizes antigens that are either proteins, carbohydrates, or gangliosides on the tumor cell surface. (tufts.edu)
  • Membrane proteins in Xenopus laevis embryos were analysed on 1- and 2-dimensional gels. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • Proteins showing temporal variation in their expression in the membrane during Xenopus development were detected. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • The overall range of membrane proteins present between fertilisation and late neurula stage embryos was found to stay essentially constant, with few proteins showing temporal variation. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • Two proteins specific to labelling of disaggregated embryos were detected and these are thought to be specific to intercellular membranes. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • Here we use superresolution STED microscopy combined with fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (STED-FCS) to access and compare the diffusion characteristics of fluorescent lipid analogues and GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) in the live-cell plasma membrane and in actin cytoskeleton-free, cell-derived giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs). (ox.ac.uk)
  • A cell-penetrant peptide blocking C9ORF72-repeat RNA nuclear export reduces the neurotoxic effects of dipeptide repeat proteins. (le.ac.uk)
  • ST3GAL5 is known to play a part in the induction of cell differentiation, modulation of cell proliferation, maintenance of fibroblast morphology, signal transduction, and integrin-mediated cell adhesion. (prospecbio.com)
  • Seperex DGM is derived from 100% cows' milk and highly enriched in gangliosides. (seperexnutritionals.com)
  • These gangliosides, abundantly expressed on neuronal cell membrane, are highly enriched at and near nodes, and have various neurobiological functions that may include maintenance of the axon, myelin integrity, and/or stabilization of axonCglial interactions (Sheikh et al. (citiesofdata.org)
  • Biochemical analysis of 2B12 activity has indicated that the antigen may be a ganglioside, specific to myelin and other nervous tissue membrane. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • For example, they are a component of a fatty substance called myelin that insulates and protects nerve cells . (medlineplus.gov)
  • The ability of the B-subunit of cholera toxin to bind GM1 has been exploited to visualize membrane rafts by confocal microscopy in patching and capping experiments. (upenn.edu)
  • Biochemically, membrane rafts are isolated by solubolization in ice-cold Triton X-100 and separation of the low-buoyant density fractions from soluble material on sucrose density gradients. (upenn.edu)
  • We describe the isolation of Jurkat cell-specific membrane rafts using 2% Triton X-100. (upenn.edu)
  • Our results suggest that the preference of MHC I and MHC II for distinct membrane rafts directs them to different cellular entry points. (silverchair.com)
  • Association of CD25 with rafts was also confirmed by its colocalization with GM-1 ganglioside. (unideb.hu)
  • This is especially apparent in neuronal cells of the central nervous system where they have vital roles as neurotransmitters and cellular regulators. (matreya.com)
  • Both features suggest that it arises from mature neuronal sympathetic ganglia or adrenal medulla neuronal cells. (hospitalpharmacyeurope.com)
  • The most common procedure involves isolation of the patient's own T-cells, which are then genetically modified and expanded in vitro . (tufts.edu)
  • The radiation sterilized cefozopran hydrochloride was not in vitro cytotoxic against human CCD39Lu normal lung fibroblast cell line. (bvsalud.org)
  • In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that NBTs originate from a block in the process of normal differentiation of these precursor cells. (hospitalpharmacyeurope.com)
  • 2 GT 1b inhibits antigen or mitogen induced T-cell proliferative responses and has been identified as the botulinum toxin receptor, a rare toxin having severe physiological results. (matreya.com)
  • The results clearly highlight the influence of the different fatty acids of the Gb 3 sphingolipids on the phase behaviour and the binding properties of Shiga toxin B subunits, even though the membranes were only doped with 5 mol% of the receptor lipid. (springer.com)
  • 2018 ). Here, we will solely focus on the less recognized globosides and in particular the globoside Gb 3 , which is the membrane receptor for vero toxins. (springer.com)
  • Cell surface biotinylation after EGF (2 ng/mL) stimulation, EGF phosphorylation (Tyr-845), retromer and cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) levels and stability, EGF degradation pathways and cathepsin L and D levels were analysed by western blots. (ac.ir)
  • Whereas caveolae-mediated endocytosis was not affected in CLN3 cells, clathrin-mediated epidermal growth factor (EGF) internalization was reduced, along with EGF receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation. (ac.ir)
  • CAR-T treatment involves the infusion of transgenic T-cells that express a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) on their cell membrane into the patient. (tufts.edu)
  • The CAR-T receptor of the transgenic T-cell contains three domains: (1) a target-binding domain externally exposed to the extracellular environment, (2) a transmembrane domain, and (3) an activation domain that is intracellularly contained. (tufts.edu)
  • The transmembrane and activation domains of the CAR-T receptor are responsible for activating and triggering T-cell proliferation when the receptor binds to its target antigen. (tufts.edu)
  • When activated, the T-cells mediate killing of tumor cells by two mechanisms: (1) secretion of granzymes and (2) activation of death receptor signaling in the tumor cell. (tufts.edu)
  • Subunits (alpha, beta and gamma) of the interleukin-2 receptor complex (IL-2R) are involved in both proliferative and activation-induced cell death (AICD) signaling of T cells. (unideb.hu)
  • Virus receptor specificities and expression patterns of receptors on host cells are thought to be major determinants of the host range restriction of influenza viruses ( 13 ). (cdc.gov)
  • 3 A deficiency in the enzymes responsible for metabolizing gangliosides causes toxic levels of ganglioside accumulation which is indicative of several lysosomal storage diseases, including GM 1 gangliosidosis, GM 2 gangliosidosis, Tay-Sachs disease, and Sandhoff disease. (matreya.com)
  • The information stored in genes must be used to make products, such as enzymes, that cells need to perform different functions. (visionlearning.com)
  • In this thesis, the role of gangliosides in glial proliferation, migration and differentiation as well as the regeneration of the olfactory system and myelination were studied using mice lacking enzymes involved in ganglioside biosynthesis. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Lysosomal enzymes break down macromolecules, either those from the cell itself (eg, when cellular structural components are being recycled) or those acquired outside the cell. (msdmanuals.com)
  • In this paper, we examine Neu3 sialidase action on axonal gangliosides and resultant axon regeneration, and we assess whether these mechanisms help to explain the different regeneration capacities of CNS and PNS axons. (jneurosci.org)
  • Axonal density and myelination were unaffected in ganglioside knockout mice. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Sphingolipids are remarkably diverse and have crucial roles in maintaining barrier function and fluidity, as well as regulating the cell cycle, cell motility, differentiation, adhesion, and apoptosis ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Gangliosides as influenza virus receptors. (expasy.org)
  • The target-binding domain is engineered to be structurally different than endogenous T-cell receptors because it recognizes antigens that are independent of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. (tufts.edu)
  • These killing strategies are potentiated by additional signaling receptors on the T-cells that can improve T-cell proliferation and cytokine release. (tufts.edu)
  • Correspondingly, epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tracts of humans mainly bear SAα2,6Gal receptors ( 10 , 11 ), and those in duck intestines (the major replication site for duck viruses) mainly possess SAα2,3Gal ( 12 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Their tracheal epithelial cells reportedly bear SAα2,3Gal and SAα2,6Gal receptors ( 18 ). (cdc.gov)
  • G M1 gangliosidosis is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder characterized by the generalized accumulation of G M1 ganglioside, oligosaccharides, and the mucopolysaccharide keratan sulfate (and their derivatives). (medscape.com)
  • Accumulation of toxic asialo-compound and lyso-compound G M1 ganglioside derivatives is believed to be neuropathic. (medscape.com)
  • The accumulation of gangliosides has been linked to several diseases including Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease. (matreya.com)
  • However, proliferation of olfactory ensheathing cells grown on collagen and the migration of Schwann cells grown on laminin or collagen was increased in Sia T -/- mice, which lack b-series gangliosides but have increased levels of a-series gangliosides. (gla.ac.uk)
  • GML treated T cells have decreased cellular proliferation when stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 12-acetate (PMA), concanavalin A (ConA), and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1) 13 . (nature.com)
  • The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, made up of two layers of phospholipids with cholesterols (a lipid component) interspersed between them, maintaining appropriate membrane fluidity at various temperatures. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since mature mammalian red blood cells lack both nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles, the plasma membrane is the only lipid-containing structure in the cell. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sphingolipids are key structural components of cellular membranes containing a backbone of sphingosine (aliphatic amino alcohol) as the base of their structures. (frontiersin.org)
  • Gangliosides have also been shown to have neuroprotective actions and have been considered as candidates for the treatment of several neurodegenerative disorders. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Phospholipids are the main components of the cell membrane and are composed of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group. (brainwritings.com)
  • Phospholipids serve a very important function by surrounding and protecting internal cell components. (brainwritings.com)
  • Seperex has developed a range of fractions rich in phospholipids and gangliosides, which are linked cognitive performance and memory. (seperexnutritionals.com)
  • Hindered diffusion of phospholipids and sphingolipids is abolished in the GPMVs, whereas transient nanodomain incorporation of ganglioside lipid GM1 is apparent in both the live-cell membrane and GPMVs. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In the field of synthetic biology, cell membranes can be artificially reassembled. (wikipedia.org)
  • Department of Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. (silverchair.com)
  • These findings support the possibility that under pathological conditions, gangliosides serve as cytotoxic factors in the central nervous system (CNS). (biomedcentral.com)
  • This provides an essential priming or tolerizing signal to cytotoxic T-cells ( Rock and Shen, 2005 ). (silverchair.com)
  • The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space). (wikipedia.org)
  • The ratio of the surface area of water covered by the extracted lipid to the surface area calculated for the red blood cells from which the lipid was 2:1(approx) and they concluded that the plasma membrane contains a lipid bilayer. (wikipedia.org)
  • The results of cell surface biotinylation and subsequent DRM isolation show that precursors for both DRMs coexist in the plasma membrane. (silverchair.com)
  • We found that GML potently altered order and disorder dynamics in the plasma membrane that resulted in reduced formation of LAT, PLC-γ, and AKT microclusters. (nature.com)
  • It was not until later studies with osmosis and permeability that cell membranes gained more recognition. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sphingolipids are often found in neural tissue, and play an important role in both signal transmission and cell recognition. (brainwritings.com)
  • 5) as cell-surface components concerned in cell recognition, species specificity, and tissue immunity. (medmuv.com)
  • Endocytosis of MHC I and MHC II was inhibited by filipin, but only MHC II showed a strong preference for a membrane raft environment in a co-clustering analysis with G M 1. (silverchair.com)
  • Sticholysins I and II, cytolysins purified from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus, act by lysing biological and model membranes. (bvsalud.org)
  • To address these knowledge gaps, we treated human activated peripheral blood T cells (APBTs) with solubilized GML or ethanol vehicle control. (nature.com)
  • Diagnosis is confirmed by DNA analysis and/or enzyme analysis of cultured fibroblasts (prenatal) or peripheral white blood cells (postnatal). (msdmanuals.com)
  • These transgenic T-cells are then infused back into the patient to specifically target tumor cells. (tufts.edu)
  • For the analysis of GSLs, they are extracted from tissues and cells using organic solvents. (springer.com)
  • for example, they provide structural stability to cells and tissues, give motility to individual cells, carry messages within and between cells, and regulate gene expression and metabolism. (biologists.com)
  • However, the RNA content in them is the highest compared with the cells of other tissues. (doclecture.net)
  • Under normal conditions, neural crest cells delaminate and migrate from the dorsal neural tube, and those neuroblastic precursor cells differentiate upon reaching their final embryonic location into tissues and organs that will constitute the sympathetic nervous system. (hospitalpharmacyeurope.com)
  • Because reticuloendothelial cells (eg, in the spleen) are rich in lysosomes, reticuloendothelial tissues are involved in a number of lysosomal storage disorders, but, generally, tissues richest in the substrate are most affected. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Thus the brain, which is rich in gangliosides, is particularly affected by gangliosidoses, whereas mucopolysaccharidoses affect many tissues because mucopolysaccharides are present throughout the body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • They are enriched in cholesterol, often sphingomyelin and various gangliosides (GM1, GM2, and GM3). (upenn.edu)
  • Depletion of membrane cholesterol using methyl-beta-cyclodextrin substantially reduced co-clustering of CD25 with CD48 and HLA-DR, as well as the IL-2 stimulated tyrosine-phosphorylation of STATs (signal transducer and activator of transcription). (unideb.hu)
  • The stage-specific embryonic antigen 4 (SSEA4) is com- isolate the NSCs from neonatal mice and rats (Campos monly used as a cell surface marker to identify the pluri- et al. (lu.se)
  • In addition to the beta and gamma(c) chains constitutively expressed in detergent-resistant membrane fractions (DRMs) of T cells, IL-2Ralpha (CD25) was also found in DRMs, independently of its ligand-occupation. (unideb.hu)
  • Acid β -galactosidase is a lysosomal hydrolase that catalyzes the removal of the terminal β -linked galactose from glycoconjugates (eg, G M1 ganglioside), generating G M2 ganglioside. (medscape.com)
  • We previously reported increased lysosomal pH in CLN3 deficient cells. (ac.ir)
  • In the present study, we analysed the consequences of this effect in the endo-lysosomal pathways in CLN3 cells. (ac.ir)
  • Finally and as a possible consequence of these alterations in lysosomal enzyme transport, cathepsin L and D maturation were found suppressed in CLN3 cells. (ac.ir)
  • Overexpression of an inactive mutant of Cav-1 lacking the tyrosine phosphorylation site (Y14F) or an siRNA-mediated Cav-1 knock down also resulted in marked attenuation of IL-1β-induced iNOS gene expression and NO release from these cells, thus further implicating Cav-1 in this signaling cascade. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Altered membrane events induced selective inhibition of TCR-induced phosphorylation of regulatory P85 subunit of PI3K and AKT as well as abrogated calcium influx. (nature.com)
  • We sought to identify PKA phosphorylation sites in PLIN5 and assess their functional relevance in cultured cells and the livers of mice. (uci.edu)
  • Expression of phosphorylation-defective PLIN5 S155A in Plin5 null cells resulted in decreased rates of lipolysis and triglyceride-derived fatty acid oxidation. (uci.edu)
  • 2002). In humans, SSEA4 is expressed by building the nervous system but also for their prospec- nonneural cells such as the erythrocytes (Kannagi et al. (lu.se)
  • Different aspects of the interaction between peptides from the toxins' N-termini (StI1-31 and StI12-31 SELAGTIIDGASLTFEVLDKVLGELGKVSRK, and StII1-30 and StII11-30 ALAGTIIAGASLTFQVLDKVLEELGKVSRK) and model membranes - micelles and bilayers - have been studied to contribute to the elucidation of the toxins mechanism of action at the molecular level. (bvsalud.org)
  • Briefly, gangliosides are a type of lipid (fat) highly abundant in the brain, enriching cell membranes and facilitating neuronal communication. (layerorigin.com)
  • Glycosaminoglycans (previously termed mucopolysaccharides) are polysaccharides abundant on cell surfaces and in extracellular matrix and structures. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Ceramides have several roles within cells. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Ceramides are also part of the outer membrane surrounding cells, where they sense stress and other external factors and help the cells react. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The buildup of ceramides along with the reduction of its fatty breakdown products in cells likely causes the signs and symptoms of Farber lipogranulomatosis. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This theory extended to include animal cells to suggest a universal mechanism for cell protection and development. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a consequence of treatments, the most frequent mechanism of cell death is apoptosis, followed by autophagy. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, the mechanism behind how GML mediates suppressed T cell activation is completely unknown. (nature.com)
  • Cell membrane variation in Xenopus laevis embryos was studied using cell surface labelling with 125 Iodine. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are the ideal source to study fat formation as they are the progenitors of adipocytes. (mdpi.com)
  • Siglec-1 initiates formation of the virus-containing compartment and enhances macrophage-to-T cell transmission of HIV-1. (bio-rad-antibodies.com)
  • Pharmacological blocking of Neu3 sialidase, downregulation of Neu3 with siRNA, or depleting gangliosides all inhibit PNS regeneration. (jneurosci.org)
  • Regeneration of the olfactory system in ganglioside knockout mice was similar to that of wild-type mice. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Single-amino-acid substitution in an antigenic site of influenza virus hemagglutinin can alter the specificity of binding to cell membrane-associated gangliosides. (expasy.org)
  • 1983) and the multipotent progenitor cells from fetal disease (Bjorklund and Lindvall, 2000). (lu.se)
  • Influenza viruses attach to host cells by binding their hemagglutinin (HA) to cell-surface oligosaccharides containing a terminal sialic acid. (cdc.gov)
  • fication and isolation via fluorescence-activated cell sort- ing (FACS). (lu.se)